Bundles Of Smooth Muscle Fibers Research Articles

Gross Anatomical, Histological, Histochemical and Scanning Electron Microscopic Examination of Glandular Stomach of Chinese Goose (Anser cygnoides)

Background: The digestive system is responsible for the intake, conversion and absorption of nutrients and the elimination of wastes from the body in order to provide the necessary energy for the continuation of vitality and functions. The aim of this study was to examine the glandular stomach of the Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) by histological, histochemical and scanning electron microscopic methods. Methods: The glandular stomachs of 12 (6 males and 6 females) healthy adult Chinese geese (Anser cygnoides) were used in the study. The tissues taken were subjected to routine histological procedures. Result: Gross anatomically, it was seen that the Proventriculus was a fusiform or spindle-shaped organ, extending along the median plane between the esophagus and the muscular stomach. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations revealed that the glandular stomach surface of Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) contained many mucosal folds. Parallel grooves and proventricular gland openings were observed between these folds. Histologically, it was observed that the glandular stomach wall of Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) consisted of four layers: tunica mucosa, submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. The tunica mucosa was observed to have lamina epithelialis, lamina propria and lamina muscularis sublayers. Single layer prismatic cells secreting mucus were found in the lamina epithelialis layer. These cells showed local Alcian Blue (AB) pH:2,5 positive reaction. Lamina muscularis consisted of longitudinal smooth muscle fiber bundles. Compound, branched tubular glands were observed in the submucosal layer. Again, a regional AB positive reaction was observed in the lumen-facing parts of the tubular glands. Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) positive reaction was noted in the basal parts of the tubular glands. In Gordon-Sweet (GS) staining method, reticular threads easily distinguished in all areas where connective tissue present.

Clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes in pediatric progressive restrictive strabismus

Objective: To investigate the clinical features, imaging manifestations, histopathological characteristics, and surgical outcomes in pediatric progressive restrictive strabismus. Methods: A retrospective case series study was conducted, including data from 9 cases (9 eyes) of pediatric progressive restrictive strabismus treated at Tianjin Eye Hospital from June 2017 to October 2022. The study compared the degree of globe protrusion in both eyes, changes in eyelid fissure height during internal and external rotation in the primary gaze, summarized clinical characteristics, and analyzed intraoperative conditions, surgical outcomes and postoperative histopathological results of strabismus correction surgery. Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Friedman two-way analysis of variance. Results: All 9 cases involved unilateral onset, with 4 males and 5 females. Three cases affected the right eye, and six affected the left eye. Onset age ranged from 2 to 40 months. The degree of globe protrusion in the affected eyes was 13.00 (12.00, 13.00) mm for the right eye and 12.00 (12.00, 13.50) mm for the left eye, with no statistically significant difference (Z=-1.00, P=0.317). There were no significant changes in eyelid fissure height during internal rotation [8.00 (7.25, 8.00) mm], primary gaze [7.50 (7.00, 8.00) mm], and external rotation [8.00 (7.75, 8.00) mm] in the affected eyes (χ²=1.00, P=0.607). No apparent abnormalities were observed in head CT or MRI scans, serum, or immunological tests. However, orbital CT or MRI scans indicated thickening of different extraocular muscle bellies. Six out of nine cases underwent strabismus correction surgery, and postoperative examination revealed restriction in eye movement despite achieving orthophoria in the primary gaze. Tissue pathology of three cases showed increased collagen fiber proliferation in one, scattered bundles of smooth muscle fibers amid diffuse collagen fiber proliferation in another, and abnormal proliferation of striated muscle fibers with varying diameters, increased paired box (PAX)7-positive satellite cells expressing slow muscle myosin in the third case. Conclusions: Pediatric progressive restrictive strabismus presents with restrictive changes, without significant alterations in globe protrusion and eyelid fissure height. Imaging examinations reveal thickening of the extraocular muscle bellies in the affected eye. Although strabismus correction surgery improves eye position, postoperative eye movement remains restricted. Histopathological findings in some cases show abnormal proliferation of skeletal muscle fibers or collagen fibers.

Morphological structure of the levator muscle in congenital and acquired ptosis of the upper eyelid

AIM: To examine the relationship between the morphological structure of the levator in congenital and acquired ptosis based on dynamometric data and histological research.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS: Dynamometric and histological examination of the morphological structure of the levator in congenital and acquired ptosis of the upper eyelid was conducted. Twenty-seven fragments obtained during the operation to eliminate blepharoptosis were studied.
 RESULTS: With congenital ptosis of the upper eyelid, the average values of SS and fatigue were 1.060.39 g and 1.880.89 g, respectively; with acquired ptosis, the average values of SS and fatigue were 1.470.66 g and 2.310.91 g, respectively (p 0.05). All the biopsies were divided into two groups. Group 1 included biopsies of 16 patients with congenital ptosis (n=16), and group 2 included 11 levator fragments with acquired ptosis. Macroscopic examination revealed greater levator fragment lengths in the acquired ptosis group than in the congenital ptosis group: 2.331.32 mm and 1.220.34 mm, respectively (p 0.05). The levator fragments differed in color and had denser elastic consistency in the acquired ptosis group than in the congenital ptosis group. The histological picture in congenital ptosis (n=11) was an overgrowth of the fibrousadipose tissue, and five biopsies showed an overgrowth of fibrous tissue with signs of protein dystrophy. In levator biopsies with acquired ptosis, seven biopsies with aponeurotic ptosis of the upper eyelid were characterized by the overgrowth of fibrousadipose tissue. The first biopsy (myasthenic ptosis of the upper eyelid) demonstrated the predominance of adipose tissue, with scattered bundles of striated muscle fibers and areas of connective tissue with bundles of smooth muscle fibers. In the remaining three biopsies, fragments of adipose tissue with signs of edema and hyperplasia were identified.
 CONCLUSION: Congenital ptosis is characterized by relatively low strength and rapid fatigue of the upper eyelid levator, higher occurrence of fibrousadipose tissue, and fibrous tissue proliferation. Acquired ptosis is characterized by average strength and fatigue. In the acquired ptosis group, histological data indicate an equal ratio of fibrousadipose and adipose tissue growth. These results can be used in the diagnosis of various forms of ptosis and selection of an effective method for surgical correction for this pathology.

Histological and histochemical characteristics of the esophagus in local breed donkey (Equus asinus).

Certain advantages of donkeys are still not listed as for other equine species. Moreover, donkeys lack comprehensive scientific studies. The present study examines the histological architecture and histochemical characteristics of the esophagus in the Iraqi local breed donkey (Equus asinus). Eight esophagus samples were collected from a local breed donkey. Tissue specimens (~1 cm3) were collected from the cervical, thoracic, and abdominal regions of the esophagus and processed via routine histological technique. The tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Massons Trichrome, and combined Alcian blue (pH 2.5) plus PAS (AB-PAS). The esophagus of the local breed donkey had folded mucosa wrapped by thin non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The heights of epithelia of the cervical and thoracic regions of the esophagus were significantly higher than that of the abdominal regions. The lamina propria consisted of dense fibrous tissue that appeared thickest in the thoracic and abdominal regions of the esophagus. The muscularis mucosa disappears at the cervical region, while the thoracic and abdominal regions of the esophagus contain thick, scattered, interrupted bundles of smooth muscle fibers. Tunica submucosa was very thick at the thoracic and abdominal regions of the esophagus, composed of loose connective tissue filled with compound tubular mucoserous esophageal glands. Using a combined AB-PAS stain, mucous alveoli within the esophageal glands indicated strong acidic mucopolysaccharide. Tunica muscularis of the cervical and thoracic regions was built up by striated muscle fibers and turned into smooth type at the abdominal region of the esophagus. The esophagus of the local breed donkey shows considerable histological similarities with the other mammals that make this species reliable as an experimental model of digestive tissue.

ANATOMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE AVIAN UTERUS OF THE OVIDUCT IN A CHICKEN

The purpose of the study is to study the features of the macro- and microscopic structure of the avian uterus in the hen of the Haysex white cross. The objects of the study were 10 carcasses of adult hens, cross-hysex white, aged 160-180 days. To study the structure of the oviduct, the method of conventional and fine dissection was used. For histological examination, the material was fixed in a 10% aqueous solution of neutral formalin, followed by pouring into paraffin. As a result of our research, we noted that the avian uterus of the oviduct is a sac-like expansion of the oviduct, where the process of mineralization and egg shell coating is carried out. The mucous membrane of the bird's uterus in a chicken is assembled into primary, secondary and tertiary folds covered with a multi-row ciliated epithelium, with the presence of cambial, ciliated and goblet-shaped cells with densely arranged tubular glands. The nuclei of round-oval cells are compressed from the sides, located at different levels. The ducts of the tubular glands open to the surface of the folds. On the mucous membrane there are folds in the form of leaf-shaped plates, which are located longitudinally, covered with columnar ciliated epithelium. The mucous membrane of the avian uterus occupies 61.9% of the wall thickness, is represented by a multi-row ciliated epithelium. At the heart of its own plate of the mucous membrane of the avian uterus lies a large number of tubular glands. Due to the active secreting function, the mucous membrane of the avian uterus is 2.4 times larger than the thickness of the muscular membrane. The muscle membrane, occupying 26.3% of the wall thickness, consists of 5 -6 layers of longitudinal 4 layers of circular bundles of smooth muscle fibers, between which bundles of collagen and elastic fibers are located. The serous membrane accounts for 13.4% of the entire thickness of the uterine wall.

A case of esophageal neuromuscular choristoma

BackgroundNeuromuscular choristoma (NMC) is a rare peripheral nerve lesion that is composed of ectopic mature muscle fibers and nerve fascicles, typically involving major nerve roots or trunks, such as the cranial nerves, brachial plexus, and sciatic nerves. The onset of NMC frequently occurs in the first decade of life. Here, we present the first documented case of a case of esophageal NMC in an adult patient.Case presentationA 46-year-old male patient presented in 2018 with a submucosal tumor of the esophagus. Upon presentation, the tumor was approximately 10 mm in diameter, covered by normal mucosa, and located in the left posterior wall of the esophagus in a position that was 30 cm from the incisor. The tumor was discovered incidentally during gastroscopic examination. In March 2021, endoscopic re-examination revealed no significant changes in the tumor. Endoscopic ultrasound revealed an oval hypoechoic mass with a homogeneous internal echo that originated from the muscularis propria with a maximum cross section of 13 mm × 6 mm. Resection was performed under gastroscopy. The resection specimen was 12 mm × 5 mm in size and was a well-demarcated, elastic, hard, and tough with a gray section. Histologically, the specimen consisted of an abundance of smooth muscle fiber bundles intercalated among nerve fibers, but without malignancy. Immunohistochemical examinations revealed positivity for S-100 protein, caldesmon, NSE and desmin, but negativity for CD117, DOG-1, HMB45, and Melan A. There was also aberrant nuclear localization of beta-catenin. Collectively, these findings led to a diagnosis of esophageal NMC.ConclusionsNMC is extremely rare, especially esophageal NMC, and is very challenging to accurately diagnose prior to resection. It is important that we can differentiate NMC from other types of tumors.

Muller Muscle of the Upper Eyelid: Histopathological Features of Congenital and Acquired Ptosis

Purpose: to study the histological features of the Muller muscle of the upper eyelid in patients with congenital and acquired ptosis to understand the mechanism of ptosis. Material and methods. Retrospective analysis of 27 intraoperatively obtained biopsies of the Muller muscle of the upper eyelid. For the study, the biopsies were fixed in a formalin and prepared by paraffinization. After staining with hematoxylin and eosin and Van Gieson, the preparations were studied in a light microscope. Results. In congenital ptosis of the upper eyelid histologically revealed atrophy of smooth muscle tissue, which manifested itself in a decrease in the number of muscle fibers on the background of fibrous transformation. In micro specimens of patients with acquired ptosis discovered fat cells located among the bundles of smooth muscle fibers, the dispersion of the myocytes. Fat infiltration of muscle ranged from 29 to 51.6 %. Conclusion The presence of dystrophic changes in Muller muscle in congenital and acquired ptosis was proved by histological method. The revealed features explain the pathogenetic mechanisms of the formation of congenital and acquired ptosis. In the case of acquired ptosis, fat dystrophy is an independent etiological factor, and therefore requires non-standard tactics of surgical treatment in order to neutralize the risk of recurrence in the early and late postoperative periods.

Percutaneous Correction of Protuberant Nipple-Areola Complex.

The protuberant nipple-areola complex may exist alone or, more commonly, as a component of tuberous breast deformity. It can also appear following pregnancy.1 The deformity involves overprojection of the nipple-areola complex in an anteroposterior direction, yet the base diameter may be close to normal. Breast augmentation can reveal the existence of unidentified protuberant nipple-areola complex or can extenuate it in patients with tubular breasts.2 Neither a routine nor a dual-plane technique corrects it. An overlooked protuberant nipple-areola complex is one of the most frequent reasons for reintervention in the male population presenting with gynecomastia.3 That is why protuberant nipple-areola complex should be recognized preoperatively and treated properly. Underneath the nipple-areola complex, there are bundles of smooth muscle fibers in the connective tissue and along the length of the milk ducts that make the nipple-areola complex erect in response to various stimuli.4 That response can be intact (prompt reduction in areola diameter) or reduced. The purpose of this procedure is to make controlled burns of the muscle fibers, which will consequently induce scar repair and retract the muscle fibers, providing a low projection of the nipple-areola complex; however, the nipple-areola complex should still be present and not flattened. The procedure can be performed under local or general anesthesia. With a nipple pulled vertically using a hook or fingers, a 23-gauge, 40-mm-long needle is introduced through the areola parallel and between the muscle fibers (Fig. 1). We use a monopolar system (Force FX; Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minn.), with parameters selected on coagulation mode. The needle is connected to an electrosurgical pencil and power (25 W) is applied while the needle is slowly withdrawn for 2 to 4 seconds. This process is repeated at six to 10 different entry points around the nipple-areola complex. [See Video (online), which demonstrates controlled electrocoagulation of the relaxed erectile muscle.] The pinprick burns tend to heal, leaving no visible scars. Patients are advised to use an antibiotic cream. No antibiotics are prescribed; only pain killers as required. {"href":"Single Video Player","role":"media-player-id","content-type":"play-in-place","position":"float","orientation":"portrait","label":"Video.","caption":"This video demonstrates controlled electrocoagulation of the relaxed erectile muscle.","object-id":[{"pub-id-type":"doi","id":""},{"pub-id-type":"other","content-type":"media-stream-id","id":"1_fco2g642"},{"pub-id-type":"other","content-type":"media-source","id":"Kaltura"}]} Fig. 1.: Drawings showing (above) the direction of a needle during the controlled electrocoagulation of the relaxed erectile areolar muscle and (below) the muscle and nipple-areola complex retraction after the treatment.The generated temperature (60°C to 95°C) alters and denatures proteins and has the effect of coagulation and desiccation on relaxed erectile muscle in the nipple-areola complex.5 Scar tissue is formed, which strengthens and retracts the subcutaneous structures of the nipple-areola complex, thus resulting in nipple-areola complex retraction. From January of 2017 to December of 2019, we operated on 26 patients, five men with gynecomastia and 21 women with small breasts associated with this areola deformity. The mean patient age was 26.6 ± 4.3 years (range, 21 to 36 years). The deformity was present unilaterally in four cases and bilaterally in 22. The follow-up period ranged between 4 and 12 months (average, approximately 6 months). Some degree of retraction is observed immediately, but the result improves in the weeks following the procedure. We have not had problems with scars, infections, or recurrence. Temporary loss of sensation can occur, but it returns completely after 3 to 6 months after the procedure. The proposed procedure is safe and easy to perform, and applied in selective cases (both male and female), it can successfully correct protuberant nipple-areola complex without additional scars. It provides our patients with a long-term result in a single-stage procedure with the initial operation. DISCLOSURE Dr. Andjelkov is an owner of the company that distributes Motiva Implants in Serbia. The remaining authors have no financial interests to disclose. No funding was received for this article.

THE MORPHOGENESIS OF NONPARASITIC LIVER CYSTS

As a result of the introduction of imaging research methods into clinical practice, the frequency of detection of cavities in the liver has significantly increased, among which nonparasitic cysts have not been sufficiently studied. The paper provides an overview of the most commonly used classifications of this pathology. Clinical and radiological manifestations of cysts were investigated based on the analysis of the results of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound sonography of 175 patients (109 with solitary cysts and 66 with polycystic liver). The tissues of the resected areas of 81 cysts and adjacent liver tissue were studied by histological and immune-histochemical methods. Various variants of liver cysts were identified: polycystic cysts, solitary cysts and the rarest variant - ciliated anterior-intestinal hepatic cysts. The morphological and histogenetic features of solitary and ciliated anterior-intestinal hepatic cysts, as well as changes in the liver tissue adjacent to the cavities, are described. Polycystic is characterized by the presence of cavities of various sizes, with thin connective tissue partitions and a lining of cubic or flattened epithelium. The lining of solitary cysts is represented by cubic, cylindrical, sometimes multi-row epithelium. Immature biliary structures in the form of von Meijenburg complexes, islets of hepatocytes, conglomerates of dysplastic vessels are revealed in their wall among the cells of connective tissue. Ciliated anterior-intestinal hepatic cysts contain components of the primary intestine wall - a lining of a cylindrical ciliated epithelium, a layer of loose connective tissue, a muscle layer, a connective tissue capsule. Morphological studies made it possible to establish violations of embryogenesis in various types of cysts. Ciliated anterior intestinal hepatic cysts develop from the anterior section of the primary intestine, while solitary cysts are derived from its middle section. Migration of the developing buds of bronchioles from the cranial part of the primary midgut into the hepatic diverticulum determines the presence of all components of the wall of the hollow organ - cylindrical ciliated epithelium, loose connective tissue, bundles of smooth muscle fibers. Simple solitary cysts are the result of abnormal remodeling of the embryonic ductal lamina, thus being a developmental abnormality of the middle section of the primary midgut. Morphological examination of the liver tissue adjacent to the walls of the cysts reveals hypoplasia of lobules, persistence of elements of the embryonic ductal plate in the form of cords and complexes of the biliary epithelium, foci of ductopenia, von Meijenburg complexes, and various variants of vascular dysplasia.

Histomorphological and Histochemical Study of the Uterus of the Adult Guinea Pigs (Cavica porcellus)

Objectives: This study was carried out to identify the histomorphological and histochemical aspects of the uterus in the adult guinea pig (Cavica porcellus). To conduct such project, fourteen adult guinea pigs at their diestrous period were bought from the local breeders directly. Methods: Animals were euthanized, dissected, and subsequently uteruses specimens were collected and fixed by 10% neutral buffered formalin and some specimens were fixed in Bouin’s solution for subsequent histochemical staining. Then after specimens were subjected to routine processes such as dehydration, clearing, embedding, and block preparation. Sections of 6 µm were prepared and stained with haematoxylin–eosin, Masson’s Trichrome, Alcian blue (pH 2.5), and Periodic acid shiff stains. Findings: Gross findings of the uteruses revealed duplex uterus in the guinea pigs. It possessed two separate uterine horns united caudally to form the body, suspended by mesometrium in the abdominal cavity. Caudally, body formed the cervix, which was short and projected into the vaginal cavity forming portio vaginalis uteri with one cervical orifice.Microscopic findings revealed abrupt changes in the wall of the isthmus into the uterine horn at the utero-tubal junction. The wall of the uterus showed endometrium, vascular layer, myometrium, and adventitia or serosa. Lining epithelium was simple columnar which was similarly lined the endometrial glands. Myometrium was consisted of inner circular and outer longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle fibers. In the body, the lining epithelium was replaced gradually by simple mucous columnar epithelium. In addition to that the mucosa was thrown into long folds leaving small lumen at the cervix called os cervix. Such changes were associated with endometrial glands gradual diminishing till the cervix. Histochemically, the non-ciliated columnar cells present in the body and cervix were stained positively with AB (pH 2.5) and PAS stains. The reaction with AB (pH 2.5) was more intense compared with the staining with PAS so that it indicated that mucin was more acidic than neutral in nature.Keywords: Guinea Pig, Uterus, Diestrous, Histochemistry

Architecture of the intestinal crypts of the payers’ patches of the albino rats’ small intestine.

Background. In the Peyer’s patches, intestinal crypts are topographically differentiated with respect to their lymphoid nodules. Consequently, two types are distinguished. The first type is associated with the lymphoid tissue of the corresponding nodules, and the second one is located outside of them. Objective. To study the features of architecture of the intestinal crypts of the Payer’s patches of albino rats’ small intestine. Methods. 30 mature albino male rats weighted 200,0±20,0 g were involved into the study. Sections of the small intestine with Peyer's patches were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution. Subsequently, serial paraffin sections of 4 μm thick (Microm HM 325), stained with hematoxylin-eosin, were obtained using the conventional histological methods. Another part of the preparations was plasticized in the epoxy. The analysis of the obtained preparations was carried out using the MBS-9 binocular magnifier and “Konus” light microscope equipped with Sigeta DCM-900 9.0MP digital microphotographic attachment, object-micrometer Sigeta X 1 mm/100 Div.x0.01mm. Results. Payer’s patches contain two types of the intestinal crypts, discrete by the bundles of smooth muscle fibers. Lymphoid-associated crypts (i.e., intranodular) are actually offshoots of the extranodular crypt network laid at the base of the intestinal villi of the Peyer’s patches. Their penetration into the thickness of the lymphoid nodules occurs around their circumference through local splitting of the bundles of smooth muscle fibers, as a result of which they appear in the thickness of their peripheral regions, corresponding to T-dependent zones. Conclusions. Despite the common origin, these crypts, differing in localization, differ in thickness (the diameter of lymphoid-associated crypts is on the average of 70 μm, while extranodular crypts are 10 μm narrower in the diameter), as well as in the cytological composition and contents of the internal lumen.

Fatty degeneration of upper tarsal muscle as etiological factor of acquired upper eyelid ptosis

To study the histological structure of the upper tarsal muscle (Müller's muscle of the upper eyelid) in patients with acquired ptosis and to confirm the presence of its fatty degeneration as an understudied etiological factor of upper eyelid ptosis. A retrospective analysis was performed covering 79 biopsy samples of Müller's muscle of the upper eyelid obtained intraoperatively. Histological examination was performed with samples prepared by waxing. Planning the surgery included determination of basic parameters and the 'transparency' symptom; the Müller's muscle projection area was examined in the inverted upper eyelid, and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) of the upper eyelid structures was performed. Among the study subjects, a group of 11 patients with isolated fatty infiltration of the upper tarsal muscle was identified. At the preoperative stage, in the group of patients with upper eyelid eversion, visibly thickened Müller's muscle advancing on the tarsus could be observed, as well as negative 'transparency' symptom; UBM showed thickened 'conjunctiva - Müller's muscle' complex, and a large number of hypoechogenic inclusions in the muscle in comparison with the intact eye. The removed muscle was thickened, yellow, with increased density and rigidity. Microsection of the histological preparations revealed fat cells located among bundles of smooth muscle fibers of the upper tarsal muscle and dispersion of smooth myocytes on the background of fat infiltration. The presence of dystrophic changes in the upper tarsal muscle is proved with clinical, macromorphological and pathohistological methods; they can be one of the independent causes of acquired upper eyelid ptosis.

Some Histological and Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on The Gizzard of Turkey

This research was designed to study the histological characteristics of gizzard in turkey by light and scanning electron microscopes. The study was performed on ten healthy mature birds of turkey. The specimens were immediately removed after slaughter, gently cleaned and fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin then processed for light and scanning microscopic studies. The histological observations revealed that as other species of birds the turkey gizzard was consisted of four tunics; mucosa, sumbucosa, musculosa and serosa. Thick layer of cuticle was lined the gizzard mucosa which contains gastric pits. The lamina epithelialis lined with simple cuboidal epithelium, the lamina propria contained simple tubular glands which arranged in groups. These glands are lined by simple cuboidal epithelium. The inner part of these tubular glands contains an eosinophilic secretion. PAS positive material distribute nearly in almost region. It was within the lumen of the glands, within the cells lining the surface and crypts, Also, within the deep glandular cells. The submucosa consists of connective tissue formed mainly from collagen fibers. The tunica muscularis was very thick formed from parallel bundles of smooth muscle fibers, these bundles separated by thin layer of connective tissue. Scanning electron microscopic observations revealed that the surface of the koilin cuticle was very thick and appeared in form of clusters separated by grooves resembling the cracked ground appearance. These clusters were in the form of rodlets.

CUTANEOUS BRONCHOGENIC CYST OVER STERNUM: A RARE CASE REPORT

Bronchogenic cyst is a congenital developmental abnormality of the embryonic foregut and is found most commonly in the mediastinum with rare occurrence on the skin or subcutaneous tissues. We report a case of cutaneous bronchogenic cyst that occurred in the skin over the sternum in a 24-year-old male. On ultrasonography, a well-circumscribed, non-echogenic cystic mass was observed measuring 2 cm × 2 cm. Histologically, the cyst was lined by ciliated, pseudostratified, columnar epithelium with interspersed goblet cells, and there were bundles of smooth muscle fibers in the cyst wall. Cutaneous bronchogenic cysts are uncommon congenital malformations and should be included in the differential diagnosis of congenital cystic and nodular skin lesions on the upper chest, upper back, and neck.

MARKERS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE REMODELING IN GENITAL PROLAPSE

Purpose: to expand the conception of molecular and biochemical changes in genital prolapse (GP) based on the study of morphological and immunohistochemical features in connective tissue structures of the ligamentous apparatus of the pelvic floor and their dependence on genetic polymorphisms MMP / TIMP. Materials and Methods: the study involved 178 women aged 35 to 65, 134 of them with GP relapses (after hysterectomy by vaginal access because of a total and partial uterus and vaginal walls prolapse). Patients were randomized into the following groups: I – with manifestations of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia (CTD) (11.7 points on average) (n = 86); II – with no CTD signs (n = 48). Control group lll consisted of healthy women without any GP signs (among 15 patients abdominal hysterectomy was performed in connection with uterus hyperplastic processes) (n = 44). Used: morphological method of studies, immunohistochemical (to assess tissue biopsies of sacrum-uterine and round uterine ligaments), the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs), genotyping by polymerase chain reaction of MMP / TIMP polymorphisms. Results: the morphological study of women’s ligamentous apparatus in cases with GP revealed significant fibrosis, coarser collagen septa among bundles of smooth muscle fibers and degenerative changes in individual smooth muscle cells. The group with GP and CTD features showed diffuse atrophy, hyaline or mucinous degeneration of smooth muscle tissue and evident edema of extracellular matrix in 65% of samples. Pathobiochemical disorders in cases of pelvic descencia were determined by an imbalance in collagen type I and III content, with the predominance of the latter, less durable; a decrease in elastin levels and its considerable fragmentation. The greatest expression of tissue degradation was observed among women with GP and CTD manifestations on account of increased MMP-1 and -2 levels; TIMP-1 content was lowest in the group. Associations with GP development have been established among women with CTD signs for genetic polymorphisms: rs3918242 СT gene MMP9 (0,54) (p = 0,007; OR = 3,2; 95% CI 1,3-7,6), rs17576 AG gene MMP9 (0.62 vs. 0,32, p = 0,01; OR = 2,9; 95% CI 1,2-7,0); rs3025058 5A6A gene MMP3 (0.52 vs. 0.45, p = 0.009; OR = 3.7; 95% CI 1,3-10,1); rs2285053 (rs2285052) CT gene MMP2 (0.44 vs. 0.27, p = 0,007; OR = 3,2; 95% CI 1,3-7,5). Statistical significance for the groups was preserved after the correction for multiple comparisons. Summary: the data obtained reveal pathogenetic aspects of genital prolapse – the prevalence of extracellular matrix degradation in a dysplastic morphogenesis. Genetic predictors of pelvic floor remodeling including the formation of its insolvency were established, allowing to extend the range of diagnostic possibilities of the disease progression at early stages or detection the risk of recurrence after surgical treatment. Personification of high-risk groups conducting provides for the exclusion or modification of all the factors predisposing to the development of the disease and performing timely treatment and preventive measures.

Tumeur glomique rénale : localisation inhabituelle d’une tumeur mésenchymateuse rare

Glomus tumors are rare mesenchymal tumors, mostly cutaneous or subcutaneous, for which visceral locations have been described. We report the case of a solid renal glomus tumor incidentally discovered in a 60-year-old patient. The tumor was 25mm wide and was mainly composed of glomus cells expressing smooth muscle actin and vimentin. These cells were negative for cytokeratin, neuroendocrine markers and renin. Glomus cells were associated with blood vessels and bundles of smooth muscle fibers. The purpose of this work is to report the diagnostic criteria, signs of malignancy and main differential diagnosis of these rare tumors whose prognosis is usually excellent after complete surgical resection.

Intraperitoneal incubation of bladder acellular matrix grafts improves bladder smooth muscle regeneration via neovascularization

The objective of this study was to investigate whether intraperitoneal incubation improves the regenerative capacity of bladder acellular matrix grafts (BAMGs) in a rat model of bladder augmentation. After 2 weeks of incubation in the peritoneum of male rats, BAMG flaps with vascular pedicles were harvested for autologous bladder augmentation. As the control, BAMGs were directly used for bladder augmentation without intraperitoneal incubation. Histological analyses of the incubated BAMGs demonstrated extensive cell growth and vasculature in homogeneous collagen bundles. The cells were positive for vimentin and negative for α-smooth muscle actin and pan-cytokeratin AE1/AE3. Cystography revealed smoother contours of the augmented bladders in the incubated group at 4 and 12 weeks postoperatively. However, the bladder capacity was not significantly different between the two groups. In both groups, the entire urothelium regenerated well without obvious differences. At both time points, compared with the control group, increased numbers of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and blood vessels were found in the incubated group. At 12 weeks, the SMCs in the incubated group were more similar to those in the native smooth muscle fiber bundles of the bladder. Taken together, our results demonstrated that BAMGs preincubated in the peritoneum promote the regeneration of bladder smooth muscle via neovascularization in a rat bladder augmentation model.

Successful treatment of multiple cutaneous leiomyomas with carbon dioxide laser ablation.

Successful treatment of multiple cutaneous leiomyomas with carbon dioxide laser ablation.

On The Etiology of the Electric Activity of the External Anal and Urethral Sphincters

ABSTRACTIn a previous study, the external anal sphincter (EAS) in dogs, known to consist of skeletal muscle fibers, was proved to contain bundles of smooth muscle fibers in between as well. Objective: Cause of electric activity in the external anal and urethral sphincters is not known; the current study investigated this point. Material and Methods: Slices from external anal and urethral sphincters of 21 cadavers (12 male, 9 female). Eighth were fully and mat wide neonates, 13 were adults, were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome and succinic dehydrogenase, and examined microscopically. Eighteen healthy volunteers, electromyography activity of their external anal and urethral sphincters was recorded at rest, on coughing, after pudendal nerve block and after drotaverine administration, (a smooth muscle relaxant). Anal and urethral pressures were also measured. Results: Microscopic studies have shown that both external anal and urethral sphincters were formed of bundles of smooth muscle fibers present in between the skeletal muscle fibers. Bilateral pudendal nerve block did not abolish the external anal or the urethral sphincters electromyography activity at rest, or on coughing, and did not cause significant anal or urethral pressure changes (p > .05). Drotaverine administration lead to disappearance of the electromyography activity and significant decline of the anal and urethral pressures (p < .05). The results were reproducible when the tests were repeated in the same subject. Conclusion: Histologic examination revealed the presence of smooth muscle fibers, between the skeletal fibers of the external anal and urethral sphincters. Evidence suggests that the smooth muscle fibers are the source of the electric activity of the sphincters and might explain some physiologic phenomena such as the external anal contraction on rectal distension or on coughing.

Muscle system of Diplodiscus subclavatus (Trematoda: Paramphistomida) cercariae, pre-ovigerous, and ovigerous adults

The musculature of cercariae, pre-ovigerous, and ovigerous adults of Diplodiscus subclavatus was studied by means of TRITC-conjugated phalloidin staining of filamentous actin and confocal scanning laser microscopy. The body wall appears to include four muscle layers as follows: circular, outer longitudinal, diagonal, and inner longitudinal. Two layers of longitudinal muscle fibers are arranged in different modes due to the secondary transformed paramphistomid body construction. The organization of the acetabulum turned out to be more complex than ever described, with a radial layer, two layers of circular, two layers of meridional, an additional starry layer of muscle fibers, as well as a few separate muscle layers of the accessory sucker. Within the pharynx, I found a group of alar muscle fibers, never described before for any paramphistomids, and some morphological features which were not considered to be characteristic for D. subclavatus (namely--the middle semicircular layer and the transverse muscle fibers in the pre-sphincteric space). No significant reorganizations of the somatic musculature occur throughout the development from the cercaria to the ovigerous adult worm, so the metamorphosis goes in the manner of completion. The cercarial tail includes a layer of circular muscle fibers and a longitudinal muscle layer beneath. The latter consists of two medial longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle fibers and two lateral longitudinal bands of obliquely striated muscle fibers which are partially divided in halves.