Burden Of Work Research Articles

O cuidado parental em tempos de migração laboral Culturas e tecnologias de multiparentalidade na China rural do início do século XXI

What happens when young rural couples leave their villages to work in the city? Why do they choose to leave their children in the village under the care of grandparents? Is this a form of parental abandonment, or is it a collective strategy of multiple parenting constructed around the ideal of the patrilineal multigenerational joint family? Based on two decades of longitudinal fieldwork, between 1999 and 2018, in a rural community in Guangdong province, southern China, this article shows how the labor migration of young couples to the city was sustained by the resilience of traditional socio-technical systems of intergenerational sharing of parental duties. It was the reconfiguration of these systems of multiple parenting that helped young migrant couples to find ways of dealing with the double burden of work and family, benefiting from a stable network of familial support in a context of increasing mobility and widespread insecurity. Newly emerged formations of multiple parenting continue to place a large share of the burden of care work on women and continue to depend on a parental coalition between the senior generation and the middle generation of the patrilineal joint family, but the middle generation strengthened its economic power, leading to a weakening of the patriarchal authority of the senior generation. This decline of the power of the senior generation has been accompanied by a growing trend towards the outsourcing of grandparenting to professional care workers and educators under the influence of new visions of intensive parenting and education that are increasingly dominant in urban areas.

Sustained Reduction in Time to Data Entry in the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Registry.

Introduction:Timely data entry into patient registries is foundational to learning health systems such as the Cystic Fibrosis Learning Network. The US Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry (CFFPR) is an established registry that collects encounter data for clinical and research activities. Coordinators manually enter approximately 1,500 encounters annually at our institution, but there is limited evidence for interventions facilitating timely data entry. Our institution aimed to reduce the number of days between a clinical encounter and data entry into the CFFPR from an average of 43 days (range 0 to 183 days) to less than 30 days in a 3-month interval.Methods:Data coordinators tested interventions to address barriers in four themes: accountability, work burden, communication, and visibility using plan-do-study-act cycles. We used statistical process control charts to assess progress on average time of entry. Coordinators provided feedback about acceptability and satisfaction for process changes.Results:Initial interventions standardized process and reduced average time to data entry from 42.6 to 22.5 days in 3 months, but this process was not stable in the subsequent 6 months. Subsequent changes to increase metric visibility and improve team communication increased stability and decreased the average time to data entry to 23.0 days. Coordinators reported high satisfaction with process changes and have sustained improved time for over 2 years.Conclusions:This quality improvement project reduced and maintained data entry time by addressing significant barriers without additional personnel. Increased access to near real-time data in CFFPR accelerates learning for clinical care, quality improvement, and research.

Enterprise Collaborative Office System Based on Workflow

The rapid development of information technology makes the application of computer and network technology in office system more and more widely, which not only promotes the realization and development of office automation, but also reduces people's work burden. With the continuous improvement of enterprise information management requirements, a new workflow office system appears in the process of information management, which plays an important role in enterprise information management. By discussing the meaning and development history of office automation, this paper analyzes the application status of workflow office system in the process of enterprise information management, and takes Shenzhen chinasoft International Company as an example to conduct empirical research and analysis on the process and effect of workflow system application in small and medium-sized enterprises.

An Investigation and Research on the Problem of English Learning Burnout and the Factors Affecting Middle School Students

"Burnout" mainly refers to students' boredom and tiredness of learning due to the excessive pressure and burden of school work for a long time, and the gradual loss of interest in learning, which leads to negative emotions. As scholars at home and abroad have studied burnout in-depth, the concept of "English burnout" has emerged because English as a second language causes pressure and difficulties in students' learning process, which leads to students' fatigue in English learning. This study investigates the phenomenon of English learning burnout and its influencing factors among middle school students and proposes strategies to solve the problem to improve the quality and level of their English learning. This paper discusses both theoretical and experimental aspects.

Mental Health among Working Women

Background: Mental health is a problem which no country can escape in the world. The increasing of mental disorders creates new challenges in the society and individual. Mental health is a challenging task for individual more importantly for working women. Aim: Aim of this paper is to assess mental health status of working women in a private hospital setting. Methods: Researcher used a specially designed interview scheduled to collect the data. Results: The result shows that working women had a poor mental and psychological health. Study indicated that working women is prone to depressed because they bore the double burden of house work and a job outside the home. Conclusion: Dual role of a women affects their personal life and it is difficult to manage work and family life.

A Tribute to Miriam Fuchs: With Love from Her Student

A Tribute to Miriam FuchsWith Love from Her Student Amy Carlson (bio) First and foremost, Miriam Fuchs Z”L taught me about life narratives. She sat down at our seminar table with confidence, curiosity, and a sharp wit, listening to each of us and encouraging our explorations. I write this as one of many students spurred on by her intent gaze as she asked us to expand on our thoughts. Like a repeat customer, I took as many lifewriting seminars as I could from her in graduate school, and she patiently guided me through my coursework and exam preparation. She pressed me to reach just a bit further in my arguments, to develop my ideas, to flex, to attain a potential I could not see for myself. But I also read a fondness in her carefully crafted comprehensive exam question: the one she dreamed up thinking of me and the one response I wrote that made her proud. Good teachers mentor their students to become their future peers. Others experienced this too. I am not alone. Many of my classmates returned to her seminar table for my same reasons. By their very nature, life narratives prompt intimate classroom conversations. As we analyzed the complexity of identity and referentiality encoded into the texts, the play of public and private itself could elicit experiential disclosure. But I never expected Miriam to offer her own lesson in scholarly humility and vulnerability. She detailed a potential professional mishap in her 1995 article “The Diary of Liliʻuokalani,” which she assigned as a companion reading to Queen Liliʻuokalani’s Hawaii’s Story by Hawaii’s Queen. Relying on the photocopied transcript of the diaries, she lost an important connection to the physicality of the diaries—their small size and the way Queen Liliʻuokalani’s handwriting fills each small page— which led her to reconsider old rumors from the Queen’s political enemies who questioned the Queen’s capability to author the diaries. Once Miriam viewed the original diaries, however, she recognized the disconnection, and her research resumed on its original trajectory. Her “cautionary tale” encouraged us to use primary sources, or at minimum, warned us to question mediated versions (39). As a librarian who works with mediated and accessible versions of texts, I found that her scholarly admission intersected with my own professional and research pursuits and impacted my approach to my job and to my studies from that moment on. In 2012, Miriam offered a lifewriting seminar on Holocaust literature. The seminar considered issues in representing the Holocaust in a range of genres, from [End Page 160] life writing to imaginative literature, in relation to Theodore Adorno’s proclamation that “to write poetry after Auschwitz is barbaric” (34). According to Philippe Lejeune, life narrative already has inherent impossibility, which Miriam focalized in her book The Text is Myself, but by reading inscribed life narratives and representations of the Holocaust, the class continuously contended with two impossibilities (6). I don’t believe my classmates and I—nor Miriam—were prepared to bear witness to the traumatic testimony of each text. With life narratives, the stakes are often high, but the extermination of six million Jewish people from all over Europe resulted in both genealogical and memory “holes” of indiscernible and unbearable size (Raczymow and Astro 104). With Miriam as our leader, we bore witness together. Job stress, fights with spouses, the burden of school work, a concerning diagnosis: any problem we brought with us to that seminar table seemed relationally small and distant compared to the immense pain and loss of lives. We also had moments of levity and release, and other times the relative smallness of our problems, as we sat at the table, refocused to life-size once we left the seminar room. Each of our lives had weight too. She gave so much of herself and her life energy to our class. We listened and watched and witnessed, and that experience is stitched into my memory of Miriam. “My goal is that students leave the first class session questioning the expectations they came in with,” she wrote on her pedagogical approach to the teaching of life narratives (“Graduate Seminar...

EDUCATIONAL MOVEMENT IN THE CAMP OF UKRAINIAN PRISONERS OF WAR FREISTADT, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 1915-1917

The article reveals the peculiarities of the development of the educational movement in the camp of captured Ukrainian soldiers Freistadt (Austria-Hungary) in 1915-1917. It was established that despite all the initial difficulties (due to the opposition of the Black Hundreds) due to the systematic work of members of the Education Department, the Education Section Social and educational circle, the Society «Prosvita» M. Drahomanov during 1915-1917 it became possible to organize the teaching of a fairly wide range of courses and literacy schools (for the illiterate). The decisive role in the organization of educational life was initially played by the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine Educational Department, which included Ukrainian public figures, educators, cooperators with university or high school education, who had developed a national worldview. Through their efforts, the Ukrainian camp organization in Freistadt created appropriate structures from among the prisoners (educational section and the Enlightenment Society), which over time took over the main burden of educational work. Its content differed significantly – if at first the emphasis was on general education courses (so as not to provoke criticism of «politics» from prisoners), then within a year educational institutions paid more and more attention to Ukrainian studies (history of Ukraine, Ukrainian language and history of Ukrainian literature). At the same time, a large number of training hours were devoted to the elimination of illiteracy among prisoners. For many prisoners, education became the meaning of their camp life, and at the same time their national awareness took place, when they – sometimes even unnoticed – began to worry about the problems of Ukraine's self-affirmation in political terms and became adherents of its independence. Thus, on the one hand, educational organizations purposefully prepared prisoners for the future of civilian life in the homeland, and on the other - to educate them conscious and loyal citizens of free Ukraine.

More than chores: The invisible health work of family caregivers in rural New Brunswick, Canada.

Most home care for people living with chronic illness or disability is provided by informal, or unpaid, family members. Family caregivers in rural New Brunswick engage in essential work to maintain the home as a site of care. Renovations, property maintenance, and the administrative work involved in accessing medical equipment and managing staff are examples of the types of invisible labour involved in interacting with a complex care environment. Conversations with 13 family caregivers across a small rural Canadian province suggest that even when resources are 'available', place-based factors involved in caring at home in a rural setting make it difficult for carers to use these resources and accessing them becomes another form of work itself. Similar to Wiles et al.'s (2018) findings in their study of end-of-life family care in Aotearoa, New Zealand, carers in rural New Brunswick spoke of their activities as part of an ongoing process of interaction with the care recipient and care environment. Carers with fewer financial and material resources experienced higher burdens of invisible work. The paper sheds light on the types of labour involved in 'knowing, doing, and negotiating' care at home and re-categorizes these activities as 'health work' as a means of informing home care policy. The paper finds that family caregivers are aware of their invisible work, characterize it as essential health work, and seek recognition for their complex contribution to the formal health system.

CoSleep: A Multi-View Representation Learning Framework for Self-Supervised Learning of Sleep Stage Classification

Sleep stage classification is critical for diagnosing sleep quality. While deep neural networks are becoming popular for automatic sleep stage classification with supervised learning, large-scale labeled datasets are still hard to acquire. Recently, self-supervised learning (SSL) has become one of the most prominent approaches to alleviate the burden of labeling works. However, existing SSL methods are mainly designed for non-temporally correlated data and only learning representations from an instance level. Hence, the objective of this paper is to learn robust and generalizable representations for physiological signals with self-supervised learning. Specifically, we make the following contributions: (1) we propose a novel co-training scheme by exploiting complementary information from multiple views (time view and frequency view) of physiological signals to mine more positive samples, which overcomes the drawback of popular InfoNCE and achieves semantic-level representation learning; (2) we extend our framework with a memory module, implemented by a queue and a moving-averaged encoder, to enlarge the pool of negative candidates and keep the up-to-date representation; (3) extensive experiments conducted on sleep stage classification demonstrate state-of-the-art performance compared with SSL baselines, achieving 71.6% and 57.9% accuracies on two sleep datasets, SleepEDF and ISRUC respectively. The code is publicly available at <uri xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">https://github.com/larryshaw0079/CoSleep</uri> .

Effect of Contractor – Subcontractor Relationship on the Performance of Construction Project: A Case Study of Dire Dawa Construction Projects

Because of the common practice of subletting construction work into smaller packages, subcontracting has become an attractive technique in the construction business. Effective subcontractor selection and monitoring reduce the problem while also determining the performance of construction firms. The engagement of a subcontractor in a building construction project results in relationships with the main contractor, which will influence the project's success. The purpose of this study was to look at how main contractors choose subcontractors and to analyze the effect of the main contractor–subcontractor relationship on project performance. This research used a descriptive survey method to look at the underlying characteristics that influence the relationship between the main contractor and subcontractors and their effect on the performance of construction projects. The findings of the study confirmed that most contractor depends on subcontractors for the execution of their work and therefore procurement and management of subcontractors highly affects the performance of the construction project. It was also discovered that the subcontractor often performs 20 percent to 50 percent of the work. Main contractors used subcontractors primarily to offer skilled labor, lower overhead expenses, and relieve work and financial burden on themselves. The major causes of issues between the main contractor and the subcontractor include the main contractor's delay in releasing payments, the subcontractor's shortage of trained personnel, and scheduling conflicts among the subcontractors on a given project. To eliminate antagonistic relationships, the study advises a trust-based cooperative partnership that incorporates subcontractors into a partnering strategy. Furthermore, for optimal construction project performance, simpler and complete subcontract documents would improve the interaction between the main contractor and the subcontractor.

Perceived Stress and Coping Strategies in Entry-Level Doctor of Physical Therapy Students Enrolled in a Hybrid-Learning Curriculum during the Pandemic

Physical therapy students can experience elevated levels of stress due to the pressure to be successful, changes in the environment, personal concerns, the lack of spare time, increased work, or financial burdens. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceived stress and coping strategies of Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students enrolled in a hybrid-learning curriculum during the COVID-19 pademic. A total of 73 students enrolled in the DPT hybrid-learning curriculum responded to a survey which consisted of socio-demographics, the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and the 28-item Brief COPE. A general question regarding stress relating to COVID-19 was presented as a sliding percentage. Data analysis included a Spearman correlation, a Kruskal-Wallis test, and a linear regression to evaluate coping mechanisms against PSS scores. The mean (± SD) score on the PSS was 22.65 (± 10.21) and the Brief COPE was 59.18 (± 10.61). A non-significant negative correlation was found between the PSS and Brief COPE (r = -0.024). A third of the variation in the perceived stress score could be accounted for by students utilizing coping mechanisms regardless of other factors (R2 = 0.35). No significant differences were found when comparing PSS and Brief Cope to age, hours worked per week and term. Perceived stress was higher in females compared to males, but the results were not significant. Stress related to COVID-19 mean percentage reported by DPT students was 49.03%. During a global pandemic, DPT students enrolled in a hybrid-learning curriculum reported elevated levels of stress but reported higher adaptive versus maladaptive coping strategies. It can be beneficial that universities evaluate the stress and coping methods of students to potentially avoid the negative impacts of stress.

Preditores de sobrecarga dos trabalhadores de saúde mental durante a pandemia de COVID-19

to analyze burden predictors in mental health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. a quantitative study, collected between October and December 2020 through a sociodemographic questionnaire and Mental Health Service Burden Assessment Scale, in four services in a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, with 108 workers. Descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression of ordinary least squares were performed, in search of predictors for variation in the scale score. it showed median work burden (2.03). Predictors: psychological or psychiatric follow-up; normal performance of activities during the pandemic; direct action with suspected or confirmed cases of COVID-19; and belonging to the risk group (people over 60 years of age, diabetics, hypertensive, cardiac, respiratory problems) (p<0.05). working conditions observed during the pandemic, simultaneously with workers' mental health care needs predict burden at work in health.

Socio-Economic Analysis of Women Time-Use Pattern With Regard To Carrying Out ESNA Activities In Hilly Rural Regions Of Uttarakhand

Hilly rural regions of the state of Uttarakhand have always faced the issue of ‘Area Deprivation’ and ‘poverty traps’ mainly because of their harsh geographical settings and poor infrastructural facilities along with the problems in resource delivery and their accessibility. These issues have led to continuous out-migration from these regions of the state. Women of these deprived regions, amidst these issues play a prominent role in not only within their households but also in the economy of these regions. The major reason for the dominant role of women is the customary division of gender role and huge rural-out migration mainly of male youths from these regions of the state. Although the women participation in employment has been increasing in these regions but the major section of this population even after being over-burdened by work is engaged in activities which are categorised as ‘unpaid’. Her work participation in SNA activities goes unpaid as she takes part in such activities largely as helper or subsidiary worker while her higher rate of participation in E-SNA activities by nature is considered as non-economical or categorised as unpaid activities. The participation of Women in E-SNA activities leads to ‘time poverty’ among women, as it reduces the time which they could contribute in economic activities. Further the higher time spending by women in such activities also reduces their time in self-care leading to poor health status and even in pulling them off from education mainly in case of teenage girls. The present paper using the time use survey not only examines the gender-based participation in E-SNA activities but also examines the socio-economic and demographic factors which lead to higher time spending in E-SNA activities by rural women of these hill rural regions of the state. The study further introspects the impact of few prominent government policy interventions to reduce the work burden of women mainly in E-SNA activities.

Understanding the accuracy of teachers’ perceptions about low achieving learners in primary schools in rural India: An empirical analysis of alignments and misalignments

Teachers' perceptions of their students’ academic skills are crucial in enabling teaching at the appropriate level and shaping learning processes. We examine how accurate are teachers’ perceptions for low achieving students using data collected from around 1,800 primary school teachers across 848 schools in rural India. We find that around 40% of teachers inaccurately perceive that the low performing students in their classroom had already acquired foundational literacy, when they have not. Female teachers, para-teachers, and teachers with lower work burden are more likely to have accurate perceptions of low performing students. Our study highlights the need to work with teachers to ensure more realistic perceptions in order for pedagogical approaches like teaching at the right level to reach its intended impact.

일본 섬 지역 어업지원 정책 연구 : 에히메현 야와타하마시 오섬 사례

The Island is fundamentally difficult for companies to be located on due to its low transportation convenience and lack of power or industrial water supply. Therefore, the primary local industry is based on the fisheries and the distribution of processed products to large cities. However, in recent years, the economy of the island area has gradually weakened due to the decrease and aging of the local population. Japan consists of four main islands and around 6000 large and small islands. Each individual island plays a significant role in marine product production, environmental conservation and restauration, and coastline surveillance. However, Japan’s islands are suffering due to the lack of a new generation of fishery operators. This study focused on the closed circulatory culture system on land, which was started through the Grants-in-Aid Program to Vitalize the Fishing Industry of Remote Islands on Oh Island, Yahatahama City, Ehime Prefecture, Japan, and reviewed the outcomes of this program. By establishing a land farm in a closed school on the island, the elderly population can continue their fisheries without any burden of work. In addition, the possibility of the regeneration of local resources, conversion of local fisheries, and creation of local brands could be seen. However, in order to establish an independent model that will be sustainable after government subsidies end, various tasks, such as expanding sales channels, increasing the number of new fishery workers, and establishing branding, must be accomplished.

Socio-demographic Factors and Eating Behaviours among Nurses in a Teaching Hospital

Nurses are known as shift workers. Shift work can disrupt regular meal habits resulting in abnormal eating behaviour. Hence, this study aims to determine the relationship between socio-demographic factors and eating behaviour. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 135 nurses using a self-administered questionnaire. This study found that the shift duties factor was significantly associated with emotional and external eating behaviour. This might be caused by how nurses cope with the burden of shift works. Health promotion strategies from both individuals and organisations should be intensified for these nurses to enhance healthy eating habits and promote healthy lifestyles. Keywords: eating behaviour; shift duty; nurses eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning &amp; Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6i18.3071

SOCIAL WORKER PERSPECTIVE ON WORKING CONDITIONS, SOCIAL ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE PROFESSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ITS ADVANCEMENT

ABSTRACT Social work represents an applied profession and academic discipline that promotes social change and development, social cohesion, empowerment and emancipation of individuals. This paper aimed to gain an insight into the perspective of social workers on working conditions and social attitudes towards the profession, with recommendations from professionals for advancing its current position. The thematic analysis was applied within a qualitative research framework. Research results indicated negative perceptions on working conditions among research participants – social workers in Croatia – pinpointing issues, such as financial insecurity, understaffing, inadequate office space, shortage of business vehicles for field visits, an excessive scope of work and administrative burden, disrespect for social workers’ dignity, and difficulties in establishing cooperation with service users. Social workers’ recommendations for addressing these issues concerned: improving working conditions (amendments to the legal framework, employment of professional staff and professional training), improving workplace security (reinforcing the public official status and increasing security staff), and promoting the social work profession, involving enhanced media relations, consistent communication and raising public awareness through best practices from the organisations and institutions in the system. Key words: social work; working conditions; perspectives; society

Designing and Producing a Telerehabilitation Mobile Application and a Web-Based Smart Dashboard for Online Monitoring of Patients at Risk of Stroke During COVID-19 Pandemic and Post-Pandemic Era

Introduction: Millions of patients suffer from stroke every year, and it is very important for physiotherapists to keep in touch with patients through models that provide physiotherapy over a distance, especially at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. One key topic within the realm of provision of distance physiotherapy services is "TeleRehab" technology, short form for telerehabilitation. Moreover, the analysis of the gathered stroke data needs business intelligence (BI) technologies, which can help to gain insights into risk factors and improve medical decision-making. Methods: This research consists two sections: (a) an online web-based intelligence dashboard was implemented, which provides analyzing the clinical data of 1219 patients and investigating risk the factors of ischemic versus hemorrhagic stroke; and (b) designing a mobile application that can be run on both Android and iOS operating systems, which was successfully tested, as an TeleRehab solution. Results: The designed intelligence dashboard was equipped with a geographical information system (GIS) system that provided the possibility for the analysis of stroke status in any geographical location and discovering the relationships between patient-related contributors in each type of stroke. Conclusions: Both of these products can help patients undergoing medical rehabilitation, especially during COVID-19 conditions. The TeleRehab program is considered as a facilitator, especially at this time when keeping a social distance is necessary, to prevent exacerbation of patients’ complications and reduce the work burden on health personnel. The intelligence dashboard also provided a user-friendly tool for the analysis and running of queries about stroke for decision-making.

Undermining the Role of Women in the Economy: The Interplay Between Paid Work and Unpaid Care Work in India

Abstract Women are overrepresented in informal employment in the Indian labour market. They also devote more time to unpaid care work than men do. The poor working conditions of women are attributable to this double burden of work. Due to the lack of regulatory measures to protect the interest of informal women workers along with rigid gender norms, women’s participation in paid work is drastically reduced. As far as unpaid care work is concerned, feminist economists have been striving to make such work visible for a long time now. There have been some developments in labour statistics, with time use surveys quantifying women’s paid and unpaid contributions to the economy. This article delves into the examination of unpaid care work in India with the help of the Indian government’s recent Time Use Survey. It attempts to study the connection between paid work and unpaid care work and its implications for the working conditions of women in India. Finally, it evaluates the ‘right to work’ as a possible solution by using the example of employment guarantee schemes in India.

Hospice Caregiver Burden and Work Productivity: An Exploratory Analysis

As America grapples with COVID-19, issues regarding mental health have been of rising concern, particularly among those who are isolated. According to the May 2021 American Perspectives Survey, “Americans report having fewer close friendships than they once did, talking to their friends less often, and relying less on their friends for personal support1.” Additionally, 49% have three or fewer close friends in 2021, compared to 27% in 1990. 17% have no friends in their core social network. Loneliness has been associated with physical and mental health risks. We sought to explore whether loneliness was also a barrier to seeking mental health services. 90 surveys were collected from rural New York. Respondents were aged 51 to 90, Caucasian (96.6%), and female (73.3% vs, 26.7%). Overall, 34.8% said they lived alone. 29.2% would seek mental health services for feelings of loneliness, while 75.4% would do so if isolated from family. Those who felt detached or isolated from others were significantly less likely to seek help from a counselor (r = - 0.25) or MD (r = - 0.37). Isolation also negatively related to measures on the resiliency scale. Purpose: - 0.22, Perseverance: - 0.33, being ok alone: - 0.32), and positively related to depression (r = .65). Those scoring higher on the “okay with being alone” scale had an increased likelihood of seeking counseling (r = 0.22). Thus, isolation and loneliness are complex topics. Intervention ought to be based on perceptions of being alone. Further research is needed.