Aggregate Bulk Density Research Articles

Increasing area under pulses and soil quality enhancement in pulse-based cropping systems - Retrospect and prospects

India is the largest producer (25% of global production), consumer (27% of world consumption) and importer (14%) of pulses in the world (Anonymous 2016). Pulses accounted around 20% of the area under foodgrains and contribute around 7-10% of the total foodgrains production in the country. Productivity of pulses has improved by 65.07%, from 441 kg/ha in 1950-51 to 728 kg/ha in 2014-15. There is large scope to increase the area and production under pulses by utilizing existing rice fallows by growing chickpea, lentil, pea and khesari (lathyrus) after rice. But major hurdles in the successful cultivation of pulses in rice-fallows are the non-availability of quality seed, irrigation facilities, labour and other input availability. The production potential of pulses can be improved through introduction of short duration, nutrient responsive high yielding varieties and assured supply of quality seed, efficient nutrient management techniques and growth regulators, with supplemental irrigation. Declining factor productivity, depletion of soil fertility and over mining of native nutrient reserves, depletion of groundwater, increasing weed menace, and environmental pollution are major problems of rice-wheat cropping system. Introducing a legume (summer mungbean) in rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) is one of the alternatives for overcoming some of these problems and provides additional economic returns and employment. Diversifying cropping systems with inclusion of pulse crops (mungbean or urdbean) can enhance soil water conservation, soil N availability, system productivity, soil physico-chemical properties such as aggregate stability, soil structure, bulk density and hydraulic conductivity, and soil biological activities. Moreover, levels of organic carbon, total N, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and micronutrients increased significantly and substantially due to inclusion of mungbean in RWCS. Simultaneously the soil microbiological properties, viz. microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen and enzymatic (alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, dehydrogenase, glucosidase, FDA hydrolysis, etc.) activities were also significantly higher in soils of rice-wheat-mungbean cropping system (RWMCS) than in RWCS. Therefore, this paper reviewed the inclusion of short duration pulses in different cropping systems in general and rice-fallows in particular which could help the farmers for getting the additional returns, besides improving soil physical, chemical and biological properties and help to sustain the agriculture productivity in the long-term.

Contribution of raindrop impact to the change of soil physical properties and water erosion under semi-arid rainfalls.

Soil erosion by water is a three-phase process that consists of detachment of soil particles from the soil mass, transportation of detached particles either by raindrop impact or surface water flow, and sedimentation. Detachment by raindrops is a key component of the soil erosion process. However, little information is available on the role of raindrop impact on soil losses in the semi-arid regions where vegetation cover is often poor and does not protect the soil from rainfall. The objective of this study is to determine the contribution of raindrop impact to changes in soil physical properties and soil losses in a semiarid weakly-aggregated agricultural soil. Soil losses were measured under simulated rainfalls of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70mmh-1, and under two conditions: i) with raindrop impact; and, ii) without raindrop impact. Three replications at each rainfall intensity and condition resulted in a total of 42 microplots of 1m×1.4m installed on a 10% slope according to a randomized complete block design. The contribution of raindrop impact to soil loss was computed using the difference between soil loss with raindrop impact and without raindrop impact at each rainfall intensity. Soil physical properties (aggregate size, bulk density and infiltration rate) were strongly damaged by raindrop impact as rainfall intensity increased. Soil loss was significantly affected by rainfall intensity under both soil surface conditions. The contribution of raindrop impact to soil loss decreased steadily with increasing rainfall intensity. At the lower rainfall intensities (20-30mmh-1), raindrop impact was the dominant factor controlling soil loss from the plots (68%) while at the higher rainfall intensities (40-70mmh-1) soil loss was mostly affected by increasing runoff discharge. At higher rainfall intensities the sheet flow protected the soil from raindrop impact.

Effect of Coke Granulometry on the Properties of Carbon Anodes based on Experimental Study and ANN Analysis

<p class="1Body">The available anode-quality petroleum coke is not sufficient to cover the need created by the increase in the world aluminum production. Understanding the consequences of varying calcined coke quality is necessary to possibly compensate for the reduction in coke quality and adjust the anode paste recipe in the subsequent use of coke in order to obtain economically viable production of aluminum. Different fractions of coke particles were mixed to optimize the anode recipe; however, it was laborious to find experimentally the suitable percentage of each fraction in anode paste which would give good anode properties. In this study, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was developed for adjusting the granulometry of the raw materials for anode production. Tapped bulk density of dry aggregates was used to predict the anode paste recipe using the ANN method. A new anode recipe (by adjusting the medium fraction in the paste) was proposed based on the predictions of an ANN model, which resulted in improved anode properties.</p>

Applicability of the photogrammetry technique to determine the volume and the bulk density of small soil aggregates

Aggregate density (ρ) is defined as the relationship between the mass and the volume occupied by an aggregate. Previous studies have characterised ρ on large to medium-sized soil aggregates (>4 mm diameter); however, little information is available for smaller aggregates (<4 mm). The objective of this study was to test the viability of the photogrammetry (PHM) technique to determine the volume and subsequent ρ of small soil aggregates (1–8 mm diameter). The method uses a standard digital camera that photographs a rotating aggregate and reconstructs its three-dimensional surface and the corresponding volume. To validate the method, the volume estimated with PHM on rough stones of different sizes (1–16 mm diameter) was compared with the corresponding volume measured by the Archimedes’ principle. The method was tested on soil aggregates 1–8 mm in diameter, collected from two sites under conventional and conservation tillage treatments. The strong correlation (R2 > 0.99, P < 0.0001) between the volumes estimated on rough stones with the PHM and Archimedes methods demonstrates that this technique can be satisfactorily used to estimate the volume and, consequently, the ρ of small soil aggregates. The results showed an increase in ρ with decreasing aggregate size. A general trend of increasing ρ with the degree of soil disturbance by tillage was also observed.

Conceptual framework for capacity and intensity physical soil properties affected by short and long-term (14 years) continuous no-tillage and controlled traffic

Recent studies have shown harmful effects of soil compaction in no-tillage system (NTS), but there are indications that soil structure improves with time of NTS adoption. We formulated the hypothesis that topsoils of NTS initially have worse soil physical conditions than those under conventional systems, but these conditions gradually improve with time also down to deeper depth, even when the soil is wheeled by farm machinery. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of a long-term no-tillage system and machine traffic on soil mechanical and hydraulic properties. The treatments and soil conditions consisted of five periods since the last conventional tillage (or age of NTS) in a Hapludox: 0.2, 1.5, 3.5, 5 and 14 years, with and without traffic; named recent tillage, and initial, intermediate, transition and stabilized NTS phases. Soil samples were collected from soil layers 0–7, 7–14 and 14–21cm depth to determine soil porosity, precompression stress, compressibility coefficient, saturated hydraulic conductivity, air permeability, water retention curve, bulk density and organic carbon. Conventional tillage of soil previously under no-tillage significantly affected soil capacity properties, resulting in high macroporosity and deformation susceptibility, low bulk density and precompression stress. Intensity properties were affected initially by an increased soil pore obstruction, negatively affecting air permeability and saturated hydraulic conductivity, from 0 to 21cm soil depth. However, after five years of no-tillage there was an increase in microporosity and, although small, in soil organic carbon, especially in the 0–7cm soil layer; thus, soil water retention and soil intensity properties (like soil water and air permeability) were also improved, regardless of farm machinery traffic. Over time, soil reconsolidation occurred, which resulted in reduction of the compressibility coefficient and degree of compactness, mainly in the upper layers (0–7 and 7–14cm). However, in the deepest layer with the least disturbance, the degree-of-compactness and bulk density increased. The evolution of physical properties and processes (from recent tillage to stabilized NTS phase) for no-tilled soil is proposed for controlled and uncontrolled traffic systems as a framework based on field data for capacity and intensity soil properties. The process of creating aggregates is represented, at first, by an increased number of contact points before they are re-loosened and strengthened at the same time by a rearrangement of particles, reducing aggregate bulk density but increasing soil strength at the same time. The framework is divided into 4 phases: initial (1.5 years), intermediary (3.5 years), transitional (5 years), and stabilized (14 years) conditions.

RECOVERY OF AN OXISOL DEGRADED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF A HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

ABSTRACT The removal of thick layers of soil under native scrubland (Cerrado) on the right bank of the Paraná River in Selvíria (State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil) for construction of the Ilha Solteira Hydroelectric Power Plant caused environmental damage, affecting the revegetation process of the stripped soil. Over the years, various kinds of land use and management systems have been tried, and the aim of this study was to assess the effects of these attempts to restore the structural quality of the soil. The experiment was conducted considering five treatments and thirty replications. The following treatments were applied: stripped soil without anthropic intervention and total absence of plant cover; stripped soil treated with sewage sludge and planted to eucalyptus and grass a year ago; stripped soil developing natural secondary vegetation (capoeira) since 1969; pastureland since 1978, replacing the native vegetation; and soil under native vegetation (Cerrado). In the 0.00-0.20 m layer, the soil was chemically characterized for each experimental treatment. A 30-point sampling grid was used to assess soil porosity and bulk density, and to assess aggregate stability in terms of mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD). Aggregate stability was also determined using simulated rainfall. The results show that using sewage sludge incorporated with a rotary hoe improved the chemical fertility of the soil and produced more uniform soil pore size distribution. Leaving the land to develop secondary vegetation or turning it over to pastureland produced an intermediate level of structural soil quality, and these two treatments produced similar results. Stripped soil without anthropic intervention was of the lowest quality, with the lowest values for cation exchange capacity (CEC) and macroporosity, as well as the highest values of soil bulk density and percentage of aggregates with diameter size <0.50 mm, corroborated by its lower organic matter content. However, the percentage of larger aggregates was higher in the native vegetation treatment, which boosted MWD and GMD values. Therefore, assessment of some land use and management systems show that even decades after their implementation to mitigate the degenerative effects resulting from the installation of the Hydroelectric Plant, more efficient approaches are still required to recover the structural quality of the soil.

Alterations in soil aggregate stability of a tropical Ultisol as mediated by changes in land use

AbstractAggregate stability is considered to be an appropriate indicator of the relative resistance of soils to detachment by the forces of wind or water. Structural weakness and high rates of erosion in red yellow podzolic (RYP) soils of Matara district are, in general, discussed as prominent problems in intermediate scale agricultural estates. The present study was conducted to ascertain the impacts incurred on the stability of soil aggregates by the alteration of natural forests to agricultural lands, using tea, rubber, and tea/rubber intercropping soils. Surface soils were taken to assess the wet and dry aggregate stabilities, bulk density (Db), clay content, and soil organic carbon (SOC) content. The Db of rubber (1.62 g cm

Effect of aggregate gradation with fuller distribution on properties of sulphoaluminate cement concrete

Experimental investigations on mechanical property and durability of sulphoaluminate cement concrete with aggregate gradations according to Fuller distribution are presented in this paper. Compressive strength, water impermeability and resistance capability to sulfate attack of SACC have the same trend of concrete with fine aggregates of Fuller distribution gradation<concrete with coarse aggregates of Fuller distribution gradation<concrete with total aggregates of Fuller distribution gradation. The relationship between bulk density of aggregate and water penetration depth obeyed the second-order polynomial y=0.002x2-6.863 8x +5 862.3, and had a notable correlation R2=0.979 9. The sulphoaluminate cement concrete with total aggregate gradation with Fuller distribution for h=0.50 had the best resistance capability to sulfate attack. It was a second-order polynomial relationship between bulk density of aggregates and water penetration depth of y=0.002x2-6.863 8x+5 862.3 with R2=0.979 9, which indicated notable correlation. The fitting formula between bulk density of aggregates and sulfate resistance coefficient of SACC was y=0.000 5x+0.370 4 with R2=0.958 5.

In situ effects of biochar on aggregation, water retention and porosity in light-textured tropical soils

Biochar (BC) has been reported to improve soil physical properties mainly in laboratory and greenhouse pot experiments. Here we study, under field conditions, the effect of BC and its particle sizes on soil aggregate stability, bulk density (BD), water retention, and pore size distribution in two experiments in Zambia. A) Farmer practice experiment in sandy loam with maize cob BC in conservation farming planting basins under maize and soybeans crops. B) Maize cob and rice husk BC particle size experiments (≤0.5, 0.5–1 and 1–5mm particle sizes) in loamy sand and sand. In the farmer practice experiment, BC increased aggregate stability by 7–9% and 17–20% per percent BC added under maize and soybeans crops respectively (p<0.05) after two growing seasons. Total porosity and available water capacity (AWC) increased by 2 and 3% respectively per percent BC added (p<0.05) under both crops, whereas BD decreased by 3–5% per percent BC added (p≤0.01). In the maize cob BC particle size experiment after one growing season, dose was a more important factor than particle size across the soils tested. Particle size of BC was more important in loamy sand than in sand, with ≤0.5 and 1–5mm sizes producing the strongest effects on the measured properties. For example, BD decreased while total porosity increased (p<0.01) for all BC particle sizes in sand whereas only 1–5mm BC significantly decreased BD and increased total porosity in loamy sand (p<0.05). However, AWC was significantly increased by only ≤0.5 and 1–5mm BCs by 7–9% per percent BC added in both loamy sand and sand. Rice husk BC effect after one year followed similar pattern as maize cob BC but less effective in affecting soil physical properties. Overall, reduced density of soil due to BC-induced soil aggregation may aid root growth and with more water available, can increase crop growth and yields.

Soil aggregate stablity, organic carbon and plant available nutrient contents (N,P) in soils of prehistoric mounds after abandonment of cultivation

Prehistoric mounds are valuable archeological and nature conservational sites of the Hungarian lowland. However, due to the machinery cultivation most of them were plowed during the 20th century. After setting new legislative frames of their preservation, former cultivated mounds were abandoned and spontaneous regeneration processes of vegetation and soil could initiate on the ex lege mounds. Four mounds situated within the National Park of Hortobágy were investigated after their cultivation were abandoned, regarding their most important soil properties such as aggregate stability, bulk density, nitrogenous and phosphorous content, pH, organic carbon content and secondary carbonates.

English

The study was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife which approximately lies on latitude 7° 28E¹N and longitude 4° 33E¹ E with an altitude of about 244 m above the sea level. Different agricultural land uses examined were: Secondary forest, planted fallow with legumes, Bush fallow (Cromolaena odoratum), Continuous cassava/cowpea plot (Manihot esculenta-Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp), Continuous maize/soybean plot (Zea mays-Glycine max), and Tree crop (Theobroma cacao). Selected soil physical properties assessed were: Aggregate stability, Bulk density, Porosity, and Gravel content. Composite soil samples were taken from each of the investigated plot. The samples were sub-sampled for aggregate stability test while the other samples were air dried, crushed and passed through 2 mm sieve for other laboratory analysis. The mean bulk density of Cassava/Cowpea plot, Maize/Soybean plot, Bush fallow plot and Secondary forest were higher and significantly different from Planted legume and Tree crop. Soil compaction and low level of organic matter were the major causes of soil degradation in continuous arable crop production that practices conventional tillage system going by history. It is suggested that a rotational system involving one year of conventional tillage following every three years of no-tillage under continuous Cassava/cowpea and Maize/soybean plots might cause less soil deterioration, hence higher grain yield. Key words: Landuse, secondary forest, compaction, porosity, farming system.

Influência do sistema integrado de produção agropecuária no solo e na produtividade de soja e braquiária

A presença de animais em áreas de lavoura pode alterar a estrutura física do solo, sendo que a intensidade de pastejo contribui para esse resultado. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os atributos físicos do solo e a produtividade de soja e braquiária, em sistema integrado de produção agropecuária, sob plantio direto. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em blocos casualizados, com três repetições, e consistiram de diferentes alturas de manejo do pasto (0,25 m, 0,35 m e 0,45 m) e uma área sem pastejo. Foi determinada a biomassa seca da parte aérea e raiz da soja e braquiária e a produtividade da soja. Amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas de 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm e 10-20 cm de profundidade, sendo determinados os seguintes atributos físicos: densidade, porosidade total, macroporosidade, microporosidade, resistência à penetração e diâmetro médio ponderado de agregados. As intensidades de pastejo não interferiram na densidade do solo em nenhuma das camadas. Houve redução da porosidade total após o segundo ciclo de pastejo, na camada de 0-5 cm. O diâmetro médio ponderado de agregados foi menor nas áreas pastejadas nas camadas de 0-5 cm e 10-20 cm e verificou-se aumento da resistência mecânica à penetração em todas as camadas, principalmente para o pastejo a 0,25 m de altura. A quantidade de biomassa seca total (soja + braquiária) e biomassa seca da parte aérea da braquiária foram menores nas áreas pastejadas, no entanto, a produtividade da soja não foi influenciada pelos ciclos de pastejo.

Analysing the impact of compaction of soil aggregates using X-ray microtomography and water flow simulations

Soil aggregates are structural units of soil, which create complex pore systems controlling gas and water storage and fluxes in soil. Aggregates can be destroyed during swelling and shrinking or by external forces like mechanical compaction and yet, the knowledge of how physical impact alters aggregate structure remains limited. The aim of the study was to quantify the impact of compaction on macroaggregates, mainly on the pore size distribution and water flow. In this study, aggregates (2–5mm) were collected by dry sieving in grassland of the Fuchsenbigl–Marchfeld Critical Zone Observatory (Austria). The structural alterations of these soil aggregates under controlled compaction were investigated with a non-invasive 3D X-ray microtomography (XMT). The detailed changes in pore size distribution between aggregates (interpores, diameter >90μm) and within the aggregates (intrapores, diameter ≤90μm) in pre- and post-compacted soils were revealed at two soil moisture (9.3% and 18.3% w/w) and two bulk density increments (0.28 and 0.71gcm−3 from the initial values). The soil permeability was simulated using lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) based on 3D images. Soil compaction significantly reduced total pores volume and the proportion of interpores volume and surface area, while total pore surface area and the proportion of intrapores volume and surface area increased. The increases in soil moisture tended to reduce the effects of compaction on interpores and intrapores, while the high compaction increment drastically changed the pore size distribution. The aggregate compaction decreased water penetration potential due to the increase of small intra-aggregate pores and cavities as demonstrated by LBM. Notably, the LBM results showed a significant linear correlation between the water flow rate and bulk density of soil aggregates and predicted that the water flow could be reduced by up to 97–99% at bulk density of ≥1.6gcm−3 with soil water content of 18.3% w/w. Thus, a combination of imaging and modelling provided new insights on the compaction effects on aggregates, underpinning the importance of protecting soil structure from mechanical compaction to minimise environmental impacts of soil compaction and maintain water infiltration and percolation in arable soils.

Analysis of the effect of organic matter content on the architecture and sinking of sediment aggregates

Analysis of 52 data sets totaling 1226 points of the size and settling velocity of suspended sediment collected in various ecosystems worldwide allowed the establishment of relations between sediment density and fractal parameters for a wide range of organic matter contents. While the fractal dimension showed some nonlinearities against sediment density and organic matter content for sizes smaller than 1 mm and larger than 10 mm, more than 50% of the average settling velocities were nearly invariant and ranged only between 1 and 4 mm/s regardless of size spanning nearly 4 orders of magnitude and organic matter fraction ranging between about 0 and 1. Analyses suggested that settling invariance was the result of a trade-off between the aggregate bulk (excess) density and its fractal architecture. An analysis of the governing quantities of the aggregate fractal scaling (i.e., the primary particle size and fractal dimension as well as its rate of change over the aggregate size) explained how these ultimately affected the settling rate. • The fractal dimension of biomineral aggregates is affected by the organic matter. • This effect is nonlinear with the content and quality of organic matter. • Size- and density-dependent fractal scaling can be used to describe biomineral aggregates. • The settling rate of biomineral aggregates is nearly invariant with the aggregate properties.

Quantitative soil quality indexing of temperate arable management systems

Soil quality assessment can provide a practical approach for early detection of adverse influences of management practices. Our objective was to develop soil quality indices (SQI) for assessing the effects of current arable management practices on soil quality for temperate maritime soils. The study was conducted on twenty arable sites with conventional or minimum tillage and mono-cropping or crop rotation. Twenty-two soil properties were measured as potential indicators of soil quality, and those indicators that were responsive to management were considered as a total data set. Principal component analysis was used to determine a minimum data set (MDS), and four indices of soil quality were calculated using linear/non-linear scoring functions and additive/weighted additive methods. Visual evaluation of soil structure (VESS) was used to validate these indices. Total nitrogen, carbon nitrogen ratio, magnesium, aggregate size distribution, bulk density, penetration resistance and soil respiration were identified as the MDS (independent variables with r<0.7). All four SQI differed significantly by VESS class (P<0.05), but the linear additive index showed the best discrimination by management practices (P<0.05). The study indicated the positive influences of minimum tillage in combination with crop rotation on soil quality in Ireland, and indicated a detrimental effect of mono-cropping. The method developed in this study can provide a practical, quantitative tool for assessing soil quality under agricultural management systems.

Effect of humic acids from Leonardite on the stability of soil aggregates and melon roots under greenhouse conditions

Leonardite is an oxidized form of lignite carbon, which is obtained from fossilized organic materials. Such materials are used for the extraction of humic acids (HA). The result of the addition of HA of organic origin on soil structure is known; however, the effects of adding HA of Leonardite on soil structure have been scarcelyinvestigated. The objectives of this research were (1) to determinethe influence of humic acids derived from Leonardite in increasing the aggregate stability of an Aridisol under greenhouse conditions, and (2) evaluate the morphology of the root xylem during the phenological development of melon plants (Cucumis melo L.). Three treatments of HA solution application to the soil were used: soil without solution application (HA0), and application of HA solutionto the soil with pH 6 (HA6) or (HA7). Aggregate stability (As) and bulk density (Da) were evaluated as soil variables. Development and quantification of xylem area were studied on plants. There were significant differences in aggregate stability. Also, there was an increase in the root xylem area, and the best treatment was when AH7 solution was applied. Humic acids derived from Leonardite increased the stability of soil aggregates when plants grew under greenhouse conditions, and fostered the development of xylem conduits during the fruiting stage.

Analysis of Increase Reason on AC-13 Asphalt Mixtures Voids

We make specimens with different gradation types ,different fine aggregates , different molding methods, we calculate their air voids , we analyze the cause of increased porosity of mixture from different aspects. The results show that when we use the same aggregate and the same gradation, the air voids show small difference from the designing method of Gyratory Compactor and Marshall ; when we use the same molding methods and and gradations and different fine aggregates to form specimens, the void ratio of basalt fine material is larger,the the void ratio of limestone fine material is smaller; The main reason is the bulk density of basalt fine aggregate is larger,and it is not easy to compaction.

Application of density gradient column to flexible pavement materials: Aggregate characteristics and asphalt absorption

Accurate measurements of aggregate volumetric properties are essential to a satisfactory mix design and successful production of pavement. Moreover, determination of aggregate asphalt absorption is required to correctly estimate air voids and optimal binder content. The objective of this research was to apply the density gradient column technique to flexible pavement materials and to investigate aggregate volumetric properties, asphalt absorption and their possible correlation. Results indicated that the density gradient column can accurately measure piece-by-piece volumetric properties and asphalt absorption, and revealed a very good correlation between asphalt absorption and aggregate void volume (as reflected by the aggregate bulk density).

Spatial variability in soil compaction properties associated with field traffic operations

Current agricultural practices using heavy machinery are associated with soil compaction.This study was carried out to determine the effects of field traffic operations on the changes in spatial variability of soil aggregate stability (AS), bulk density (BD), total porosity (TP), penetration resistance (PR) and volumetric moisture content (VMC) in the various soil depths as indicators of soil compaction. Soil samples to determine AS, BD and VMC were collected and field measurements of PR at 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30cm depths were taken, respectively from geo-referenced intersections with 25×20m intervals before and after traffic operations. Total porosity was calculated using bulk and particle density values. Both disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken from each depth (0–10, 10–20 and 20–30cm) of the intersection points of the grid system, before and after traffic operations. As a total 360 soil samples were taken. Kriging analysis was performed to create spatial variability distribution maps of AS, BD, TP, PR and VMC with 1×1m intervals within the field. Results showed that the AS, BD, TP, PR and VMC were significantly influenced by traffic operation and depth. More significant effects on the AS, BD, TP, PR and VMC were produced at the 0–10cm depth than at the 10–20 and 20–30cm depths. For 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30cm depths, while BD increased in the rates of 14.5, 5.3 and 6.7% it caused a decrease in TP at the rates of 12.1, 5.5 and 6.6%, respectively. Averaged across depth, while the initial AS was 54.1% it decreased to 41.9% with traffic operation. Averaged across depth, the BD (8.6%), PR (43.3%) and VMC (12.7%) increased, with an associated decrease in AS (22.6%) and TP (8.9%) after traffic operation, as compared to their initial values measured before traffic operation. Spatial distribution patterns of AS, BD, TP, PR and VMC values following traffic operation showed significant differences compared to those values of before traffic operation. Among the indicators of compaction, the AS and PR was greatly affected by the traffic operations as compared to BD, TP and VMC. Knowledge on the spatial distribution can be used for development management options that minimize production risks and the harmful impact of traffic.

The contents and laws of soil anthropogenous evolution

Long soil ploughed up are typical polygenetic formations as in their formation alongside with natural the significant role is played with anthropogenous factors. Under action of mechanical, chemical, reclamative and other kinds influences natural soils lose inherent in them a structure, properties and modes. Anisotropism, spatial heterogeneity, preferential descending and ascending streams of a moisture amplify, new types of horizontal and vertical soil structures are formed, grows the equilibrium bulk density, consolidation and quantity of false aggregates, the structure pore spaces changes, obvious braking processes of aggregation is marked, ability to convertibility of properties and modes as the basic condition of counteraction of degradation processes is lost, rhythmic of soil formation due to activization relax processes is broken characteristic for natural soil. Significant changes occur in thin dispersed mineral and organic parts. The total humus decreases, its lability increases, is observed claying, because of increase in depth of watering and lowering of carbonates level it is locally marked acidification. As a result it is ascertained, that in conditions of unbalanced and poor-quality land tenure even simple reproduction of soil fertility is impossible, and an equilibrium (stable) condition of soil properties and modes – more likely wrongly generated on the basis of not enough long-term researches. As a result of anthropogenous evolution for rather short historical time interval the new body – anthropogenous transformed soils was generated. This fact demands reflection in soil classification and correctives in studying, management of their fertility and use. Possible scripts of the further anthropogenous soil evolution are discussed: the degradation, a seeming balance and "reasonable" precise agriculture. Degradation (degradation) – the most probable script at preservation of modern unbalanced and poor-quality agriculture. Degradation in these conditions can gradually become the factor forming an agrisoil. A seeming balance (seeming equilibrium, balance). – the least probable script. Seeming because it is characteristic for short-term prospect, but in conditions of long scarce balance elements and excessive mechanical loading soil evolution cannot be equilibrium. Steady development - the script to which it is necessary to aspire ("reasonable" agriculture - intelligence agriculture). The script on immediate prospects – instead of the zone generalized technologies – exact agriculture (precise agriculture) in view of spatial diversity, history of a field and a stage of its anthropogenous evolution. The organization of researches is necessary for realization of the favorable script of anthropogenous soil evolution with use of modes in situ and on-line, landscape soil-ecological ranges, complex stationary experiences with application of methods of planning of experiment, use of effective methods of forecasting of soil processes and as a whole exemplary system of scientific monitoring. Uncontrolled soil use in the country should not be.