Bulk Water Research Articles

Cation-Binding of Glutamate in Aqueous Solution.

Interactions of the cations Li+, Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ with L-glutamate (Glu-) in aqueous solution were studied at room temperature with dielectric relaxation spectroscopy in the gigahertz region. Spectra of ∼0.4 M NaGlu with added LiCl, NaCl, MgCl2, or CaCl2 (c(MCln) ≤ 1.5 M) were evaluated and experiments supplemented by density functional theory and 3D reference interaction site model (3D-RISM) calculations. In addition to the modes found for aqueous NaGlu, namely, the reorientation of free Glu- ions (peaking at ∼1.6 GHz), of moderately retarded H2O molecules hydrating the carboxylate moieties of Glu- (∼8.4 GHz), of the cooperative resettling of the H-bond network of bulk water (∼20 GHz), and its preceding fast H-bond flip (∼400 GHz), an additional low-frequency relaxation at ∼0.4 GHz was detected upon the addition of the four salts. In the case of NaGlu + MgCl2(aq) and NaGlu + CaCl2(aq), this mode could be unequivocally assigned to an ion pair formed by the cation and the side-chain carboxylate moiety of Glu-. For NaGlu + LiCl(aq), either this species or a backbone-[Li+-H2O-Cl--Glu-] triple ion is formed. Binding constants increase in the order Li+<Mg2+<Ca2+. For NaGlu + NaCl(aq), an assignment of the ∼0.4 GHz mode to ion pairs or triples was not plausible. Accordingly, its origin remains speculative here.

The Dependence of Hydrophobic Interactions on the Shape of Solute Surface.

According to our recent studies on hydrophobicity, this work is aimed at understanding the dependence of hydrophobic interactions on the shape of a solute's surface. It has been observed that dissolved solutes primarily affect the structure of interfacial water, which refers to the top layer of water at the interface between the solute and water. As solutes aggregate in a solution, hydrophobic interactions become closely related to the transition of water molecules from the interfacial region to the bulk water. It is inferred that hydrophobic interactions may depend on the shape of the solute surface. To enhance the strength of hydrophobic interactions, the solutes tend to aggregate, thereby minimizing their surface area-to-volume ratio. This also suggests that hydrophobic interactions may exhibit directional characteristics. Moreover, this phenomenon can be supported by calculated potential mean forces (PMFs) using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, where different surfaces, such as convex, flat, or concave, are associated with a sphere. Furthermore, this concept can be extended to comprehend the molecular packing parameter, commonly utilized in studying the self-assembly behavior of amphiphilic molecules in aqueous solutions.

Physicochemical, functional, and nutraceutical properties of Spirulina and Chlorella biomass: A comparative study

This comparative study investigates the physicochemical, functional, and nutraceutical properties of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) and Chlorella sp. biomass, two of the most prevalent microalgae species. We assessed their proximate composition, pH, acidity, color, granulometry, microstructure (SEM), functional groups (FTIR), crystallinity (XRD), and thermal stability (GTA). Functional properties were thoroughly examined, including bulk density, water and oil holding capacities, and gelling, foaming, and emulsifying capabilities. Additionally, the study quantified the content of pigments, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and flavonoids and evaluated antioxidant activity. Our findings indicate that Spirulina biomass exhibits higher protein and ash content, whereas Chlorella biomass surpasses phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and antioxidant activity. Notable differences were observed in their microstructure and thermal degradation patterns. Both biomasses demonstrated considerable potential as functional ingredients, owing to their superior water and oil retention, foaming, emulsifying, and gelling properties. This investigation underscores the distinct physicochemical and nutraceutical profiles of Spirulina and Chlorella biomass, highlighting their significant applicability in the food industry for developing novel value-added food products.

Superdiffusive Rotation of Interfacial Water on Noble Metal Surface.

Interfacial water on a metal surface acts as an active layer through the reorientation of water, thereby facilitating the energy transfer and chemical reaction across the metal surface in various physicochemical and industrial processes. However, how this active interfacial water collectively behaves on flat noble metal substrates remains largely unknown due to the experimental limitation in capturing librational vibrational motion of interfacial water and prohibitive computational costs at the first-principles level. Herein, by implementing a machine-learning approach to train neural network potentials, we enable performing advanced molecular dynamics simulations with ab initio accuracy at a nanosecond scale to map the distinct rotational motion of water molecules on a metal surface at room temperature. The vibrational density of states of the interfacial water with two-layer profiles reveals that the rotation and vibration of water within the strong adsorption layer on the metal surface behave as if the water molecules in the bulk ice, wherein the O-H stretching frequency is well consistent with the experimental results. Unexpectedly, the water molecules within the adjacent weak adsorption layer exhibit superdiffusive rotation, contrary to the conventional diffusive rotation of bulk water, while the vibrational motion maintains the characteristic of bulk water. The mechanism underlying this abnormal superdiffusive rotation is attributed to the translation-rotation decoupling of water, in which the translation is restrained by the strong hydrogen bonding within the bilayer interfacial water, whereas the rotation is accelerated freely by the asymmetric water environment. This superdiffusive rotation dynamics may elucidate the experimentally observed large fluctuation of the potential of zero charge on Pt and thereby the conventional Helmholtz layer model revised by including the contribution of interfacial water orientation. The surprising superdiffusive rotation of vicinal water next to noble metals will shed new light on the physicochemical processes and the activity of water molecules near metal electrodes or catalysts.

Efficient Synthetic Access to Stable Isotope Labelled Pseudouridine Phosphoramidites for RNA NMR Spectroscopy.

Here we report the efficient synthetic access to 13C/15N-labelled pseudouridine phosphoramidites, which were incorporated into a binary H/ACA box guide RNA/product complex comprising 77 nucleotides (nts) in total and into a 75 nt E. coli tRNAGly. The stable isotope (SI) labelled pseudouridines were produced via a highly efficient chemo-enzymatic synthesis. 13C/15N labelled uracils were produced via chemical synthesis and enzymatically converted to pseudouridine 5'-monophosphate (ΨMP) by using YeiN, a Ψ-5'-monophosphate C-glycosidase. Removal of the 5'-phosphate group yielded the desired pseudouridine nucleoside (Ψ), which was transformed into a phosphoramidite building suitable for RNA solid phase synthesis. A Ψ -building block carrying both a 13C and a 15N label was incorporated into a product RNA and the complex formation with a 63 nt H/ACA box RNA could be observed via NMR. Furthermore, the SI labelled pseudouridine building block was used to determine imino proton bulk water exchange rates of a 75 nt E. coli tRNAGly CCmnm5U, identifying the TΨC-loop 5-methyluridine as a modifier of the exchange rates. The efficient synthetic access to SI-labelled Ψ building blocks will allow the solution and solid-state NMR spectroscopic studies of Ψ containing RNAs and will facilitate the mass spectrometric analysis of Ψ-modified nucleic acids.

Nuclear quantum effects on the vibrational dynamics of the water-air interface.

We have applied path-integral molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the impact of nuclear quantum effects on the vibrational dynamics of water molecules at the water-air interface. The instantaneous fluctuations in the frequencies of the O-H stretch modes are calculated using the wavelet method of time series analysis, while the time scales of vibrational spectral diffusion are determined from frequency-time correlation functions and joint probability distributions. We find that the inclusion of nuclear quantum effects leads not only to a redshift in the vibrational frequency distribution by about 120 cm-1 for both the bulk and interfacial water molecules but also to an acceleration of the vibrational dynamics at the water-air interface by as much as 35%. In addition, a blueshift of about 45 cm-1 is seen in the vibrational frequency distribution of interfacial water molecules compared to that of the bulk. Furthermore, the dynamics of water molecules beyond the topmost molecular layer was found to be rather similar to that of bulk water.

Combining Transition Path Sampling with Data-Driven Collective Variables through a Reactivity-Biased Shooting Algorithm.

Rare event sampling is a central problem in modern computational chemistry research. Among the existing methods, transition path sampling (TPS) can generate unbiased representations of reaction processes. However, its efficiency depends on the ability to generate reactive trial paths, which in turn depends on the quality of the shooting algorithm used. We propose a new algorithm based on the shooting success rate, i.e., reactivity, measured as a function of a reduced set of collective variables (CVs). These variables are extracted with a machine learning approach directly from TPS simulations, using a multitask objective function. Iteratively, this workflow significantly improves the shooting efficiency without any prior knowledge of the process. In addition, the optimized CVs can be used with biased enhanced sampling methodologies to accurately reconstruct the free energy profiles. We tested the method on three different systems: a two-dimensional toy model, conformational transitions of alanine dipeptide, and hydrolysis of acetyl chloride in bulk water. In the latter, we integrated our workflow with an active learning scheme to learn a reactive machine learning-based potential, which allowed us to study the mechanism and free energy profile with an ab initio-like accuracy.

On the detailed mapping of peat (raised bogs) using airborne radiometric data

This study concerns the applied use of the natural radioactivity in soils. The relevance of airborne radiometric (gamma ray) survey data to peat mapping is now well established and such data have been used in a stand-alone sense and as covariates in machine learning algorithms. Here we present a method to use these data to accurately map the boundaries of peat (raised bogs). This has the potential to assist with the estimation of carbon stocks using a property-based assessment of soil. The significance of such regionally-uniform survey data lies in the subsurface information carried by the measurement which contrasts with the surficial nature of many other covariates. Soils attenuate radiometric flux by virtue of their bulk density (and associated carbon content) and water saturation level. The high attenuation levels in low density, wet peat materials give rise to a distinctive soil response. Here an entirely physics-based assessment of flux attenuation is carried out both theoretically and empirically. Radiometric data from the ongoing Tellus airborne survey of Ireland are used. The study area is characterised by an extensive assemblage of discrete raised peat bogs in a framework of largely mineral soils. Peat is detected by a property contrast with adjacent soils and so we consider all soils within the study area. The relatively low lateral resolution of the airborne data is demonstrated by modelling and we examine the behaviour of a combined spatial derivative of the data. The procedure allows the identification of the edges of the 128 peat polygons considered and indicates other additional potential areas of subsurface peat. The data appear to resolve the differences that exist across three available soil/peat databases that are used for the validation of the results obtained.

Systematic underestimation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon aqueous concentrations in rivers

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a widespread group of organic contaminants whose presence in water bodies is cause of severe concern. With few exceptions, the majority of PAHs is hydrophobic, presents a high adsorption affinity, and is thus primarily transported within river systems during high-flow events together with suspended particulate matter (SPM). Evidence exists of analytical challenges related to the incomplete extraction of PAHs adsorbed to solids and thus to a potential negative bias in the chemical analysis of PAHs in bulk water samples with high SPM content. Despite this, partly due to the elevated efforts required to collect representative samples containing sufficient SPM for the separate PAH analysis in this matrix, several investigations rely on the analysis of aqueous samples. This study tests the hypothesis that surveys based exclusively on bulk water may lead to a systematic underestimation of the real contamination level and transport of PAHs in rivers. Six high-turbidity events were examined in three Austrian rivers applying time-integrated sampling and simultaneously analyzing PAHs in total bulk water, filtered water, SPM, and supernatant. Despite an unavoidable degree of uncertainty in such challenging sampling scheme, the results indicate that measurements performed with best available standard methods in bulk water samples determined in average only about 40% of the theoretically expected total PAHs concentrations derived from the analyses in SPM. Such deviation has important implications for the reliable assessment of the compliance with environmental quality standards as well as for surveys aimed to estimate riverine loads, validate emission models, and understand the transport dynamics of PAHs in rivers. Whereas the first objective, e.g., in European countries, is alternatively achieved via monitoring in biota, the latter ones require efforts directed to complement monitoring campaigns with separate sampling of SPM, with monitoring of suspended solids transport to appropriately select and interpret the results of water samples and to improve the chemical analysis of PAHs in bulk water samples with high solids content.

Novel Approach for Predicting Vertical Electron Attachment Energies in Bulk-Solvated Molecules.

When low-energy electrons interact with molecules, they can give rise to transient anion states commonly known as resonances. These states are formed through vertical electron attachment processes and have the potential to induce various forms of DNA lesions, including base damage, single- and double-strand breaks, cross-links, and clustered lesions that are challenging to repair. So far, most experimental and theoretical studies have investigated the formation of resonances of (bio)molecules in the gas phase or in microsolvated environments. Since cellular environments are mainly composed of water molecules, it is crucial to understand how bulk water affects the resonances of (bio)molecules. Given the existing gap in studies on resonances of bulk-solvated molecules, we propose a novel theoretical-computational approach to address this void. Our approach combines the multibasis-set (time-dependent-)density functional theory and self-consistent sequential quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics polarizable electrostatic embedding methods. We apply this combined methodology to predict the vertical electron attachment energies of 1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (1M5NI), a well-known radiosensitizer model, in bulk water. In addition, we analyze the rapid mutual polarization between the resonances (both shape- and core-excited) of 1M5NI and the surrounding bulk water environment. For comparison, we also studied the isolated and microsolvated 1M5NI. Overall, while the polarization of the environment is clearly sensitive to the solute charge, causing a significant impact on the vertical electron affinity and consequently on the attachment electron energies, it does not have a significant impact on the excitation energies of the anion.

The impacts of cover crop mixes on the penetration resistance model of an Oxisol under no-tillage

Soil penetration resistance is used as an indicator of mechanical resistance to root growth into the soil matrix. However, penetration resistance measured only under wet soil conditions may not identify the effects of cover crops on soil structure. We aimed to determine the impact of individual and mixes of cover crops on soil penetration resistance as a function of water content and bulk density in an Oxisol under no-tillage in southern Brazil. Six treatments of individual and mixed cover crops were tested: (i) black oat; (ii) ryegrass; (iii) forage radish; (iv) wheat; (v) Fibrous-rooted crop mix: with 80 % fibrous-rooted and 20 % tap-rooted plants; and (vi) Tap-rooted crop mix: 40 % fibrous-rooted and 60 % tap-rooted plants. Soil cores were collected from a depth of 0–0.10 and 0.10–0.20 m and soil penetration resistance was evaluated under four soil water matric potentials (−6, −33, −100, and −500 kPa). Soil penetration resistance (Q) data for each treatment were fitted as a function of bulk density (ρ) and water content (θ) [Q=f(ρ, θ)]. The soil penetration resistance model was a non-linear equation (i.e., a double power function, with a negative exponent for water content and a positive exponent for bulk density). Under a given combination of bulk density and water content values, soil penetration resistance was higher after single crops than crop mixes, indicating a crop-mediated soil strengthening process. The cover crop mixes increased the macroporosity, resulting in an adequate soil physical quality for successional crops such as soybean, although no differences were observed for cover crops at soil water matric potentials of −60 hPa and −330 hPa when soil penetration resistance was used as a static measurement. The modelling of the soil resistance to penetration, as a function of soil bulk density and soil water content, showed that cover crops changed soil cohesion and reduced the impact of drying on soil strength when compared to the single cropping systems, indicating that soil penetration resistance should be modelled under a broad range of water contents, instead of only under a specific soil water content, to quantify the impacts of cover crops on soil strength.

Hydrogen Bond Dynamics in Siliceous and Aluminated Faujasite: Comparison with Bulk Water

Hydrogen Bond Dynamics in Siliceous and Aluminated Faujasite: Comparison with Bulk Water

Two co-existing and opposing mechanisms of proton transfer in one-dimensional open-end water chains.

The proton transport in one-dimensional (1D) confined water chains has been extensively studied as a model for ion channels in cell membrane and fuel cell. However, the mechanistic understanding of the proton transfer (PT) process in 1D water chains remains incomplete. In this study, we demonstrate that the two limiting structures of the hydrated excess proton, H5O2+ (Zundel) and H3O+ (linear H7O3+), undergo a change in dominance as the water chain grows, causing two co-existing and opposing PT mechanisms. Specifically, H5O2+ is stable in the middle of the chain, whereas H3O+ serves as a transition state (TS). Except for this region, H3O+ is stabilized while H5O2+ serves as a TS. The interaction analysis shows that the electrostatic interaction plays a crucial role in the difference in PT mechanisms. Our work fills a knowledge gap between the various PT mechanisms reported in bulk water and long 1D water chains, contributing to a deeper understanding of biological ion channels at the atomic level.

Alkaline Fading of Malachite Green in β-Cyclodextrins

The basic hydrolysis of Malachite Green (MG) in the presence of β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) has been studied using UV-Vis spectroscopic techniques and at 20 °C. β-CD was found to catalyze the basic hydrolysis. Indeed, this basic hydrolysis is catalyzed by the interaction cyclodextrin hydroxyl group, in its deprotonated form with the carbocation in the host-guest complex. The proposed model has been successfully applied to a reaction catalyzed by CD. It considers two simultaneous pathways in the aqueous medium involving free hydroxyl ions and the substrate-CD complex. The model allows us to obtain the kinetic parameters including the bimolecular rate constant between MG and HO− in bulk water (kw = 1.47 ± 0.01 mol−1s−1), the rate constant between MG and the deprotonated hydroxyl group of β-CD inside the host-guest complex (kCD = 0.25 ± 0.03 s−1) and the binding constant of MG inside the β-CD (KS = 2500 ± 50). This behavior is like the hydrolysis of Cristal Violet (CV) in the same reaction media.

MolDStruct: Modeling the dynamics and structure of matter exposed to ultrafast x-ray lasers with hybrid collisional-radiative/molecular dynamics.

We describe a method to compute photon-matter interaction and atomic dynamics with x-ray lasers using a hybrid code based on classical molecular dynamics and collisional-radiative calculations. The forces between the atoms are dynamically determined based on changes to their electronic occupations and the formation of a free electron cloud created from the irradiation of photons in the x-ray spectrum. The rapid transition from neutral solid matter to dense plasma phase allows the use of screened potentials, reducing the number of non-bonded interactions. In combination with parallelization through domain decomposition, the hybrid code handles large-scale molecular dynamics and ionization. This method is applicable for large enough samples (solids, liquids, proteins, viruses, atomic clusters, and crystals) that, when exposed to an x-ray laser pulse, turn into a plasma in the first few femtoseconds of the interaction. We present four examples demonstrating the applicability of the method. We investigate the non-thermal heating and scattering of bulk water and damage-induced dynamics of a protein crystal using an x-ray pump-probe scheme. In both cases, we compare to the experimental data. For single particle imaging, we simulate the ultrafast dynamics of a methane cluster exposed to a femtosecond x-ray laser. In the context of coherent diffractive imaging, we study the fragmentation as given by an x-ray pump-probe setup to understand the evolution of radiation damage in the time range of hundreds of femtoseconds.

Sulphate removal by membrane filtration minimizes the risk of hydrogen sulphide formation in fixed bed biofilters

Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is one of the suspected reasons behind sudden mass fish mortalities in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) in recent years. H2S production in aquaculture systems depends on sulphate and organic matter availability, presence of specific microbial groups, and local anoxic conditions. Specific potential H2S production hotspots in RAS have been identified within biofilters and in accumulated sludge. Current H2S control methods have been identified, such as improved hydrodynamics, increasing degassing efficiency, chemical addition of hydrogen peroxide or ozone, but have not been efficient or widespread applied. In this study, a nanomembrane filtration system was installed at a brackish water (mixture of seawater and freshwater to 15 ppt) smolt production site in Norway to remove sulphate ions from the seawater intake line (15 times reduction). The hydrogen sulphide production potential of the nanofiltered seawater mixed with freshwater (n = 3) was compared to an unfiltered seawater and freshwater mixture (15 ppt, n = 3) for 42 days in experimental scale biofilters using industrial fixed bed media. In both treatments, the linear production of H2S started around the time that bulk water measurements of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and dissolved oxygen (DO) dropped below 0 mV and 1 mg/L, respectively. As expected, the highest H2S concentration was observed in unfiltered water reactors, which also reached the highest concentration faster than filtered-water reactors. A 15 times reduction in initial sulphate levels by the nanofiltration membrane led to overall three times lower H2S production and delayed the onset of production by two days. Hence, membrane-filtering intake water decreased the risk of H2S production. A limitation in this study, however, was that sulphate was not completely removed from the intake water, and the next steps should evaluate how increasing the effort of membrane operation to completely remove sulphate affect the dynamics of H2S production in RAS.

The water bimodal inherent structure and the liquid-liquid transition as proposed by the experimental density data.

The bulk water density data are studied in a very large temperature-pressure range, from stable liquid to glass in the frame of water polymorphism. Because this thermodynamic variable evidences a crossover T*, above which the hydrogen bond (HB) is unable to arrange tetrahedral networks, the T-dependence of their isobars was considered. Such an analysis also shows pressure, P*, around which their thermal behaviors are completely different: concave below P* (with maxima and minima) and convex above (without extremes). Having ρ's measured values of the bimodal structures of the liquid phase, HDL (ρHDL), made of not-bonded monomers (ρNHB) and partially bonded dimers plus trimers (ρNHB), and LDL tetramers (ρLDL) the isobars of the relative distributions [W(P, T)] of the three species (WLDL, WPHB, and WNHB) have been evaluated. The results were studied by means of a logistic function (LF) that details the evolutions of the relative polpulations of the water LDL and HDL phases by decreasing T (for the isobars, in the range of 0.1-400 MPa). The LFs analysis obtained by proposing a full connection between liquid water from its supercooled metastable phase to the stable up to the boiling temperature identifies the Widom line quite satisfactorily and fully supports the presence of the liquid-liquid critical point in the deep supercooled region, located at about 190K and in the range 200 > P > 180 MPa.

Treatment of flexibility of protein backbone in simulations of protein–ligand interactions using steered molecular dynamics

To ensure that an external force can break the interaction between a protein and a ligand, the steered molecular dynamics simulation requires a harmonic restrained potential applied to the protein backbone. A usual practice is that all or a certain number of protein’s heavy atoms or Cα atoms are fixed, being restrained by a small force. This present study reveals that while fixing both either all heavy atoms and or all Cα atoms is not a good approach, while fixing a too small number of few atoms sometimes cannot prevent the protein from rotating under the influence of the bulk water layer, and the pulled molecule may smack into the wall of the active site. We found that restraining the Cα atoms under certain conditions is more relevant. Thus, we would propose an alternative solution in which only the Cα atoms of the protein at a distance larger than 1.2 nm from the ligand are restrained. A more flexible, but not too flexible, protein will be expected to lead to a more natural release of the ligand.

Optimization of 3D-printed solar evaporators for enhanced interfacial solar steam generation and beyond: Investigating surface modifications and nanocomposite coatings

The present work investigates the influence of variations in top evaporative surface angle of the 3D-printed solar evaporators in interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG). In this regard, different convex surface modifications such as 0°, 15°, 30° and 45° inclination are fabricated and covered with carbon cloth (CX-0, CX-15, CX-30 and CX-45). Among all, CX-45 evaporator exhibits better ISSG performance and hence, CX-45 evaporator is alone coated with as-synthesized tantalum oxide/potassium tantalate nanocomposite (CX-45/NC) and used to study the enhancement in ISSG. At 1 kW/m2 solar illumination, mass loss (ML), evaporation flux (EF) and efficiency (EY) are measured and found to be 2.5 g, 4.366 kg/m2h and 104.95% respectively for 60 min duration. Furthermore, the outdoor performance (∼656.791 W/m2 for 8 h) of the above evaporator exhibits better ML, EF and EY of about 7.5 g, 1.637 kg/m2h and 59.99% respectively. We propose that: (i) increasing the top evaporative surface angle of the 3D evaporator enhances the surface area, facilitating the accumulation of a greater amount of water molecules (ii) the low thermal conductivity of the 3D-printed material prevents excessive heat flow to the bulk water (iii) the presence of water-absorbing groups within the carbon cloth accelerates the rate of water absorption (iv) applying a nanocomposite coating onto the carbon cloth surface enhances its ability to trap light energy effectively (v) enhanced surface roughness of the 3D-printed evaporator minimizes heat losses through mechanisms such as scattering and reflection. Moreover, the developed 3D-printed evaporator gives a sustainable solution for the purification of dye molecules and oil-water separation, as evident from this study.

Petrographic and Mechanical Analysis of Grano-Diorite Deposits in the Qala Region, Dikundi Province, Afghanistan

This research paper offers a detailed investigation into the petrographic composition and physical-mechanical properties of granodiorites in the Qala area of Dikundi Province. It starts with a geological overview of the region. It examines macroscopic and microscopic petrographic characteristics, paragenetic mineral composition, and critical physical-mechanical properties such as bulk density, water absorption, and uniaxial compressive strength. XRF analysis was also employed for accuracy. The research approach is purely investigative, with samples collected from the Qala area and tests conducted by international standards. These granodiorites' uniaxial compressive strength was approximately 94.02 Mega Pascals, signifying their exceptional structural durability. Additionally, these granodiorites exhibit a specific gravity of 2.57, considered high, and a water absorption rate of about 0.29%, making them highly suitable for construction. In summary, this academic research comprehensively analyses granodiorites within the Qala region, Dikundi Province. These findings are essential for evaluating the suitability of these granodiorites for various applications, particularly in the construction industry, contributing significantly to our understanding of this geological resource. The research recommends the need for government investment in the granodiorite mining sector, particularly in the Qala deposit. Detailed geological investigations are imperative to harness the full potential of this resource, generate employment opportunities, reduce dependency on stone imports, and explore international markets.