Bulk Sales Research Articles

What is the Role of the Membership Model and Warehouse Model inAttracting and Retaining Costco Customers

While substantial research has been conducted on Costco’s unique business strategies and models, few researchers have taken an in-depth look into Costco customers. As one of the most famous retailers in North America, Costco’s mission is “to continually provide members with quality goods and services at the lowest possible prices (Costco.com).” This statement reflects Costco’s essential competitiveness in keeping its member pricing as low as possible. Costco chose a novel business model to achieve a low price and profit from membership fees instead of pricing the goods too high. Meanwhile, their warehouse model reduced labor costs and increased the quantity offered for a single product. Costco created a new business model integrating memberships and bulk sales, reducing product prices and attracting more customers. With the increasing development of the economy, especially in North America, various novel business models have been used; however, their essential working principle is rarely emphasized. This paper aims to find out what the roles of warehouse and membership are in gaining more customers and benefiting the company. This study surveyed 30 respondents living in Toronto with Costco stores to determine members’ attitudes toward these two business models. The study also used the quantitative method using secondary data sources such as Costco’s website, annual reports, and various financial websites. Results indicate that by uniquely positioning itself as a paid-membership and warehouse model, Costco’s strategies brought massive attention through the invisible advertisements implicitly found in that positioning.

The Process of Creating a New Brand Name for a Fruit Variety: A Review and Suggested Improvements

In an effort to protect intellectual property beyond patent and plant breeders’ rights and as a marketing tool to increase and maintain sales, the creation and trademarking of brand names for fruit is growing and gaining importance in the fruit industry. New fruit varietals, especially from long-lived tree fruits and vines, take many years of research to develop and bring to market. Differentiating what is essentially a commodity product is difficult, especially given bulk sales and packaging limitations. A distinctive brand name can be a powerful method of differentiating a new fruit from its competitors. To the best of our knowledge there has not been any study examining the process of brand name creation for fruits. This English language literature review examines the brand name creation process overall. A step-by-step process is discussed and situated in the context of fruits. Research on the overall process is dated: We propose a new preliminary research step to improve the process and discuss the need for future research on the role of the Internet and social media in the naming process. An overview of trademark considerations is provided. Knowledge of this process will assist breeders and marketers with brand name creation whether achieved internally or through an external agency or combination thereof.

A study on Marketing Channels and Efficiency, and Factors Influencing the Selection of Marketing Channels by the Pomegranate Growers in Karnataka

Karnataka is the third largest producer of pomegranate in India. Pomegranate holds 6th position in overall fruit production with share of 4.5% next to Papaya (6%) in the state of Karnataka during 2019-20. Chitradurga and Tumkur districts were selected based on the major pomegranate cultivating areas in South Karnataka. This study was proposed to identify the marketing channels and it’s efficiency, and factors influencing the selection of marketing channels by the pomegranate growers in Karnataka. From the selected pomegranate producing districts, four taluks were selected for the study, i.e., Hiriyur and Hosadurga taluks from Chitradurga district, Sira and Pavagada taluks from Tumkur district. From each taluk 30 sample respondents were selected, a total of 120 sample respondents were selected randomly for the study. In addition a sample of 40 market intermediaries were selected, i.e., pre-harvest contractors, commission agents cum wholesalers, wholesalers, and retailers from each 10 respondents were selected, to workout marketing cost and marketing margins for pomegranate. Based on the study findings, three different marketing channels were prominently followed by the pomegranate growers in the selected districts. Channel I: Producer → Pre-harvest contractor → Commission agent cum wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer, Channel II: Producer → Commission agent cum wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer and Channel III: Producer → Wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer. The study also revealed that 59.2% of the sample respondents followed channel I, 26.7%, followed channel II and 14.2% followed channel III. Further, it was found out that, channel I has low marketing efficiency i.e., 1.412, compared to Channel II (1.542) and channel III (1.932).The Channel III has more efficiency (1.932) because the total marketing cost incurred in the channel III was low i.e., ₹. 2258.7 per quintal, compared to channel I (₹. 2914.26 per quintal), and channel II (₹. 3067.5 per quintal). The results on the factors influencing the selection of marketing channels by the pomegranate growers was analyzed by using the relative importance index. The findings revealed that factors influencing to select channel I are high price fluctuations in the market, distant market, high transportation cost, ease of selling at the farm gate, and non-availability of storage and warehouse facilities, are relatively more important factors. The study also concluded that factors influencing to select channel II and channel III in the study area are availing market regulated prices, bulk sales, availing better rates or prices, timely payment, and price fixation by APMC are relatively more important factors. Profit maximization and searching for fruit exporters and bulk buyers is the main intention to choose channel II and channel III by the pomegranate growers. By considering all aspects, it is concluded that majority of the sample respondents preferred to sell their produce through channel I because the ease of selling the produce at the farm gate, and to reduce the risk of transportation, storage etc.

Venta a granel de embutidos: una tendencia de comercialización asociada al riesgo de enfermedades trasmitidas por alimentos en Culiacán, México

La naturaleza, producción y consumo de los embutidos definen al alimento como vulnerable, a la contaminación con microorganismos patógenos que propicien enfermedades transmitidas por los alimentos. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la influencia de la venta a granel de embutidos, sobre la calidad higienica y la prevalencia de L. monocytogenes y Salmonella. Para ello, se recolectaron 96 muestras de embutidos (salchicha y jamón) de 15 marcas nacionales, y se clasificaron equitativamente por tipo de venta; paquete original (n= 48) y granel (n= 48). La detección de coliformes totales, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, y L. monocytogenes se analizó mediante cultivo tradicional. El 42.7 % (41/96) de las muestras de embutidos estuvieron fuera de especificación sanitaria en términos de coliformes totales y E. coli. El análisis estadístico mostró que el tipo de venta es un indicador del riesgo microbiano en embutidos (χ2=40.0, P=0.000), ya que el número de muestras con deficiente calidad higiénica fue mayor para la venta a granel (69.0 %) comparada con las que se venden en paquete (17.0 %). Adicionalmente, el análisis de riesgo mostró que la venta a granel incrementa 41.8 y 5.9 veces el riesgo de adquirir jamón y salchichas de mala calidad microbiológica (P<0.05), respectivamente. Mientras que, el tipo de venta no influenció la presencia de L. monocytogenes (6.3 %) en las muestras. Se recomienda a los consumidores evitar la compra a granel de los embutidos; y los productores y vendedores deben reforzar las buenas prácticas higiénicas que permitirán asegurar la inocuidad, y minimizar el riesgo de infecciones.

Customers Segmentation in Pharmaceutical Distribution Industry Based on the RFML Model

The distribution industry is one of the main industries and infrastructures in every country's economy. Improving the efficiency of the distribution industry is important as an intermediary link between the manufacturer and the consumer, which has an important share of the cost. One of the factors that help this is the use of modern technologies to manage bulk sales data of customers and find important variables on their purchases' behaviours. In this study, first data mining methods are used to segment the pharmaceutical industry customers based on the RFML model and then these results are evaluated. In the following, in order to help decision-makers and marketing managers of this industry, practical suggestions are presented for each group of the customers. The results could help marketing and sales managers of this industry to have more effective planning for each customer segment and developing their future program for their visitors.

Portfolio solutions, bulk sales of bank-owned properties, and the reemergence of racially exploitative land contracts

Since the onset of the foreclosure crisis, scholars have examined large-scale investor acquisition of mortgage-reverted properties in numerous U.S. housing markets. This work is generally framed by an interest in the massive shift from homeownership to rentership and the implications of this transition for low- and moderate-income households and neighborhoods subject to the lingering effects of the crisis. This article extends this literature by examining the national geography of contract-for-deed sales initiated by large-scale investors acquiring properties from federal foreclosure inventories. Contract-for-deed sales are historically associated with exploitative high-cost transactions targeting credit-starved communities of color, but researchers have noted their return in places hit hard by foreclosures. Drawing on a national dataset of real estate transaction records, we track the size and location of these contract-for-deed dealers' inventories. We then restrict our analysis to properties sold by Fannie Mae to known contract sellers to address the question of whether these sales were disproportionately concentrated in cities and neighborhoods with large numbers of Black inhabitants. We find race is a significant predictor of metropolitan level foreclosure sales to contract sellers and that predominantly Black neighborhoods saw a disproportionate number of foreclosures sold to contract sellers.

Traditional Chinese medicine Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae from Guangdong and Xinhui textual criticism

Guangdong Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae is the traditional Chinese herbal medicine, and has been used for a long history. The authentic drug name Guangdong Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae was rare in the Song Dynasty literature, but from the textual research of the authors, it was otherwise nicknamed as "real orange peel" or "real tangerine peel". These two names were ahead of the origin of Guangdong Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae. Some scholars believe that the name Guangdong Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae was from the Ming Dynasty Dr. Lishizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica. Guangdong Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae has always had the bulk sales of Guangdong medicines and has been sold at home and abroad, with popularity among the doctors and the masses. In 2016, it was selected as one of 8 Lingnan herbal medicines in the first legislative protection medicines in Guangdong province. Xinhui Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae is the top grade of Guangdong Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, and these two can often refer to each other. Especially in Qing Dynasty, Guangdong Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae often referred to Xinhui Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae. Therefore, they have a common development grain, but Xinhui Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae has a unique history of genuine regional drug. In October 2006, the National Quality Inspection Administration formally approved and announced that Xinhui Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae as one of national geographical indication products.

English

This paper explores the potentially harsh impact of the bulk sales provisions of New York State’s Tax Law on the purchaser of assets (either personal, intangible or real) from a sales tax vendor other than in the ordinary course of business. The author also points out that New York is not alone in its treatment of these types of transactions. Key words: Bulk sales, sales tax, sales tax vendor, personal liability.

Investing in Distress: Tax Delinquency and Predatory Tax Buying in Urban America

Most states authorize the sale of tax liens (a legal claim against a tax-delinquent property) or deeds to tax delinquent properties by local governments to third parties. As federal and state funding for local governments declined and property tax delinquency rose in the 1970s, cities increasingly auctioned tax liens to generate revenue. Beginning in the 1990s fiscally distressed cities negotiated bulk sales of tax liens to private investors or used tax liens as collateral for securitized bonds. Tax lien privatization unleashed a wave of predatory activities chiefly targeting low-income homeowners, exacerbated racial inequities in the property tax system, accelerated the decline of urban minority neighborhoods, and stymied efforts at neighborhood recovery and revitalization. This article examines the racially disparate impact of market-based approaches to generating tax revenues and enforcing taxpayer compliance and its implications for understanding the historical and contemporary causes of the racial wealth gap in the US.

Can Local Ordinances Prevent Neighborhood Destabilization?

This article assesses the ability of local housing ordinances to prevent neighborhood destabilization, specifically that arising as a consequence of the most recent housing crisis. We evaluate the degree to which vacancy registrations and point-of-sale inspection requirements influenced housing market outcomes during the housing crisis. With comprehensive real property data from Cuyahoga County, Ohio, we measure outcomes that characterize housing market distress including foreclosures, sales below the tax-assessed value, bulk sales, flipping, and property tax delinquency. We evaluate outcomes across properties in regulated and unregulated municipalities using matching procedures on linked data containing property, neighborhood, loan, and transaction characteristics. We find evidence that vacancy registrations substantially reduce foreclosures. In contrast, we find little evidence that point-of-sale inspections reduce undesirable transactions. Rather, properties in cities with inspection requirements displayed higher levels of foreclosure and tax delinquency relative to the control group during the study period.

Can Local Housing Ordinances Prevent Neighborhood Destabilization?

This paper assesses the ability of local housing ordinances to prevent neighborhood destabilization. We evaluate the degree to which vacancy registrations and point-of-sale inspection requirements influenced housing market outcomes following the housing crisis. With comprehensive real property data from Cuyahoga County, Ohio, we measure outcomes that characterize housing market distress including foreclosures, sales below the tax-assessed value, bulk sales, flipping, and property tax delinquency. We compare outcomes across properties in regulated and unregulated municipalities using matching procedures on linked data containing property, loan, and transaction characteristics. We find evidence that vacancy registrations substantially reduce foreclosures. Registrations are also negatively associated with tax delinquency and sales below a property's tax-assessed value in some specifications. In contrast, we find little evidence that point-of-sale inspections reduce undesirable transactions. Rather, properties in cities with inspection requirements displayed higher levels of foreclosure and tax delinquency relative to the control group during the study period.

Tax lien sales as local neoliberal governance strategy: The case of Waterbury, Connecticut

This article examines bulk sales of municipal property tax liens in the formerly industrial city of Waterbury, Connecticut, USA, in the 1990s, in order to explore the limits and contradictions of neoliberal local governance strategies. In the USA, cities and states create property tax liens by reducing delinquent real estate taxes to a judgment that creates a legal claim against the property at issue. We argue that Waterbury's efforts to resolve its fiscal stress by enhancing short-term revenues ultimately further constrained its revenue base, the tax lien sales reflected a spatial selectivity that created barriers to revitalization when neither the city nor tax lien purchasers had incentives to foreclose on distressed properties in struggling neighborhoods, and the tax lien sales' failure to resolve the city's budget crisis set in motion new efforts at tax base enhancement through real estate-led development in the central business district that also were unsuccessful.

The U.S. Residential Mortgage Market: Sizing the Problem and Proposing Solutions

The U.S. housing market remains depressed and faces significant challenges to recovery. Demand is being constrained by frictions in the credit process and cannot absorb the oversupply of homes that will continue to flood the market as a result of foreclosures. Bulk sales of foreclosed homes and principal modifications to loans are likely to be necessary to close the gap in supply and demand and revive the housing market.

Bargaining Around Bankruptcy: Small Business Workouts and State Law

In the United States, few failing businesses invoke the Bankruptcy Code to reorganize or liquidate. Most use non-bankruptcy procedures to accomplish the same purposes. These procedures include voluntary agreements between the debtor and its creditors (workouts) and formal devices such as friendly foreclosures, bulk sales, and assignments for the benefit of creditors. This paper documents the importance of non-bankruptcy procedures using firm-level data from Cook County, Illinois. I find that these procedures are used by eighty percent of distressed small businesses. The paper also identifies the conditions under which a business chooses federal bankruptcy law over non-bankruptcy procedures. I model this choice - theoretically and empirically - as the outcome of a bargaining game between the debtor's owner and its senior lenders. The parties are more likely to consent to non-bankruptcy procedures when bargaining costs are low and when the debtor has maintained a close relationship with senior lenders, who trust the information provided by the owner. When the number of senior lenders is relatively large (raising bargaining costs) or when the debtor has defaulted on senior debt (thereby harming its relationship with lenders), senior lenders are more likely to push for a federal bankruptcy filing. Owners may also prefer a federal filing when in-bankruptcy rules give greater priority to particular creditors whom the owner would like to favor. These findings suggest that federal bankruptcy reforms, such as the Bankruptcy Abuse and Protection Act of 2005, will have two effects on distressed small businesses: They will impact outcomes in federal courts (intensive margin) as well as the debtor's choice between bankruptcy and non-bankruptcy procedures (extensive margin). Variation along the extensive margin can neutralize reforms in federal law, as when a reform designed to protect unsecured creditors raises the cost of federal law and induces businesses to use cheaper non-bankruptcy procedures instead.

AMA Finds Compromise On Liability Reform Strategy

AMA Finds Compromise On Liability Reform Strategy

Regulatory regimes in the electric power industry: Implications for capacity

We construct a model of the electric power industry which consists of two utilities faced with uncertain demand and a variety of regulatory regimes. Two technologies are considered, base-load and peaking, and the transfer of bulk electricity among utilities is permitted. The purpose of the paper is not to determine optimal regulatory regimes but to provide a framework for analyzing existing and contemplated regulatory initiatives. The conclusions are that long run survival mandates an authorized rate of return above the cost of capital and that excess investment will result. Furthermore, it is highly unlikely that current regulatory instruments such as “Used and Useful,” distribution of profits from bulk sales, and pricing of wholesale electricity can lead to a socially optimal capital stock.

In‐store systems at Homecharm

The Homecharm Group, which consists of Texas Homecare, Texas Bulk, Multicolour Wallpapers and Surplus Sales, is now set for full computerisation. The group has developed its own tailor‐made retail systems, and the story of how these were tried and tested and finally implemented in Texas Homecare and Bulk, was described by Graham Brown, the company's operations director. He delivered his paper, of which we are reproducing a slightly modified version, at the Retailing and Distribution Systems conference organised by Arthur Andersen, management consultants, in October 1985.

Problems and challenges of downloading for database producers

The increased use of micro‐ and mini‐computers by online searchers creates new problems and challenges for database producers and vendors. Downloading is technically a violation of the copyright of the database producer. In order to prevent producers from being confronted with abuses of their databases, they have to set guidelines. End‐users have to be accommodated by making special arrangements. Downloading is also a form of bulk sales. Pricing should therefore be based on this idea. However, many pricing schedules of database producers do not allow variations. This paper proposes solutions to some of these problems.

The Bulk Sales Act 1959

The Bulk Sales Act 1959

Sales. Bulk Sales Act. Conflict between California Bulk Sales Act and Uniform Warehouse Receipts Act

Sales. Bulk Sales Act. Conflict between California Bulk Sales Act and Uniform Warehouse Receipts Act