Types Of Bundles Research Articles

Anatomia Foliar de Socratea exorrhiza (Mart.) H. Wendl. (Arecaceae)

S ocratea exorrhiza (Mart.) H. Wendl. is a palm tree that occurs in significant abundance in lowland forests of the Amazon region due to its root system adapted to flooded environments. However, with the sheet the organ that more changes in response to environmental change is proposed in this study to characterize the leaf structure of S. exorrhiza , aimed at generating useful information to better understand the anatomical characteristics of this body, in the occurrence of natural conditions of species. For this, samples were submitted to the usual techniques in plant anatomy. The regions of the leaf have different structures. The sheath is presented dorsiventral with papillose epidermis, air spaces, canals with septa and crystal raphides, the petiole and rachis exhibit a peripheral region and other spinal cord, with vascular bundles surrounded by sheaths amiliferous. The pinna is amphistomatic, with waxy streaks on the walls of guard cells, trichomes in the form of T, filamentous and branched. In the mesophyll, three types of vascular bundles: primary, secondary and tertiary, the border along the pinna has tapered form, orthorhombic and revolute. From the results it is concluded that, in general, the leaves of S. exorrhiza have characteristics common to Arecaceae. However, striking feature have been observed that may be unique to the species. Keywords : Palm; pinna; trichomes; secretory ducts; floodplain forest.

Thermal–hydraulic performance of a 5 × 5 rod bundle with spacer grid in a nuclear reactor

The turbulent flow behavior and heat transfer performance of the rod bundle with spacer grid have significant effect on the thermal–hydraulic characteristics in Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR). The complex structure of the spacer grid includes dimple, mixing vane and spring. In this paper, different turbulence models are coupled with the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis for the complex flow in rod bundle, and the numerical results are compared with the experimental results with temperature distribution at outlet. This paper focuses on thermal–hydraulic behavior downstream of the spacer grid caused by mixing vane, dimple and spring. Two types of rod bundles are investigated, including with spacer grid and without spacer grid. According to the numerical study, the strong secondary flow induced by the spacer grid gradually decay along the rod bundle after the mixing vane, and this secondary flow has significant effect on the heat transfer. In addition, a normalized Nusselt number (Nu) and swirl factor are defined to investigate the thermal–hydraulic performance of the rod bundle.

Lexical bundles in graded readers: To what extent does language restriction affect lexical patterning?

This study examines how far the lexical bundles that occur in graded readers are influenced by simplified language, comparing them quantitatively and qualitatively with those occurring in a corpus of authentic prose fiction. Phrasal language found in the graded readers is also evaluated using Martinez and Schmitt’s (2012) PHRASE list. The results are largely encouraging, showing that lexical bundles occur with greater density in graded readers than authentic fiction, that they largely reflect authentic language use, and that most of the phrases deemed to be important and useful are represented. However, differences between B1 and B2 level readers indicate that a higher degree of simplification affects both the range and grammatical type of lexical bundles. Non-transparent lexical bundles, despite being composed of very frequent words, were under-represented in the readers, particularly at B1 level. It is concluded that while graded readers are a valuable source of exposure to lexical bundles, the under-representation of frequently-used opaque phrases points to the need for a more systematic approach to their inclusion.

Lexical Bundles in Chinese Undergraduate Academic Writing at an English Medium University

This paper investigates the use of lexical bundles in Chinese students’ academic writing across different levels of studies at an English medium university. Frequency-based bundles were retrieved from a corpus of student academic texts written at four points of time between Year 1 and Year 4, and the structures and functions of the bundles were analysed to reveal the developmental patterns in bundle use. The analysis shows that, overall, students used more types of bundles when they progressed to the higher level of studies, but there were differences in the use of preferred structural forms. The analysis also suggests a developmental order of bundle use in L2 students’ academic writing: clausal and nominal bundles appeared to be acquired prior to prepositional bundles. In terms of functional distributions, discourse organizing bundles were much more prevalent than stance and referential expressions in student writing at all levels of studies, particularly in final year project dissertations. The findings indicate a linkage between levels of academic studies and the patterns of bundle use in student writing, as well as the effects of EAP instruction on the learning of lexical bundles by Chinese student writers at an English medium university in China.

Mitotic spindle formation in Triparma laevis NIES-2565(Parmales, Heterokontophyta).

The parmalean algae possess a siliceous wall and represent the sister lineage of diatoms; they are thought to be a key group for understanding the evolution of diatoms. Diatoms possess well-characterized and unique mitotic structures, but the mitotic apparatus of Parmales is still unknown. We observed the microtubule (MT) array during interphase and mitosis in Triparma laevis using TEM. The interphase cells had four or five centrioles (∼80nm in length), from which MTs emanated toward the cytoplasm. In prophase, the bundle of MTs arose at an extranuclear site. The position of centrioles with respect to an MT bundle changed during its elongation. Centrioles were observed on the lateral side of a shorter MT bundle (∼590nm) and on either side of an extended MT bundle (∼700nm). In metaphase, the spindle consisted of two types of MTs-MT bundle that passed through a cytoplasmic tunnel in the center of the nucleus and single MTs (possibly kinetochore MTs) that extended from the poles into the nucleus. The nuclear envelope disappeared only at the regions where the kinetochore MTs penetrated. In telophase, daughter chromosomes migrated toward opposite poles, and the MT bundle was observed between segregating chromosomes. These observations showed that MT nucleation does not always occur at the periphery of centrioles through cell cycle and that the spindle of T. laevis has a similar configuration to that of diatoms.

Embryonic development of the saccular sensory epithelium in relation to otolith growth in the inner ear of the silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844) (Teleostei: Cyprinidae): light and electron microscopic study

The development of the saccular sensory epithelium in the inner ear of the silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, was studied from an early stage (2 days after fertilization), when the otic vesicle or otocyst first formed, to the post-larval stage (7 days after hatching), when the development of the inner ear approximates that of the juvenile stage. Light microscopy revealed: (1) the otic vesicle, the primordia of the saccular otolith and the stato-acoustic ganglion were observed by 2 days after fertilization; (2) the saccular macula overlain by a small round otolith is established at 3 days after fertilization, while the utricular macula with its otolith is first observed at 4 days after fertilization; (3) the saccular macula began to differentiate at 3 days after hatching and became well differentiated at 7 days after hatching. At 7 days after hatching, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed: (1) the apical surface of each hair cell is covered with a ciliary bundle formed of a long kinocilium and a short bundle of stereocilia. The supporting cells are provided with microridges on their apical surface and seemed to be covered with small and large vesicles, suggesting that they have a secretory function beside the supporting one; (2) secretory materials such as multivesicular bodies, electron dense granules, empty vesicles and cytoplasmic extrusions are observed scattering over the saccular sensory epithelium, which probably contribute to the formation of the otolith and/or otolithic membrane. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), two types of hair bundles are distinguished: the first type consisted of numerous short stereocilia and a kinocilium; the second type has a small number of short stereocilia with a very long kinocilium. Most of these results are discussed with special regard to the environmental factors affecting the early development of the inner ear in teleost fishes.

Light and electron microscopic observations on the development and structure of the inner ear in the brown-spotted grouper Epinephelus chlorostigma (Serranidae, Teleostei).

The development and structure of the inner ear were studied in the brown-spotted grouper Epinephelus chlorostigma, using light and electron microscopy. Light microscopy indicated: 1) The auditory or otic placode first appeared at 18 hours after fertilization (hatching time). It excavates forming a small sac called otic vesicle at 20 hours after fertilization. 2) At 24 hours (one day) after fertilization, the vesicle enlarged in size having a wide cavity with thin walls. 3) At two days after fertilization, the anterior and posterior semicircular canals seemed to be the first formed , while, the horizontal canal, the utricular and saccular cavities are differentiated at four days after fertilization. 4) At six days after fertilization, the saccular macula covered by an elongated otolith and the neuromasts of the ampulla in the semicircular canals are well established. 5) The crista ampullaris in the semicircular canals and the sensory regions in the utricular and saccular maculae become well visible and differentiated at nine days after fertilization. It was suggested that the hearing mechanism in the E. chlorostigma may be established early compared with other fishes. Electron microscopy on the sensory areas of the inner ear revealed: 1) The saccular macula contained two types of hair ciliary bundles; type C1 bundles characterized by short graded stereovilli and kinocilium that was approximately three times longer than the largest stereovillus and type C2 bundles consisted of a series of long graded stereovilli and a kinocilium that was no more than two times longer than the longest stereovillus. 2) The utricular macula contained type C3 bundles and type C4 ones. The type C3 bundles had a limited number of graded stereovilli and a kinocilium that had the same length of the longest stereovilli or somewhat longer, while the type C4 hair bundles consisted of numerous stereovilli with the same length and without a kinocilium. Three types of connectors (links) between the stereovilli were observed. The different types of ciliary bundles and sites of connectors are possibly of functional importance.

Genetic analysis of rice mutants responsible for narrow leaf phenotype and reduced vein number.

Leaves are a major site for photosynthesis and a key determinant of plant architecture. Rice produces thin and slender leaves, which consist of the leaf blade and leaf sheath separated by the lamina joint. Two types of vasculature, the large and small vascular bundles, run in parallel, together with a strong structure, the midrib. In this paper, we examined the function of four genes that regulate the width of the leaf blade and the vein number: NARROW LEAF1 (NAL1), NAL2, NAL3 and NAL7. We backcrossed original mutants of these genes with the standard wild-type rice, Taichung 65. We then compared the effect of each mutation on similar genetic backgrounds and examined genetic interactions of these genes. The nal1 single mutation and the nal2 nal3 double mutation showed a severe effect on leaf width, resulting in very narrow leaves. Although vein number was also reduced in the nal1 and nal2 nal3 mutants, the small vein number was more strongly reduced than the large vein number. In contrast, the nal7 mutation showed a milder effect on leaf width and vein number, and both the large and small veins were similarly affected. Thus, the genes responsible for narrow leaf phenotype seem to play distinct roles. The nal7 mutation showed additive effects on both leaf width and vein number, when combined with the nal1 single or the nal2 nal3 double mutation. In addition, observations of inner tissues revealed that cell differentiation was partially compromised in the nal2 nal3 nal7 mutant, consistent with the severe reduction in leaf width in this triple mutant.

Thermal behaviour study of phase change material of a latent heat storage system

An Experimental study on latent heat storage system (LHS) using Erythritol as a phase change material (PCM) has been carried out to analyze the thermal characteristics. The study is part of testing aimed at observation of PCM to store solar energy to melt paraffin wax for candle making. The trial inspected the effect of inlet temperatures (Th) of heat transfer fluid (HTF) on the thermal behaviour of the LHS system. The outcome revealed that the suitable inlet temperature (Th) for charging the system is 143° C. The trial plan also examined the temperature gradient in the axial directions during charging to help predict heat transfer in the system during phase change of Erythritol. Time bound temperature curves were used to analyse the results. An LHS was fabricated of shell and tube (bundle) type heat exchanger for this study. Thermocouples connected to a data logger were used to measure the temperature of the PCM along the direction of flow.

Comparing patterns of L1 versus L2 English academic professionals: Lexical bundles in Telecommunications research journals

Corpus-driven research on phraseology has documented different types and functions of lexical bundles (recurrent formulaic sequences) in spoken versus written registers, providing a foundation for recent studies that explore patterns of language development in the use of these bundles. Some studies focus on changes in the phraseological patterns of novice/student writers compared to ‘expert’ writers, while others have focused on a comparison of L1-versus L2-English students. However, no study to date has directly compared the use of lexical bundles by L1-English versus L2-English academic professionals. The current study addresses this gap by examining the structural and functional types of lexical bundles employed by L1 English and L1 Chinese professionals writing for English medium Telecommunications journals. The findings show major structural differences (phrasal vs. clausal) between L1 and L2 writers. L2 writers mostly use bundles consisting of verbs and clause fragments (especially passive verb structures), while L1 writers use bundles consisting of noun and prepositional phrases. Results also demonstrate that L2 professionals use bundles that are functionally different from the L1 professionals, and even misuse certain bundles. In addition, the relationship between structural types and functional categories shows that L1 and L2 professionals employ bundles with different structural characteristics serving similar functions.

Variability of Anatomical and Chemical Properties with Age and Height in Dendrocalamus brandisii

Dendrocalamus brandisii is an edible bamboo species found in Southwest China and South Asia. However, there is limited information about the anatomical and chemical information of its culms for its utilization and processing. In this paper, the anatomical and chemical properties of different age culms were determined. There are three vascular bundle types found in its culms. The radial length-to-tangential diameter ratio of vascular bundles varied with culm zone but did not vary with age. The outer diameter of metaxylem vessels showed a similar trend. The fiber length (L), wall thickness (W), and Runkel ratio increased with age, while the fiber length-to-outer diameter ratio (L/D) and lumen diameter (Ld) decreased with age. The chemical properties of D. brandisii also differed with age class and height. The holocellulose and ash content decreased from age 1 to 2 years and then increased at year 3. The acid-insoluble lignin, alcohol-toluene extractives, and silica contents increased with age class, whereas the acid-soluble lignin exhibited the opposite trend. The fiber length and L/D values of D. brandisii suggest it would be suitable material for pulp fibers, but its lignin content was relatively high compared with other bamboo species.

Optimization of current carrying multicables

Intense electric currents in cable bundles contribute to hotspot generation and overheating of essential car elements, especially in connecting structures. An important aspect in this context is the influence of the positioning of wires in cable harnesses. In order to find an appropriate multicable layout with minimized maximum temperatures, we formulate an optimization problem. Depending on the packing density of the cable bundle, it is solved via different optimization strategies: in case of loosely packed cable bundles solely by a gradient based strategy (shape optimization), densely packed ones by arrangement heuristics combined with a standard genetic algorithm, others by mixed strategies. In the simulation model, the temperature dependence of electric resistances and different parameter values for the multitude of subdomains are respected. Convective and radiative effects are summarized by a heat transfer coefficient in a nonlinear boundary condition. Finite elements in combination with an interior-point method and a genetic algorithm allow the solution of the optimization problem for a large number of cable bundle types. Furthermore, we present an adjoint method for the solution of the shape optimization problem. The jumps at the interfaces of different materials are essential for the Hadamard representation of the shape gradient. Numerical experiments are carried out to demonstrate the feasibility and scope of the present approach.

CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS AT DRILL BITS DIAMOND TOOLS PRODUCTION STUDY

The study of chemical interactions between the components of the three types of bundles with different chemical compositions based on Co, Fe (V-21), as well as copper and nickel (B-13) in the process of manufacturing a diamond tools by hot pressing. Found that the pressure intensifies the chemical interaction of the basic components of ligaments Co and B-13 with a diamond. Observed active dissolution of diamond in cobalt and inter- action with the solid solution based on α-Fe to form iron carbides Fe3C (B-13). In the contact-bond diamond is the active chemical interaction leads to embrittlement and cracking ligament in the manufacture of chips. The addition of diamond powder AM 14/10 to a bunch of V-21 and sintering at 860 °C for 9 min does not change the parameters of a solid solution of iron-based, that is, chemical interaction bunch-diamond is much slower and brittle contact zone ligament-diamond happens.

Leaf and inflorescence axis anatomy of Brazilian species of Rapateoideae (Rapateaceae, Poales).

The anatomy of leaves and inflorescence axes of Spathanthus (2 spp.), Rapatea (2 spp.), Cephalostemon (1 sp.), and Duckea (1 sp.) (Rapateoideae, Rapateaceae) was studied to identify useful characters for taxonomy. The cross-section shape of inflorescence axis differentiates the genera, while the cross-section shape and structure of leaf midrib has a specific value. The following characteristics are exclusive of Spathanthus: silica cells randomly distributed in the leaf epidermis; plicate chlorenchyma in the leaf blade; presence of fiber bundles in the mesophyll and in the inflorescence axis parenchyma. Spathanthus is also distinguished by the number, type and distribution of vascular bundles in the inflorescence axis. The genus Rapatea is characterized by the presence of stomata and silica cells only on the abaxial epidermis of the leaves and chlorenchyma composed of arm cells in the leaf blade. Characteristics with diagnostic value for Cephalostemon riedelianus are: leaf epidermal cells with straight to slightly sinuous walls in frontal view, inflorescence axes presenting a defined cortex, fiber bundles facing the larger vascular bundles and a fistulous pith. The anatomical characteristics of the leaves and inflorescence axes thus proved to be of taxonomic value in generic and specific levels. They are also useful to differentiate Rapateoideae from other subfamilies of Rapateaceae.

Modeling of in hospital mortality determinants in myocardial infarction patients, with and without type 2 diabetes, undergoing pharmaco-invasive strategy: the first national report using two approaches in Iran

This study was conducted to compare the characteristics of patients, with and without diabetes mellitus, presenting with myocardial infarction (MI) and treated with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or thrombolytic therapy. Factors related to mortality due to MI in Iran were also determined. This study was a prospective analysis. To analyze the data, Stata software (chi square, t test, Cox and logistic regression) was used. Participants were patients hospitalized for MI for the first time in 540 hospitals from April, 2012 to March, 2013. Out of 20,750 patients with MI, 461 2 (22.3%) had type 2 diabetes. MI case fatality rate was 13.22% (95%CI: 12.24–14.19) and 11.78% (95%CI: 11.28–12.27) in patients with and without diabetes, respectively. The rates of CABG, PCI, and thrombolytic therapy use were 4.2%, 8%, and 58% in patients with diabetes, and 2.1%, 6.5%, and 55% in patients without diabetes. The odds ratio of mortality for ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and chest pain resistant to treatment was, respectively, 6.3 and 2.8 in those with diabetes, and 3.9 and 3.7 in patients without diabetes. The hazard ratio of mortality for gender, education, smoking, left bundle branch block, PCI, and type of MI was different between the two groups (P<0.05). Characteristics of patients dying post MI were different in those with or without diabetes mellitus. Although use of CABG, PCI, and thrombolytic therapy was more frequent in patients with diabetes than without, mortality was higher in diabetes patients.

Bundling of telecom offerings: An Empirical Investigation in the Turkish market

Bundling has become a popular marketing strategy in the telecommunication sector as telecom service providers all over the world have been offering various bundle types in order to increase customer loyalty and revenues. Yet our knowledge of exactly which profile of consumers reacts to bundles of service providers, and whether they would like to purchase bundle without explicit discount information, is limited. These two research questions are addressed in the present article. We examine current bundle choices and future intent of consumers through an empirical investigation, in the context of the Turkish market, one of the most dynamic and sizeable telecom sectors in the world. We build upon the extant theoretical work with empirical evidence, especially in the context of the heavily regulated Turkish market. Findings of this study can assist service providers develop and implement business strategies to expand the subscriber base.

Topological and Euclidean metrics reveal spatially nonuniform structure in the entanglement of stochastic fiber bundles

Data acquired from synchrotron-based X-ray computed tomography provide complete descriptions of the stochastic positions of each fiber in large bundles within composite samples. The data can be accumulated for distances along the nominal fiber direction that are long enough to reveal meandering or misalignment. Data are analyzed for a single fiber bundle consolidated as a mini-composite specimen and a block of fibers embedded within a single ply in a tape laminate specimen. The fibers in these materials differ markedly in their departure from alignment and the patterns formed by fiber deviations. The tape laminate specimen exhibits evidence of fibers that have slipped laterally through the bundle in narrow shear bands, which may be a mechanism of bundle deformation under transverse compression and shear. This pattern is absent in the single-tow specimen, which was not subject to transverse loads in processing. We propose a combination of topological and Euclidean metrics to quantify these and other stochastic bundle characteristics. Topological metrics are based on the neighbor map of fibers, which is constructed on cross-sections of the bundle by Delaunay triangulation (or Voronoi tessellation). Variations of the neighbor map along the fiber direction describe fiber meandering, twist, etc. Euclidean metrics include factors such as local fiber density and fiber orientation. The metrics distinguish bundle types, enable quantification of the effects of the manufacturing history of bundles, and provide target statistics to be matched by virtual specimens that might be generated for use in fiber-scale virtual tests.

Mapping bundles of ecosystem services reveals distinct types of multifunctionality within a Swedish landscape.

Ecosystem services (ES) is a valuable concept to be used in the planning and management of social–ecological landscapes. However, the understanding of the determinant factors affecting the interaction between services in the form of synergies or trade-offs is still limited. We assessed the production of 16 ES across 62 municipalities in the Norrström drainage basin in Sweden. We combined GIS data with publically available information for quantifying and mapping the distribution of services. Additionally, we calculated the diversity of ES for each municipality and used correlations and k-means clustering analyses to assess the existence of ES bundles. We found five distinct types of bundles of ES spatially agglomerated in the landscape that could be explained by regional social and ecological gradients. Human-dominated landscapes were highly multifunctional in our study area and urban densely populated areas were hotspots of cultural services.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0601-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Rapid, nondestructive denim fiber bundle characterization using luminescence hyperspectral image analysis.

An investigation into the performance of luminescence-based hyperspectral imaging (LHSI) for denim fiber bundle discrimination has been conducted. We also explore the potential of nitromethane (CH3NO2) -based quenching to improve discrimination, and we determine the quenching mechanism. The luminescence spectra (450-850 nm) and images from the denim fiber bundles were obtained with excitation at 325 or 405 nm. LHSI data were recorded in less than 5 s and subsequently assessed by principal component analysis or rendered as red, green, blue (RGB) component histograms. The results show that LHSI data can be used to rapidly and uniquely discriminate between all the fiber bundle types studied in this research. These non-destructive techniques eliminate extensive sample preparation and allow for rapid hyperspectral image collection, analysis, and assessment. The quenching data also revealed that the dye molecules within the individual fiber bundles exhibit dramatically different accessibilities to CH3NO2.

Comparative study on corona-generated audible noise and radio noise of ac long-term operating conductors with two bundle types

Abstract The corona-generated audible noise (AN) and radio noise (RN) of the long-term operating conductors with two bundle types was investigated and compared based on a corona cage measurement system. The surface morphologies of eight conductors were measured and the average surface roughness (Ra) was calculated. With the raise of conductor bundles, the maximum electric field distortion level (β4), the relative difference of ionization intensity (γ4) between long-term operating conductors and new conductors decreased. Adding the number of sub-conductors turned out to be an effective method to improve AN and RN of long-term operating conductors in the contaminated areas.