Burdur Lake Research Articles

Burdur Gölü’ndeki seviye değişimi sonucunda ortaya çıkan lakustrin materyalin zamansal ve mekansal değişimi

Türkiye’nin Göller Bölgesinde yer alan ve Ramsar sulak alanı olan Burdur Gölü, son yıllarda dramatik bir şekilde hızla kurumaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; son 42 yılda (1975-2017) Burdur Göl seviyesinin azalması ile bazı iklimsel parametreler arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirmek ve karasal ortama çıkan lakustrin materyallerin zamana bağlı konumsal ve alansal dağılımlarını tespit etmektir. Burdur Gölü seviyesinin azalması üzerinde etkisi olan iklim ve diğer faktörler sonucunda; göl seviyesinin 13.74 m alçaldığı (-% 2) ve göl alanının 211 km2’den 130 km2’ye kadar (-% 38.39) gerilediği tespit edilmiştir. Ortaya çıkan lakustrin materyalin konumsal dağılımları ise; daha düşük ortalama eğime (% 0.12) sahip Kuzey Doğu Sahili’nde (KDS) yoğunluk göstermektedir. Burdur Gölü’nün su seviyesinin azalması ile iklimsel parametreler arasındaki ilişki incelendiğinde; göl seviyesindeki azalma ile en güçlü ilişkinin sıcaklık (-0.637**) ve toplam buharlaşma (-0.603**) arasında olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yıllık toplam yağış miktarı ile göl seviyesinin azalması arasında, herhangi bir ilişki tespit edilememiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre, Burdur Gölü’nün kurumasında etkili olduğu düşünülen iklim faktörlerine müdahale ederek göl havzasının su bilançosu üzerindeki baskının azaltılması pek mümkün görünmemektedir. Bu sebeple Burdur Gölü’nün devamlılığını sağlamak için, hatalı arazi kullanımı ve hatalı tarımsal üretim deseni üzerinde gerekli yasal düzenlemelerin acilen yapılması gerekmektedir.

Evaluation of climate and human effects on the hydrology and water quality of Burdur Lake, Turkey

Burdur Lake is one of the deepest lakes of Turkey. The lake is closed basin and is recharged by rainfall, surface flows and underground flow. Discharging of the lake is only supplied with evaporation from the lake. This study aimed to investigate the coastline and water level changes of the Burdur lake and to identify the causes for decline in the lake levels. Nine satellite images, precipitation, evaporation, discharge and lake level records were used to analyze the coastline changes of the lake. From the results of the image analysis, the levels of the Burdur Lake dramatically and shrunk in area from 1975 to 2016. The lake area decreased from 210 km2 to 131 km2 between 1975 and 2016 years, the shrinking area was 37%. The results of hydrologic, climatic and human activities data analyses suggest that the change of lake levels might depend more on human effects than on climatic factors.

Hope for the White-headed Duck, Oxyura leucocephala (Aves: Anatidae) in Turkey despite a declining breeding population and abandonment of its traditional wintering area?

The development of the breeding and non-breeding populations of the White-headed Duck, Oxyura leucocephala, in Turkey was analysed based on all available records from the period 1966–2016 from 99 different areas. Breeding is confined to Inner Anatolia and the eastern parts of the country. The breeding population had been estimated as 200–250 pairs in the period 1996–2001 but recent observations show that it does now not exceed 80–125 pairs which is a decline of about 50% within two decades. The non-breeding winter population comprises approximately 8,500–10,000 individuals. Burdur Lake has traditionally housed more than 90% of the population but is no longer a significant resting place. The numbers started to decrease from more than 10,000 birds at the beginning of the 1990s to a few hundred in the early 2000s. Now only very small numbers overwinter there. The reason seems to be a combination of water pollution and decreasing water level. After a period of more than 10 years, the numbers in Turkey started to increase again, and most birds are now concentrated at Manyas Lake in Western Anatolia. In 2016, the population reached a winter maximum of approximately 6,000. In the post-breeding season, up to 4,000 individuals were recorded in Eastern Anatolia in October 2014 which is far more than has ever been recorded in this season before.

Wave Mechanics and Hydrodynamic Wave Forces in Drinking Water under the Lake Pipeline in Burdur Lake – Turkey

Wave Mechanics and Hydrodynamic Wave Forces in Drinking Water under the Lake Pipeline in Burdur Lake – Turkey

Mapping habitat suitabilities of some wildlife species in Burdur Lake Basin

This research paper aimed at modeling the relations between mammal wildlife species, which spread around Burdur Lake Basin, with environmental factors and getting habitat suitability maps on the basis of native species by generalizing acquired models. Field survey was carried out on 328 sample plots and 3280 sub-sample plots. Traces, feces and signs belonging to wild boar (Sus scrofa), european hare (Lepus europaeus), beech marten (Martes foina) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) were identified using the transect counts in the Basin. Data from these species was tested through Jacknife Method by being analyzed with Maximum Entropy (Maxent) method. Base maps belonging to 20 different environmental variances were used for wildlife suitability modeling. Habitat suitability maps were prepared for wild boar (0.77;0,71), brown hare (0.80; 0.74), beech marten (0.86; 0,80), and red fox (0.87; 0.77) by taking into account of obtained models' education data set and test data set ROC values. According to obtained models' results; the relation between wildlife animal species on the study area and topography, distance to forest village road, elevation, bedrock, smoothness, solar lightening index, distance to settlement, distance to lake, distance to runnel and radiation index was detected. In this study, habitat suitability maps based on relation between wild animals and environmental factors were created. These maps will be important bases for mammals species to protect and hunting plans preperation.

Evaluation of Landscape Change Using Remote Sensing: A Case Study of Burdur Lake Basin

Georeferenced satellite images can be used for acquisition of topographic information, navigation and visualisation for various environmental studies. The objectives of this study were to determine land use and land cover changes and describe local landscape characteristics in the Burdur Lake Basin. Analyses were carried out using remotely sensed data. The topography of the land has been determined using GlobalDEM data of ASTER satellite with a resolution of 15 m. With this data, ArcMap 10.3 ArcHydro plugin was used to identify the basin of Burdur Lake and it was accepted as the boundary of the study. LT51790341987245 (02 August 1987) and LT51790342011254 (11 August 2011) coded Landsat TM satellite images have been used in the study. For the orthorectification, a digital elevation model (DEM) with an RMS accuracy of ca. 3.5 m, and for classifications 100 selected ground control points (GCPs) measured with differential GPS were used. Land uses identified with classified satellite images are analyzed in a spatial and proportional manner in a total study area of 3.361,56 km2. The changes in land cover are compared with each other and have been evaluated in terms of landscape change. Population growth, rising water consumption for agricultural and domestic purposes and building dams has led to water surfaces declining from 208,71 km2 to 155,42 km2. Also analyses show that the landscape had been dominated by a mixture of urban and cultivated land, and became more homogenous and aggregated in in 24 years.

Determining the enzyme profile of Burdur Lake isolates

Aerobic CH4 oxidation plays an important role in mitigating CH4 release from landfills to the atmosphere. Therefore, in this study, oxidation activity and community of methanotrophs were investigated in a subtropical landfill. Among the three sites investigated, the highest CH4 concentration was detected in the landfill cover soil of the site (A) without a landfill gas (LFG) recovery system, although the refuse in the site had been deposited for a longer time (∼14–15 years) compared to the other two sites (∼6–11 years) where a LFG recovery system was applied. In April and September, the higher CH4 flux was detected in site A with 72.4 and 51.7 g m−2 d−1, respectively, compared to the other sites. The abundance of methanotrophs assessed by quantification of pmoA varied with location and season. A linear relationship was observed between the abundance of methanotrophs and CH4 concentrations in the landfill cover soils (R = 0.827, P < 0.001). The key factors influencing the methanotrophic diversity in the landfill cover soils were pH, the water content and the CH4 concentration in the soil, of which pH was the most important factor. Type I methanotrophs, including Methylococcus, Methylosarcina, Methylomicrobium and Methylobacter, and type II methanotrophs (Methylocystis) were all detected in the landfill cover soils, with Methylocystis and Methylosarcina being the dominant genera. Methylocystis was abundant in the slightly acidic landfill cover soil, especially in September, and represented more than 89% of the total terminal-restriction fragment abundance. These findings indicated that the LFG recovery system, as well as physical and chemical parameters, affected the diversity and activity of methanotrophs in landfill cover soils.

The occurrence and levels of cyanotoxin nodularin from Nodularia spumigena in the alkaline and salty Lake Burdur, Turkey

The occurrence of cyanobacteria species Nodularia spumigena and its toxin nodularin were studied in Burdur Lake, a saline alkaline lake with endemic fauna and a Ramsar site of ornithological importance. The water samples were collected from three different locations of Lake Burdur between May and November of 2011. Abundance of Nodularia spumigena and the nodularin levels peaked at the end of July (112,147 cells mL -1 and 4.82 µg L -1 ), coinciding with the highest levels of chlorophyll a (Chl a ) (27.15 µg L -1 ) and the water temperature (29 o C). Although fish or other animal deaths were not detected during the episodes, it is concluded that N. spumigena blooming should be monitored in Burdur Lake for the ecosystem and environmental health.

Microhabitat Use and Diurnal Time-activity Budgets of White-headed Ducks (Oxyura leucocephala Scopoli, 1769) Wintering at Burdur Lake, Turkey

Diurnal time-activity budgets of White-headed Ducks were investigated with respect to sex and temporal environmental variables to document behavioral responses to winter conditions and nutritional requirements at Burdur Lake where the largest winter concentrations occur. Behaviors of males and females were recorded separately in randomly selected focal flocks during 1140 sessions. For the entire population a large proportion of time was spent resting. During the day they spent 61% of time resting, 22% feeding, 12% comfort and 5% in locomotion. Resting peaked in the middle of day while feeding was observed frequently in evening and morning. Time use did not differ significantly between sexes. However, it was detected that more time was spent feeding during windy days as wave-height increased.

The Political Ecology of a Ramsar Site Conservation Failure: The Case of Burdur Lake, Turkey

The Burdur Lake basin in Turkey's Mediterranean region has been facing severe environmental damage in the form of increased pollution and a decrease in water volume, despite its Ramsar status as a major wintering site for the endangered white-headed duck ( Oxyura leucocephala). In fact, after the basin was granted Ramsar status it was made the subject of a ‘hard-park’ conservation policy. This in practice disenfranchised and alienated local people but did not lead to the effective preservation of the basin. We aim to shed light on the political ecology of the ongoing degradation, which has layers at local, national, and international levels, by using both quantitative and qualitative methods (consisting of in-depth interviews, focus groups, and face-to-face, randomly selected interviews with 625 people). We specifically explore the possible reasons why local people by and large did not—despite their high level of environmental concern about the site—demand conservation policies or voluntarily take action to preserve their site. Acknowledging that the sources of the problem are multilayered in nature, thus requiring a multilevel solution, we then propose a governance modality tailored for the case at hand. Since many of the problems that Burdur Lake faces are not unique, it is hoped that the conducted analysis will be relevant to other similar sites.

AN ECOLOGICAL EVALUATION OVER THE WARMING AND THE DROUGHT PERIOD AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE LAKE DISTRICT OF TURKEY

AN ECOLOGICAL EVALUATION OVER THE WARMING AND THE DROUGHT PERIOD AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE LAKE DISTRICT OF TURKEY

Quality control of compacted grounds using seismic velocities

ABSTRACTThe speed‐up plaque load experiment and a seismic refraction survey were used in quality‐control tests of compaction in the runway grounds of the Süleyman Demirel Airport, Isparta, located to the north of Burdur Lake, Turkey. The straight‐line correlation between plaque load experiments and seismic velocities ( and ) has shown that compaction is sufficient when both the and values exceed 590m/s and 379m/s, respectively. In addition, two‐dimensional velocity models for both P‐ and S‐waves map out the level of compaction along the profiles.

Population structure and growth of Aphanius anatoliae sureyanus Neu, 1937 (Osteichthyes: Cyprinodontidae), endemic to Burdur Lake, Turkey

The age, sex and body size of the killifish Aphanius anatoliae sureyanus Neu, 1937 have been studied at Burdur Lake, to which it is endemic. Females made up 16.7%, males 25.9% and young individuals 57.4% of the population. Data on the length-weight relationship and the Bertalanffy growth formula are given. Arctodiaptomus burduricus and Brachionus plicatilis are the main food resources.

Time–activity budgets and site selection of White-headed Ducks Oxyura leucocephala at Burdur Lake, Turkey in late winter

Diurnal and nocturnal time–activity budgets were compiled for White-headed Ducks at their most important wintering area, Burdur Lake in Turkey, during February and March 1993. During the day, ducks spent 28% of the time feeding, 57% resting, 11% in locomotion, 4% preening and 1% in alert behaviour. No courtship behaviour was observed. Resting peaked in the middle of the day. As wave-height increased, feeding and swimming increased and resting decreased. At night, 92% of time was spent feeding. Sites used by White-headed Ducks held a higher biomass of food items (benthic chironomid larvae) than other parts of the lake. Movement of individuals and marked differences in diurnal time budgets occurred between sites, as birds concentrated in flocks for resting and dispersed to feed. The proportion of birds resting increased with the number of birds present, both within and between sites. Feeding was concentrated at those sites supporting a higher biomass of chironomids for a given depth.

Threats to Burdur Lake ecosystem, Turkey and its waterbirds, particularly the white-headed duck Oxyura leucocephala

Burdur Lake, a closed-basin saline lake in south-west Anatolia, Turkey, is internationally important for its wintering waterbirds. It is the most important wintering site in the world for the white-headed duck Oxyura leucocephala, a globally threatened species. It has also held internationally important numbers of 10 other waterbird species. The lake is threatened by the construction of an industrial complex and airport on the northern shore. Falling water levels (from construction of upstream dams), sedimentation (from catchment erosion), organic pollution (from food processing and sewage) and inorganic effluent (from a sulphur mine) represent long-term threats to the lake system. Illegal hunting from the shore has a serious impact upon white-headed ducks, which concentrate close inshore and show little escape response in the presence of hunters. White-headed duck numbers have fluctuated considerably since 1967 with a peak (incomplete) count of 10,927 in February 1991. By January 1995, numbers had declined to 2805. Numbers of black-necked grebe Podiceps nigricollis, white-fronted goose Anser albifrons and tufted duck Aythya fuligula have declined. Numbers of large gulls of the Larus argentatus group which prey upon white-headed duck have increased, possibly due to pollution. For 10 of 16 waterbird species regularly observed at the site, highest numbers were recorded before 1974. Recommendations for the conservation of the lake are presented.

Landscape pattern and population conservation : S. Harrison & L. Fahrig, in: Mosaic landscapes and ecological processes, ed L. Hanson & others, (Chapman & Hall; IALE Studies in Landscape Ecology, 2), 1995, pp 293–308

Burdur Lake, a closed-basin saline lake in south-west Anatolia, Turkey, is internationally important for its wintering waterbirds. It is the most important wintering site in the world for the white-headed duck Oxyura leucocephala, a globally threatened species. It has also held internationally important numbers of 10 other waterbird species. The lake is threatened by the construction of an industrial complex and airport on the northern shore. Falling water levels (from construction of upstream dams), sedimentation (from catchment erosion), organic pollution (from food processing and sewage) and inorganic effluent (from a sulphur mine) represent long-term threats to the lake system. Illegal hunting from the shore has a serious impact upon white-headed ducks, which concentrate close inshore and show little escape response in the presence of hunters. White-headed duck numbers have fluctuated considerably since 1967 with a peak (incomplete) count of 10,927 in February 1991. By January 1995, numbers had declined to 2805. Numbers of black-necked grebe Podiceps nigricollis, white-fronted goose Anser albifrons and tufted duck Aythya fuligula have declined. Numbers of large gulls of the Larus argentatus group which prey upon white-headed duck have increased, possibly due to pollution. For 10 of 16 waterbird species regularly observed at the site, highest numbers were recorded before 1974. Recommendations for the conservation of the lake are presented.

The 1971 May 12 Burdur earthquake sequence, SW Turkey: a synthesis of seismological and geological observations

SUMMARY It is now widely accepted that the rapid extension observed in western Turkey is mainly accommodated by large active normal faults which control the geomorphology. The NE-SW trending Burdur, Acigol and Baklan basins bounded by large faults form a system of half-graben whose orientation is evident in both the topography and the tilting of Neogene sediments adjacent to them. We used long-period P- and SH-waveforms to determine the source parameters of the two largest earthquakes of the 1971 May 12 sequence that occurred in the Burdur region. The main shock was followed by many aftershocks, which were distributed in a broad zone elongated NE-SW, parallel to the long axes of the basins in the region. Documented surface breaks of the 1971 event suggest that the northwest-dipping faults along the southern margin of the Burdur Basin are those which moved. Well-exposed fault planes are found dominantly to the south of Burdur lake; the surface dips of these faults are greater than that of the NW-dipping nodal plane obtained for the main shock. Combined seismological and geological observations suggest that these faults have listric geometries.

Die umweltfaktoren, die die verbreitung und entwicklung von Chalcalburnus tarichi (PALL. 1881) (Pisces: Cyprinidae) in Burdur-See begrenzen

Burdur Lake, an entirely closed and brackish water lake, having an area of 190 km 2 and 76 m depth, is located in the “Lakes Region” of Anatolia, 4 km from the west of Burdur city. There have been made many attempts to breed an economically important fish population but all attempts were unsuccessful. During 1946–1948 some hydrobiological investigations were carried out. According to these investigations, hydrobiological conditions of the lake were found to be suitable for Chalcalburnus tarichi (PALL. 1881) (Pisces: Cyprinidae), a fish which is endemic to the Lake Van in eastern Anatolia. Since 1966 an attempt has been made to breed Chalcalburnus tarichi artificially. This attempt was successful, but the economic productivity was not in the estimated level. These fish live in all the depth of the lake, but during the breeding season, they go into fresh water streams flowing into the lake. To find out the reasons of the productivity losses, new hydrobiological investigations have been going on since 1969. Two research stations have been chosen (Fig. 1), where water, plankton and bottom samplings have been collected for hydrobiological research. Nansen bottles were used to take the water samples, in 10 m intervals, from the surface of water towards the bottom. The chemical analysis of water have been done according to the standard methods given in Welcher (1963). The Winkler method is used to find out the amount of dissolved oxygen (Welcher, 1963). Plankton was collected in 10 m intervals by usual type Closing net (20 cm dia, mesh size of 0.05 mm). The amount of plankton per m 3 has been calculated according to the Settling methods of Welch (1948). Bottom samples were collected by Ekman's Dredge at four different regions marked (a), (b), (c), (d), on Fig. 1. Samples were wet sieved through four graded sieves (mesh sizes 0.5–2.0 mm). The number of the collected bottom animals per m 2 were calculated. Observations showed that, the direct flow of waste waters having organic materials from the Burdur Sugar Mill, Milk-Cheese factories and Attar of Rose industries and Hemp ( Cannabis sativa) maceration remnants go to the bottom of the lake, therefore, unoxygenated and thereby a hydrogensulphonized water layer is formed by the above mentioned waste products. The unoxygenated water layer level increases 2–2.5 m per year towards the surface. This pollution has caused this unexpected loss of productivity of fish, for this water layer harms the bottom feeding and planktonic organisms and restricts the spreading and development of the adopted Chalcalburnus tarichi (PALL. 1881). It is also clear that this situation is a threat to the future of the lake and its environment.