Bureaucratic Restrictions Research Articles

The Phaidra Experience II

Subtitle: A project for the permanent storing of digital objects at the University of Vienna “Open Access is not only defined as offering unfettered access to scientific literature, but also – and above all – free access to the very instrument of publication itself. The content provider in research (the owner of the digital objects) should always have the ability to publish digital objects and assign usage licenses to them and without bureaucratic restrictions.” (Phaidra Policy)Phaidra, an acronym for Permanent Hosting, Archiving and Indexing of Digital Resources and Assets, is an all-university digital asset management system with permanent storing functions.Phaidra provides a technological basis for the realization of the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities, which was signed on January 26, 2010, by the Rector of the University of Vienna at that time. In the development of Phaidra, the challenge of alternative Nobel Prize-winner Harold Varmus was observed, which stipulates that a majority of research is financed by taxes – and the impending results are then to be made public.Phaidra is an “open” system. Not only in that it was developed based on open source software, but access to the system is available without restrictions to all members of the University of Vienna – teachers and students. The active use of Phaidra, that is, the storing and linking of objects – without bureaucratic obstacles (red tape) – is open to users with a mailbox account, typically employees of the University of Vienna, as well as externals who obtain permission, and students with a u:net account. Searching and viewing the contents – if desired – is possible worldwide without logging in. All members are permitted to invite guests (guest accounts).

The British Relief Association and the Great Famine in Ireland

The historiography of the Great Famine in Ireland has largely been concerned with the role played by the British Government in providing relief in the years after 1845. Less attention has been given to the involvement of private charity. Private relief, however, played a crucial role in saving lives throughout the Famine. Moreover, its interventions were often swift, practical, and less hampered by the bureaucratic restrictions that slowed down, and at times rendered ineffective, much government relief. While the contribution of the Society of Friends has been generally acknowledged in Famine historiography, the British Relief Association for the Relief of Distress in Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland has received little scholarly attention. Nonetheless, the latter organization raised double the amount of money that was donated to the Quakers. This article will examine the origins, activities and impact of the British Relief Association.

Marketing and Communication Problems and Proposed Solutions for the Turkish Women’s N.G.O. Sector

In almost all contemporary societies the position and importance of non-governmental organizations in terms of the way they handle and solve social issues, is undeniable. Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are voluntary non-profit organizations that engage in many activities ranging from cultural events to health, environment, education, law, human rights issues as well as many others. Women Focused Non-Governmental Organizations (WFNGO) in Turkey are also non-profit, engaging in combating and seeking solutions for a multitude of women- related issues. As is the case with other NGOs, their main objective is to achieve social benefits. For that reason alone, “marketing” should be perceived as a commercial activity by NGOs, but all too often this important business function is considered either as a secondary purpose or one that is completely neglected.The main objective of this study is to ascertain the marketing and communication strategies WFNGO’s utilise whilst engaging in their activities and to determine the marketing problems that inform and enlighten these organizations. An additional goal is to acknowledge the achievement of their social benefits in terms of the proposals made to the WFNGO’s, finding solutions on how to increase their reach to target groups and how to use their resources more efficiently and effectively. In line with these main objectives and sub goals, a questionnaire has been developed, entitled Marketing and Communications Problems of WFNGO in Turkey. Altogether 105 organizations active in various Turkish cities have been interviewed either face-to-face or by telephone to seek answers to the questions. The resulting data has been analyzed and interpreted using the SPSS 18.00 computer software programmed.The findings of the study reveal the general structure of WFNGO’s, within the framework of the organizations reached and establish that the common problems of almost all WFNGO’s in Turkey are of a financial and organizational nature, together with bureaucratic restrictions and a shortage of suitably qualified personnel. Another important finding of this study is that Turkish WFNGO’s consider marketing to be nothing more than a ‘vending, presentation and publicity’ activity, with 66% of the organisations interviewed considering marketing to be unnecessary. The results of this study conclude that WFNGO’s, just like profit-orientated organizations, need a strategic marketing plan and they should be advised accordingly.In a literature review it is possible to find many essays, books, journals and publications on marketing activities in non-profit organizations. However, this paper is a first in relation to marketing activities for Women Focused Non Governmental Organizations. Furthermore, in line with the information and findings obtained as a result of this study, the proposals made towards marketing activities of WFNGO’s can be used as an effective guide for such organizations.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v1i3.10542 Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol.1(3) 2014: 93-102

Under the Bridge (review)

Reviewed by: Under the Bridge Alaine Martaus Harmon, Michael. Under the Bridge. Knopf, 2012. [272p]. Library ed. ISBN 978-0-375-96646-0 $19.99 Trade ed. ISBN 978-0-375-86646-3 $16.99 E-book ed. ISBN 978-0-375-89642-2 $10.99 Reviewed from galleys R Gr. 8–12. Only two things in the world really matter to Tate Brooks: skateboarding and family, particularly his younger brother Indy. A mediocre student who struggles to do his best in school, Tate is content enough to live in the shadow of the naturally gifted Indy, who also shines as Spokane’s most talented skateboarder. Tate’s unwavering support is tested, however, when Indy gives up on school completely, openly picks fights with their father, and starts hanging out with, and eventually dealing for, a thuggish local drug dealer. Desperate to repair his broken family, Tate fights to save Indy from himself, even as strict school rules and bureaucratic restrictions hinder his ability to ask for help. At times tender and unexpectedly funny, this novel provides readers with an authentically realized glimpse into one young man’s attempt to reconcile his habit of putting others first with his desire to achieve something for himself for a change. It also has plenty of action, from fast-paced skateboarding scenes to wincingly detailed fight scenes. The novel plays openly with stereotypes, as teachers, parents, and police disregard Tate and his friends as lazy delinquents, while it takes Tate and the skateboarding that he loves seriously. The diverse cast of characters is genuinely and complexly drawn, appealing despite their many flaws. Sure to please readers with an interest in skateboarding or who love a good sports [End Page 197] story, this emotionally raw but ultimately hopeful novel also will please those looking for a gripping family drama with a dash of gritty realism. Alaine Martaus Reviewer Copyright © 2012 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Pathogenetische und salutogenetische Aspekte der Ärztegesundheit - eine qualitative Katamnese betroffener Ärzte

To analyse pathogenetic and salutogenetic processes of physicians suffering from depression, burnout and drug addiction. Qualitative follow-up interviews with 32 former physician patients from the Oberbergkliniken hospital group. Long working hours, bureaucratic restrictions and double burdens of combining family life and professional demands are major pathogenetic strains. They interact with biographic performance scripts. Major salutogenetic factors are the expansion of self care with regard to physical, spiritual and social needs and the reconstruction of resources outside the job. Prevention programmes for health care professionals should focus on the reflection of biographic performance scripts, on maintaining multifaceted sources of gratification and the buildup of extra-professional resources.

上海人의 上海, 중국인의 上海 : 開港 以後 上海社會의 변모

Up to the 1920s, an enterprising, cosmopolitan, urban society blossomed in Shanghai. It was a new hybrid society. Obviously Shanghai was a Shanghainese modern city. The numerical ratio of the different communities gives a very clear indication of this. <BR> From the beginning, chinese native Shanghai society did not hostile to the new comers from the Western world. Because each of them lived in different part of the Shanghai. But in the times of civil war, abundant chinese immigrants move into the Shanghai, especially into the International settlement. Since then, Shanghai became a city of hybridity. Thereafter in Shanghai, the administration of the Settlements rested on a Sino-foreign consensus. <BR> The dynamics of Modern Shanghai society could not be limited admiration/imitation and humiliation/protest relationships with foreigners, nor to sensitive and ambiguous nationalism. The exceptional rise of Shanghai in the 1920s was born of the coincidence between the retreat of bureaucratic restrictions which freed the energies, and the existence of an island of relative security and order which preserved them. <BR> The new society which was emerging in Shanghai celebrated simultaneously ‘the triumph of the hybrid culture’. But it created other contradictions which were just as formidable. The nationalist awareness, which was more precious, more violent, and more complex in Shanghai than elsewhere, effectively led the new society to reject the very foreign presence. To adherents of the nationalism, Shanghai was heresy incarnate. In the eye of the Chinese nationalist, in Shanghai, chinese nationality had given way to the West’s insidious influence. They believe that Shanghai was a city of Chinese not of Shanghainese.

A quiet transfer: the Judaization of Jerusalem

Since its inception in 1948, Israel has sought to transform the physical and demographic landscape of Jerusalem to correspond with the Zionist vision of a united and fundamentally Jewish Jerusalem under Israeli sovereignty. While much of this has been accomplished through the violent expulsion of Arab residents during the wars of 1948 and 1967, the Judaization of Jerusalem has relied equally on measures taken during times of ‘peace’: the strategic extension of Jerusalem's municipal boundaries, bureaucratic and legal restrictions on Palestinian land use, disenfranchisement of Jerusalem residents, the expansion of settlements in ‘Greater Jerusalem’, and the construction of the separation wall.

Recent Education Policy and School Reform in Bavaria: A Critical Overview

This paper gives a critical overview of school reform measures in the German state of Bavaria in the aftermath of the OECD's PISA 2000 and 2003 studies. While the highly selective Bavarian school system has provided the best test results among the German federal states, its overall performance in an international context has been less impressive. In order to improve the Bavarian education system a range of initiatives has been introduced in recent years. While following pedagogically sound ideas in most cases, however, the projects have been hampered by fiscal restraints, ideological reservations against breaking up the traditional three-tier system of secondary education, prevailing bureaucratic restrictions, and a lack of improvements in incentives for teachers' involvement in reform. As a consequence, genuine, fundamental changes in the traditional system have not so far been initiated.

The Efficiency of the Price System: Evidence from an Alternative Market

Most economists take it for granted that a price mechanism is usually the most effective means of resource allocation. This paper compares two methods of allocating resources in the thoroughbred racing market: a price mechanism and bureaucratic restrictions. It is shown that a simple price mechanism does a superior job of allocating racing ability than a myriad of conditions and restrictions set by even a highly informed expert.

How international firms are coping with supply chain issues in China

Foreign firms face many supply chain‐related difficulties in China. These include China’s overburdened, underdeveloped physical infrastructure; inexpert, underfunded state‐owned distribution companies; an enormous, fragmented distribution and logistics sector; and regional protectionism. Additionally, foreign firms face bureaucratic restrictions that prohibit them from legally importing, selling, and servicing products in a straightforward manner. Companies are looking to strengthen their supply chains in China in an effort to leverage the country’s cheap labor costs. This strengthening of the supply chain can be accomplished through three methods: the cluster approach; the use of non‐Chinese 3PLs; and the use of local carriers.

The efficiency of the price system: evidence from an alternative market

Most economists take it for granted that a price mechanism is usually the most effective means of resource allocation. This paper compares two methods of allocating resources in the thoroughbred racing market: a price mechanism and bureaucratic restrictions. It is shown that a simple price mechanism does a superior job of allocating racing ability than a myriad of conditions and restrictions set by even a highly informed expert.

Can syringe exchange serve as a conduit to substance abuse treatment?

To determine how the city-run New Haven syringe exchange program (SEP) expedited requests, for entry into treatment, records of the SEP's drug treatment coordinator were analyzed. During the study period, a majority of those requesting treatment did not use the SEP to obtain sterile syringes. Comparisons between the people requesting treatment and those exchanging syringes revealed that those requesting treatment were more likely female and less like White. Factors associated with failure to enter treatment included long lag times, worse insurance, cocaine use, and requesting primary detoxification only. Majorities of the requests, appointments, and entries came from individuals whose treatment was to be paid through city welfare. A managed care initiative from the city welfare department, which excluded the SEP, halved requests or entries. Subsequent addition of the SEP to the initiative did not significantly increase requests or entries. Although the SEP initially acted as a conduit to treatment its effectiveness was curtailed by the imposition of bureaucratic restrictions.

Export processing in the Caribbean: The Jamaican experience

Export processing, also known as maquila, is a widespread activity in Mexico and Central America and is becoming increasingly important to economies in the Caribbean. Countries of the subregion have successfully attracted both foreign and domestic investment in offshore data processing and in the assembly and manufacture of garments, footwear, electrical and electronic equipment, toys and other goods for export. Investors are attracted by low labour costs, freedom from foreign exchange controls and bureaucratic restrictions, and by the promise of exemption from all taxes, including taxes on profits and duties on imports of equipment, raw materials and intermediate goods used in production for export.

Parental Choice as National Policy in England and the United States

of reforms, parental choice plans come in many varieties, but each involves transferring some or all of the decision-making power to assign children to particular schools from local authority to parents and individual schools. Choice reforms also usually entail increasing the variety of schools that can be selected. Choice proposals can be placed on a continuum, with public school open-enrollment options at one end and voucher systems that include private schools at the other. Overarching this continuum is an implicit or explicit concern with academic excellence. Markets in education will allegedly free schools from bureaucratic restrictions and thus establish preconditions for improvement. Parental choice reforms would involve struggles on a variety of levels-the role of the state and civil society, the power that educators and government officials wield within the state, the form(s) of curriculum within the nation-state, and the distribution of educational benefits to students divided along class, regional, ethnic, and racial lines. Although scholars have devoted considerable attention to the politics of choice in the United States and other countries, comparative work has been limited until recently, and most of it has emanated from England.1 The United States and England provide a good basis for comparative analysis. Both are liberal-democratic, industrialized societies where the discourse of choice became salient during the ascendancy of what have

Development and Validation of an Instrument to Measure Occupational Stress in Speech-Language Pathologists

The Speech-Language Pathologist Stress Inventory (SLPSI) is a 48-item questionnaire adapted from the Teacher Stress Inventory (Fimian, 1988). Factor analyses of the responses of 626 speech-language pathologists revealed four stress source factors (Bureaucratic Restrictions, Time and Workload Management, Lack of Professional Supports, and Instructional Limitations) and two stress manifestation factors (Emotional-Fatigue Manifestations and Biobehavioral Manifestations). The internal consistency reliability of scales based on these factors ranged from .71 to .87, with .93 for the entire scale. Evidence for construct validity was found in moderate positive correlations between the scales of the SLPSI and the scales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) (Maslach & Jackson, 1986). Stress and burnout subscale intercorrelations ranged from .10 to .82 (p less than .01), and the correlation between stress strength and burnout frequency was .66 (p less than .001).

Without Theatre, the Czechoslovak Revolution Could Not Have Been Won

As a result of the November events in 1989, Czechoslovaks not only dramatically changed the political structure of their country but also its culture. With the collapse of the Communist regime and its rigid censorship, the aesthetic models of socialist realism and propagandistic art crumbled. A chapter of culture determined by restrictions imposed by the Communist party, the Ministry of the Interior, and self-censorship has been definitely concluded. Like their colleagues in film and television, theatre artists now face a major restructuring of their unions and theatre administrations. Undoubtedly the new Ministry of Culture headed by Milan Lukes, a distinguished critic, dramaturg, and translator, will revise the system of subsidies and encourage theatres to become less dependent on government money. Powerful units of the Communist party, previously installed in all theatres so as to serve as the Party's watchdogs, are rapidly being dismantled. Terminating bureaucratic restrictions and interference with spontaneous theatrical life, the ministry will surely encourage the formation of new theatres. Employment of artists on the basis of their artistic merit, as opposed to their political fitness, will determine the future of many theatre companies. Formerly exiled or banned artists, many of them condemned to 20 years of washing windows or working in sewers, will return to these theatres of the 'gos. A star of the '6os, Vlasta Chramostovai, has already announced that she may resume acting. Pavel Landovsky, an actor and playwright forced into exile after signing Charter 77, the human rights declaration on I January 1977, has promised to divide his time between the Viennese Burgtheater and Prague. Otomar Krejca, a legendary director of Divadlo za branou (Theatre behind the Gate), will work in his newly established Studio in Prague. Jan Grossman, a former director of Divadlo na Zabradli (Theatre on the Balustrade), has resumed directing in the capital after years of marginal work in the provinces. In addition, a new generation of theatre artists will emerge from the academies and conservatories where admission processes will no longer be subordinated to can-

The Need for Regional Water Resource Management

Controlling pollution means setting goals for our relationship with the environment and finding ways to reach them. In the control of water pollution, government and state standards may prevent lethal conditions but do not express our hopes. We hope to achieve, in each instance, a vigorously functioning aquatic ecosystem, capable of degrading wastes to something harmless. A vigorous ecosystem is one in which diversity has been maintained. Stress results in simplification-for instance, reduction in the number of species present. Simplicity means instability. With fewer species, the loss of each becomes more damaging. From a simple business point of view, reliability and stability in a stream's ability to handle waste discharges are highly desirable. Maintenance of species diversity is therefore economically useful as well as being on more general grounds expressive of our goal in pollution control. Large scale environmental quality control has been strongly resisted by our society because it suggests further bureaucratic restrictions, particularly on the rights of individual property owners. There is no question that these dangers exist and are significant drawbacks. It is only when one examines the alternatives that acceptance of environmental quality control becomes conceivable. As an illustration, let us examine the consequences of lack of control first upon the individual property owner and second upon an industry or corporation. In our increasingly affluent society large numbers of citizens are able to finally realize their dreams of a summer cottage on a lake. After a fairly exhaustive search, Mr. Average Citizen has finally found an unspoiled lake, surrounded by forests, and with clear, deep water plus good fishing. Mr. Citizen buys an acre on the shoreline of this lake and immediately begins construction. Usually he places his cabin right on the lake shore cutting down a sizeable number of trees in the process and bulldozing the ground cover down to the waterline in order to grade the land. Any restrictions on choice of building site and the preservation of the local environment would probably be greeted with indignation, after all, he paid for the lot Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, Vol. 71, No. 4, 1968. Published March 24, 1969. * Address September, 1968-Biology Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061