Bureaucratic Research Articles

Entrelinhas

Neste artigo, é analisado como a China foi discutida nos documentos do Representante Comercial dos Estados Unidos (USTR) entre 2001 e 2016. A hipótese é que o USTR deixou de perceber a China como um “Estado normal” e passou a percebê-la como um “Estado adversário”, sendo o ponto de virada o período entre 2003 e 2005, no governo de George W. Bush. Utiliza-se a análise de conteúdo para testar a hipótese em dois documentos: a President’s Trade Policy Agenda e o Special 301 Report. Observa-se que desde o período de 2003-2005 as menções à China passaram de um nível normal para um nível extraordinário e o discurso do USTR começou a caracterizar a China de modo mais negativo, anunciando o uso de “todas as ferramentas disponíveis” para responder às práticas comerciais injustas da China. Conclui-se que há lastro empírico para a hipótese e que a percepção de que a China é uma “adversária comercial” dos Estados Unidos tem forte enraizamento burocrático.

Diana Lemberg. Barriers Down: How American Power and Free-Flow Policies Shaped Global Media. New York: Columbia University Press, 2019. 304 pp. ISBN 978-0-231-18217-1, $26.00 (paper); ISBN 978-0-231-18216-4, $60.00 (cloth); ISBN 978-0-231-54403-0, $25.99 (e-book).

Diana Lemberg. Barriers Down: How American Power and Free-Flow Policies Shaped Global Media. New York: Columbia University Press, 2019. 304 pp. ISBN 978-0-231-18217-1, $25.99 (e-book). - Volume 22 Issue 2

Book review: Changing bureaucracies: Adapting to uncertainty, and how evaluation can help

Book review: Changing bureaucracies: Adapting to uncertainty, and how evaluation can help

Escape, Bureaucracy and the Politics of Refuge: The Ungrateful Refugee, By Dina Nayeri

Escape, Bureaucracy and the Politics of Refuge: <i>The Ungrateful Refugee</i>, By Dina Nayeri

Political restructuring, bureaucratization and minority groups in Myanmar: The case of Rohingya from 2011 to 2018

Abstract Politics of ethnicity can have serious repercussions if balance of interests is not maintained and this can lead to internal destabilization of states. This is the case in Myanmar, a situation which has brought suffering and deaths of thousands; effectively raising concerns and opprobrium against the government of Myanmar. Minority groups in Myanmar are greatly oppressed, though recent proceedings have seen the democratically elected government trying to avert the situation, while facing great restraints from the military which has been in control of the government for decades. The transformation process to uphold minority rights is marred with controversy as the Rohingya systematic alienation has persisted even in the new political dispensation. Discriminatory, cumbrous bureaucratic tendencies, are constantly used to control and manipulate the Rohingya to force them out of the country, a system which is ultimately backed by state sponsored violence. This research therefore, seeks to critically examine how the bureaucratic systems in Myanmar has been weaponized to systematically suppress rights of the Rohingya. Most research has focused on the butchering and series of violence against the Rohingya but this is generally a condensed and comprehensive analysis of the direct contribution of the bureaucrats as the implementers of public policy. This research concludes that, the doctrine of sovereignty has largely remained the salvation harboring and facilitating the continuity of repressive regimes despite the existence of the doctrine of limited sovereignty. Most importantly, the Rohingyian ordeal hints on the failures of the United Nations as actions of member states are conditioned by their selfish interests and states would only act where their national interest lie. There is need to create a global authority with executive legislative, judiciary, military and constitutional authority to exert authority over governments.

Effect of determinants of innovation on economic growth in Sub Saharan Africa

The currently observed incorporation of hidden and non-technological innovations, together with the emergence of the modern day fourth industrial revolution is actually contributing to change in our understanding of innovation and its measured contributions to success in entrepreneurship. This study provides a quantitative longitudinal study of the determinants of innovation, their role in entrepreneurship innovation capacity and how they collectively add value to economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa. The study used fixed effects with country dummies in the analysis where Stata software was used. The empirical results indicated that capital for domestic investment, labour, innovation and foreign direct were positively and significantly correlated with economic growth in SSA. It was concluded that the above variables were positively and significantly correlated with economic growth in SSA. It is recommended that respective countries should put in mechanisms to capitalize from the positive benefits of the above on the economy. This could be through increased investments in tertiary institutions and reduction of bureaucracy and corruption that will not only increase high quality production through increased labour productivity, but will also foster fair competition in the markets. Keywords: entrepreneurship, innovation, economic growth, Sub-Saharan Africa

¿A dónde vamos a llevar a nuestros enfermos? Narrativas de dos líderes awajún sobre el COVID-19 en Condorcanqui, Amazonas

Desde que se detectó el primer caso positivo de COVID-19 a fines de marzo en la Amazonía peruana, el virus se propagó a un ritmo acelerado en los territorios indígenas. En la provincia de Condorcanqui del departamento de Amazonas se encendieron las alertas sobre la rápida diseminación del virus entre la población Awajun y Wampis. En este artículo presentamos las narrativas de dos líderes y profesionales awajún, Clelia Jima y Zebelio Kayap. En sus relatos interpelan la acción del Gobierno peruano develando las trampas burocráticas que impidieron la implementación de acciones específicas para pueblos indígenas en esta pandemia. Del mismo modo, nos hablan de las iniciativas que las organizaciones indígenas impulsaron para salvar sus vidas. En las voces de Clelia y Zebelio se tejen interrogantes y reflexiones profundas a partir del conocimiento que les confiere la experiencia y los años de lucha contra la indolencia del Estado.

Opening the Government of Canada: The Federal Bureaucracy in the Digital Age Amanda Clarke, Vancouver: UBC Press, 2019, pp. 312.

Drawing on theoretical discussions and historical approaches to government reform, empirical findings from interviews with public servants, media reviews, Twitter conversations and a careful review of government documents, Clarke provides a compelling account of how Canada has approached opening government and outlines future possibilities within a digital context With respect to the latter, Clarke makes four central arguments: closed government provides more risk than benefit;closed government results in policy, program and operational failures;closed government poses significant human resource costs, hindering recruitment and retention;and closed government “exacerbate[s] existing crises of confidence in the state, suggesting to citizens that government is out of touch, ineffective, irrelevant, and democratically illegitimate” (25) [ ]Clarke also emphasizes that the bureaucracy cannot do this work on its own: “Without direct support from the political masters to whom bureaucrats must answer, public servant-led reform can go only so far, especially when one of the reform goals demands that the public service become more open to sharing information and treading the potentially failure-ridden territory of policy innovation, each of which might invite politically costly scrutiny of the minister in Question Period or unwelcome departmental coverage in a national newspaper” (151–52)

Kamu değeri: tanımı ve ölçülmesi üzerine bir inceleme

Kamu değeri, geleneksel kamu yönetimi ve yeni kamu işletmeciliği yaklaşımlarına getirilen eleştiri noktalarında, alternatif çözümler üretmek amacıyla ortaya konulmuş bir yaklaşımdır. Geleneksel kamu yönetiminin bürokratik, merkeziyetçi ve hantal yapısı; yeni kamu işletmeciliğinin vatandaşı müşteri olarak görmesi ve ekonomik verimliliğe yaptığı aşırı vurgu, özellikle kamusal alan, kamu yararı ve kamu hizmeti alanları çerçevesinde ortaya çıkan yeni ihtiyaçlara cevap verememektedir. Kamu değeri yaklaşımı kamu yönetimleri, politikacılar, vatandaşlar ve diğer paydaşlardan oluşan bir ağ içerisinde bu üç temel alana ilişkin yeni bir rol dağılımı ve yönetim anlayışı ortaya koymaktadır. Kamu değeri kamu hizmetinin bir sonucudur ve kamu yararı için kamusal alan içerisinde yer alan tüm paydaşların katılımı ile üretilir. İlk ortaya atıldığı günden itibaren kamu yönetimi alanında genel kabul görmesine rağmen, kavrama ilişkin tartışmalar devam etmektedir. Bu tartışmalar özellikle kamu değerinin tanımlanması ve ölçülmesi noktalarında yoğunlaşmaktadır. Literatürde üzerinde uzlaşılmış bir tanım ve ölçüm yöntemi bulunmamaktadır. Bu nedenle kamu değeri alanı parçalı bir yapı sergilemektedir. Bu çalışmada, kamu değeri alanında yapılan başlıca tanımlar ve ölçüm yaklaşımları ortaya konularak; hem bu boyutlara ilişkin bir netlik kazandırılması, hem de ülkemizde gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalara yol gösterilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Università e conoscenze: le relazioni fruttuose

The aim of the article is to offer a reflection on the relationship between university and knowledge. This relationship today is threatened by a drift towards economic interest and an excess of bureaucracy and evaluation, which are often taken for granted without problematizing them. In fact, the way we understand this relationship actually has significant consequences on the functioning of universities and, even more so, on the knowledge that they should build independently and freely. The article is divided into three parts. The first part identifies three main functions that the university performs with respect to knowledge (preserving, transmitting and expanding it). In the second part, some key aspects of the relationship between university and knowledge are discussed in an epistemological perspective: epistemological aspects related to the conception of knowledge and aspects related to the social structure of knowledge. Finally, the third part discusses the conditions for a communicational relationship between specialists, and between disciplines, that is able to integrate these aspects.

The Bureaucratic Political Relation Model in Perception of Officers Public: a Study on Bima City Government

The relationship between politics and bureaucracy is significant to observe because this concerns the interests of policymakers and stakeholders related to the politics of local government policies. In this regard, this study aims to describe the Political Relations Model Bureaucracy in the Perception of Public Officials (A Study at the Bima City Government). The approach in this research is descriptive qualitative. The results showed that the Relationship Model Bureaucratic Politics in the Perception of Public Officials (A Study at the Bima City Government) have interrelated and mutually supportive relationships both in formulating, implement and evaluate policies both political and administration towards the implementation of the public bureaucracy in the Bima City Government. Perception public officials concerning political intervention in carrying out activities bureaucracy are reflected in the process of development, administration, and technique as well as transfer and high employee rotation, institutional restructuring of the Bima City government bureaucracy as well The formulation of the Kota Bima Regional Financial Budgeting always occurs for political intervention interests of both public officials and career officials in running the wheel the government in the city of Bima.

POTENSI PENDUKUNG PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM INDONESIA PINTAR: STUDI KASUS DI KECAMATAN BABAKAN KABUPATEN CIREBON

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi pendukung penerapan kebijakan PIP sebagai upaya untuk meningkatkan akses pendidikan untuk anak usia sekolah yang berasal dari keluarga yang kurang mampu. Penelitian merupakan studi kasus di Kecamatan Babakan Kabupaten Cirebon, yang menurut pengamatan sementara menunjukkan indikasi keberhasilannya dalam penerapan PIP. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif. Pengumpulan data menggunakan telaah dokumen dengan menganalisis data laporan pelaksanaan PIP dan wawancara mendalam terhadap sejumlah unsur yang terkait. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan penerapan PIP didukung oleh empat aspek yang saling terkait, yakni: komunikasi yang baik, koordinasi antar unsur yang terlibat dilaksanakan secara berjenjang, sumberdaya yang memadai, dan birokrasi yang menjalankan peran dan fungsinya secara baik. Diharapkan hasil penelitian dapat menggugah daerah-daerah lainnya untuk menerapkan dalam pelaksanaan PIP.

#DistantiMaUniti: la comunicazione pubblica tra innovazioni e fragilità alla ricerca di una ridefinizione = #DistantButUnited. Searching for a redefinition: public sector communication between innovations and fragility

Over the last twenty years, profound transformations have affected public sector communication, changing and redefining its practices and tools, while influencing its research boundaries and trajectories. Communication function has shown innovative traits linked to the impact of Internet and social media, but it has also revealed its fragility when facing growing political interferences and resistances from organizational bureaucracies. The Covid-19 pandemic has represented a turning point for public sector communication. The latter has acquired new visibility in this emergency situation, and it has been forced to redefine consolidated communication models. In this scenario characterized by a general distrust toward institutions, public sector communication must recover credibility, guarantee transparency, correctness and timeliness in the dissemination of information. Starting from these considerations, this study on government communication in the context of Covid-19 investigates two aspects: the possibility that the emergency situation represents an opportunity to relaunch public sector communication as a service function, with particular regard to its digital dimensions; the reconstruction of the narration of the pandemic through government communication campaigns in the context of traditional and social media, highlighting contents styles and languages. Results underline the informative and service function of institutional communication, revealing in some phases innovations in languages and strategies. The alignment and synchronicity between different institutional voices and platforms, and the presence of an effective coordination, emerge during the lockdown while they become weaker in the following phase. This article suggests investing in permanent research on public communication to foster a more sophisticated use of campaigns and social media so as to nurture a constructive dialogue with citizens.

La adaptación al Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior, 13 años después: la destrucción del saber en las universidades españolas

Exponen los autores la evolución de la Universidad pública española a lo largo de los últimos treinta años, subrayando cómo el interés por convertir los estudios superiores en un objeto más de obtención de beneficios llevó en Europa a los grupos inversores internacionales a una transformación de la Universidad que se plasmó en el «Plan de Bolonia». Este modelo se integra dentro del objetivo del «mercado común» europeo, o lo que es lo mismo, concibe la Universidad como una «mercancía» más. En ese sentido, el «sistema Bolonia» ha servido de plataforma idónea para canalizar inversiones capaces de generar prontos réditos y recuperaciones de la inversión: disminuye la duración de los estudios y su profundidad, construyendo los planes sobre la base de conocimientos genéricos y «muy prácticos», con capacidad de «intercambio en el mercado». Encarna un cambio de paradigma de perfil empresarial en doble dirección: el estudiante como cliente y la figura burocratizada del docente-dador de clases.La idea de una Universidad entendida como una mera «formación profesional» despojada de cualquier inquietud transformadora del mundo se ha desarrollado en España bajo el auge de universidades privadas, impulsadas desde mediados de la década de los 90, que ha contribuido a deteriorar gravemente la calidad de la enseñanza, pervirtiendo, asimismo, el sistema de recluta del profesorado hasta lograr convertirlo en funcional a ese modelo: un procedimiento radicalmente burocrático, en el que tiene un peso específico el perfil del docente en tareas muy alejadas de la docencia e investigación, cuya producción se sujeta a valoraciones preeminentemente formales basadas en decisiones editoriales. Ello ha provocado una multiplicación de publicaciones bajo la lógica de la «uniformidad» y, sobre todo, la «funcionalidad» al mercado. Paralelamente, con la indisimulada intención de impulsar los centros privados, se ha recortado el presupuesto de las universidades públicas, el de la investigación en los centros públicos, y se ha precarizado al profesorado universitario hasta límites inaceptables. La Universidad pública, condenada al ostracismo.Los autores ponen de relieve la necesidad de llevar a cabo, con fondos públicos, un rescate urgente de la Universidad española pública, para restaurarla desde sus cimientos y que pueda, así, contribuir a un cambio de modelo de desarrollo económico del que tan necesitada está España, que incluso permitirá sobrevivir con mayor solvencia a futuras pandemias.

Bureaucratic locus of control

AbstractTo what extent do public officials feel they have control over their lives in public service? We develop a new measure of perceived control in the bureaucracy based on the locus of control scale. The “bureaucratic locus of control” (BLOC) scale extends standard measures to a bureaucratic context as well as introduces an extension to these measures that focuses on the power of systemic forces in officials' lives. Field tests among a representative sample of Ethiopian public officials suggest that the BLOC scale has good internal reliability and that it is positively associated with promotion opportunities, rewards and motivation. We showcase its use by investigating the extent to which inequality in control impacts the general perception of control. Potential uses of the scale to study bureaucratic dynamics are discussed.

Il censimento della razza del 22 agosto 1938 a Milano. Modalità attuative e gestione burocratica

The use of original sources has led to the reconstruction of happenings tied to the preparation, realization and management of the race census conducted by the fascist regime on August 22nd 1938 in Milan, organized and managed by the prefecture and by the city of Milan. A thorough reconstruction of the work carried out by Milan’s bureaucratic machine has shown just how the census led to an intrusion of the very lives of the individuals it accounted for. Additionally, it represented the initial phase of a wide-scale and in-depth persecutory action that gave rise to the proclamation of royal legislative decree 1728/1938. This dealt with a general yet genuine backing of the fascist-led administrative and bureaucratic apparatus, which was shown off in Milan for its considerable efficiency.

Direitos Humanos à saúde na perspectiva de pessoas em situação de rua

Objetivo: conhecer as percepções das pessoas em situação de rua sobre seus direitos humanos à saúde. Método: estudo qualitativo, exploratório-descritivo. As informações foram obtidas nos anos 2015 e 2016, mediante observação participante, com registro em diário de campo, e entrevistas semiestruturadas com quatro interlocutores-privilegiados. As análises foram realizadas conforme os passos da análise temática, sendo identificados 3 eixos temáticos: percepções sobre os direitos humanos à saúde e sociedade; percepções sobre direitos humanos à saúde e políticas públicas; e percepções sobre direitos humanos à saúde e estigmas sociais. Resultados: existe uma invisibilidade dos direitos das pessoas em situação de rua, não sendo reconhecidas como sujeitos de direito e em relação à saúde, que está diretamente ligada à participação ativa nos movimentos sociais para conhecer as prerrogativas dessa população. Nesse sentido, as políticas públicas são construídas e descontextualizadas em relação às inúmeras demandas das pessoas em situação de rua, devendo o estado e a sociedade garantir a elas condições vida digna e enfrentamento da exclusão e da invisibilidade dessa situação. Nesse aspecto, a burocracia aparece como algo ineficaz no que diz respeito a possibilitar uma vida mais digna, o acesso à saúde e aos direitos. Ademais, o estigma e o preconceito dirigidos às pessoas em situação de rua surge naturalizado, como se se tratasse de um grupo errado socialmente, o que contribui para o não reconhecimento de que são pessoas de direitos. Considerações finais: conclui-se que, para pensar a saúde, é necessário entender suas relações com os direitos humanos, ampliando o olhar sobre cidadania, sociedade, sistema de saúde, assistência social, bem como em relação às imagens da população em situação de rua e a seus estigmas sociais.

Empreendedorismo empresarial na Enfermagem: desafios, potencialidades e perspectivas

As limitações e dificuldades inerentes ao contexto socioeconômico no Brasil, e as constantes mudanças nas relações de trabalho incitam alterações nos interesses laborais-profissionais da enfermagem. Assim, novas perspectivas e oportunidades influenciam o mercado de trabalho deste corpo profissional a partir do desenvolvimento de seus próprios negócios. Objetivou-se identificar na literatura científica os desafios, potencialidades e perspectivas do empreendedorismo empresarial para a enfermagem. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa realizada entre os meses de outubro de 2018 a maio de 2020, pela busca controlada pareada, com dados da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Os descritores em ciências da saúde utilizados foram “enfermagem” e “empreendedorismo” com o acréscimo do operador booleano “and”; associando-se ao uso dos filtros: texto completo disponível; tipo de documento artigos científicos; sem recorte temporal de publicação. A população do estudo perfaz 29 documentos, sendo 12 utilizados como amostra. O protocolo de revisão integrativa foi previamente elaborado a partir de instrumento validado por Ursi (2005). Os dados secundários foram organizados em categorias e analisados com respaldo descritivo da literatura científica. O empreendedorismo na enfermagem está em pleno crescimento, e alberga o conhecimento multidisciplinar, é um campo de pesquisa emergente e que demanda teorias científicas direcionadas para as práticas da enfermagem. A questão burocrática teve destaque como fator dificultante para o empreendimento da classe profissional. Destarte, é fundamental despertar o interesse empreendedor do enfermeiro desde sua graduação; para que os acadêmicos possam vislumbrar de forma ampliada as potencialidades do mercado de trabalho possível à profissão.

Dai testi scritti alla sgrammatichetta. Sullo status del burocratese della Regione Campania

This paper is divided into four parts. The first part traces the interweaving of production (in particular written production) and (in)comprehension as in Demaurian thought. In the second part, a specific study, which is a section of a broader project entitled Public Administration: simplifying decision-making processes, improving performances , is presented. This study’s aim is to observe in texts written by the Campania Region those typical linguistic features of bureaucratese which can generate problems of comprehension. For the realization of the study, as a first step three texts homogeneous with respect to some variables but different with respect to others were selected (the texts are public notices or announcements through which European Union financial resources are provided to external and heterogeneous users). As a second step, fourteen comparable articles were extracted from the texts and analyzed at the morphosyntactic, lexical and textual levels. If on the one hand the analysis shows the resistance of a by now consolidated bureaucratese, on the other hand it is possible to outline a bureaucratese moving in synchrony downwards, characterized by grammar mistakes which occur repeatedly at the graphic, syntactic and lexical levels. These grammar mistakes are collected in a model of bureaucratese short ungrammar ( sgrammatichetta ) elaborated in the third part of the paper. The fourth and last part is a reflection on the role of schools and universities, places dedicated to training in even bureaucratic writing, and on the main results of some didactic experiments already carried out on (re)writing bureaucratic texts.

Book review: Ayaz Qureshi. 2018. AIDS in Pakistan: Bureaucracy, Public Goods, and NGOs

Ayaz Qureshi. 2018. AIDS in Pakistan: Bureaucracy, Public Goods, and NGOs. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. 217 pp. ISBN 978-981-10-6219-3.