Bulgarian Academy Of Sciences Research Articles

Laser Applications for Estimation of Microbial Activity and Investigation of NIR Skin Autofluorescence

The presented paper demonstrates the ongoing results of the joint research of University of Latvia and Riga Technical University aimed at the development of new laser based optical methods and technologies for fast evaluation of microbial activity in solid media. The second part of the paper represents the results of joint research conducted together with Katya Borisova during our visit to the Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Bulgaria, Sofia).

СЕДМИ ФОРУМ „БЪЛГАРСКА ГРАМАТИКА“ / SEVENTH FORUM ON BULGARIAN GRAMMAR

The 7th Forum on Bulgarian Grammar – symbolically hosted by the St. Cyril and St. Methodius University of Veliko Tarnovo and co-organised by the Institute for Bulgarian Language Prof. Lyubomir Andreychin at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences – was held on 22 October 2020 under the heading Innovation Processes in the Grammar of Contemporary Bulgarian. Due to the pandemic, the Forum took place online, with participants and attendees communicating to each other from three principal locations: the Institute for Bulgarian Language, the University of Veliko Tarnovo and the University of Plovdiv. Some participants logged in from their homes. Despite these difficulties, the two sessions were received with great interest and spurred lively discussions. There were 23 talks included in the programme (presented according to the authors’ affiliations): 5 – from the University of Veliko Tarnovo, 5 – from the Institute for Bulgarian Language, 5 – from Sofia University, 4 – from the University of Plovdiv, 1 – from Trakia University, 1 from the South-West University, 1 – from the Institute of Mathematics and Informat-ics at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 – from the Bashkir State Uni-versity at Ufa, Russian Federation. The Forum began with congratulatory addresses by the Deputy Director of the Institute for Bulgarian Language Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hristina Deykova, the President of the University of Veliko Tarnovo Prof. Dr. Hristo Bondzholov and the Head of the Department of Modern Bulgarian of the Fac-ulty of Philology at the University of Veliko Tarnovo Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ma-ria Ilieva. The Forum was dedicated to Prof. Dr. Sc. Ruselina Nitsolova and her immense contribution to Bulgarian grammar as the only Bulgarian author of a grammar on Bulgarian to have been published in Germany in English. Her work was translated by another invited speaker – Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hris-to Stamenov. A leading expert in Bulgarian grammar, Prof. Ruselina Nitsolova was an invited speaker at the Forum where she delivered her talk on Context and Meaning of Grammemes after Grammaticalisation. The talks submitted for publication by the participants in the Forum will be published in the 2021 Supplement of Balgarski ezik.

Reviewer Acknowledgements (Vol. 7, No. 3)

Business and Management Studies (BMS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether BMS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue. Reviewers for Volume 7, Number 3 Abdul-Kahar Adam, University of Education, Winneba, GhanaAndrzej Niemiec, Poznań University of Economics and Business, PolandAshford Chea, Benedict College, USAIulia Cristina Muresan, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaIza Gigauri, St. Andrew the First-Called Georgian University, GeorgiaJason Caudill, King University, USAJulia Stefanova, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BulgariaKonstantinos N. Malagas, University of the Aegean, GreeceLucie Andreisová, University of Economics in Prague, CzechMarica Ion Dumitrasco, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, MoldovaPaduloh Paduloh, Bhayangkara Jakarta Raya University, IndonesiaSandeep Kumar, Tecnia Institute of Advanced Studies, Affiliated to GGSIP University Delgi, IndiaZeki Atıl Bulut, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey

Къде е грешката в решението ми? ─ разговор пред бялата дъска с Олег Мушкаров

The article is dedicated to the 70th anniversary of Prof. Oleg Mushkarov – a full professor at the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (IMI-BAS) and a corresponding member of BAS. Currently, he is the Head of the Analysis, Geometry and Topology Department and Deputy Director of IMI-BAS. His main research interests are in the areas of Complex Analysis, Complex Differential Geometry, and Twistor theory. Another important aspect of Oleg’s professional involvements is his work with mathematically gifted high school students. He himself benefited from the Bulgarian system of identifying mathematical talents at an early age leading to his participation in IMO’1969, Romania. Since then, he has been involved in numerous activities dealing with nurturing and developing young mathematical talents. We present a conversation with him illustrating what his favorite problems are and why. Unlike the traditional situations in which the professor expects the students to come to a solution (possibly with his help), he presents a solution containing mistakes to a well-defined problem and “throw the gauntlet down” for them: Find the mistakes in the solution! We provide a specific example in support of his conviction that such problems are crucial in math education (since everyone, even a professional mathematician, makes errors on an everyday basis). The phases the talk in front of the white board went through were: To feel that something is wrong in his original solution. To discover where the mistake is. Finally, to find a correct solution to the problem. The very process of starting with a wrong idea, becoming aware of the error in reasoning, and finally, succeeding to correct it, which Oleg Mushkarov has kept reproducing when teaching a course on extracurricular math activities to his undergraduate students, reveals his dedication and talents to teaching in addition to his research achievements.

Към изворите на българските думи в „Български етимологичен речник“

The article deals with the origin of the Bulgarian vocabulary according to the multi-volume Bulgarian etymological dictionary, one of the main nationally significant projects of the Institute for Bulgarian Language at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. In summary, it presents the different chronological and genetic layers of vocabulary that build the Bulgarian language. The two main layers of vocabulary are emphasized - the original Slavic and the later Balkan layer, which characterize the language as both Slavic and Balkan. The classical (literary) Old Church Slavonic source is pointed out, as well as other older and new foreign sources and the different ways of penetration of the lexical units into the literary and colloquial language and in the Bulgarian dialects are revealed.

Диалогът Гундрум – Вазов. Издателски (ре)конструкции

About Ivan Vazov everything seems to have been researched, written and published. Among the many literary criticisms devoted to his life and work, as well as documentary publications, the relationships with his translators and foreign publishers, to whom I believe we have a cultural and moral duty, are very rarely mentioned. However, the correspondence between him and the Croat Fran Gundrum-Oriovac stands out among all. No one else has translated as many of Vazov's works as this Croatian writer. Unfortunately, the acquaintance with Fran Gundrum's archive is indirect, but I would venture to focus on his translation practice, the regulation of relations between the two, their long-term cooperation and the reception of Vazov's work in Croatia. The proposed interpretation of the “File” does not claim to exhaust the relationship between the two. Our task is based on the personal correspondence published in Volume 10 of the Bulletin of the Institute of Literature of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in 1961 between Dr. Fran Gundrum and Ivan Vazov – to try to reconstruct the translation and publishing strategies of Fran Gundrum.

ПPОФ. Д.Ф.Н. ЙОРДАН ЗАИМОВ – ЕДИН ГОЛЯМ БЪЛГАРСКИ УЧЕН, МНОГОАСПЕКТНА ИНТЕЛЕКТУАЛНА ЛИЧНОСТ И НЕЗАБРАВИМ УЧИТЕЛ (1921–1987) / PROF. YORDAN ZAIMOV, DSC – A GREAT BULGARIAN SCIENTIST, A PERSON OF MULTIPLE ASPECTS OF INTELLIGENCE AND A NEVER-TO-BE-FORGOTTEN MENTOR (1921–1987)

Prof. Yordan Zaimov, DSc, is born on 23rd of April 1921 in Sofia. He graduated Slavic Philology at Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski” in 1944. He has the opportunity to be taught by some of the most prominent scholars. His brilliant linguistic knowledge (he spoke eight languages) will be the basis for his future notable success in some of the most difficult scientific fields such as etymology, onomastics, and diachronic linguistics. All his activities are connected completely with the Institute for Bulgarian Language at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Significant moments from his life, dedicated to knowledge, are going to be presented as well as from his multidisciplinary work.

СЪДЪРЖАНИЕТО НА КН. 1 ЗА 2021 Г. НА СПИСАНИЕ „БЪЛГАРСКИ ЕЗИК“ / ISSUE 1/2021 OF BALGARSKI EZIK

Issue 1/2021 of Balgarski ezik features three papers dealing with research presented at the Scientific Forum on Research Approaches in Bulgarian Lan¬guage Teaching (2019) organised by the Institute for Bulgarian Language at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in the last five years. Katya Charalozova’s paper titled The Category of Verb Aspect. Metho-do¬logical Perspectives in Teaching Aspect in Bulgarian Schools Abroad discusses methodological aspects of teaching the category of aspect to students in Bul¬ga¬rian schools abroad from the standpoint of interpreting verb aspect as a semantic category. The author addresses the consistent representation of knowledge and the ways of introducing perfective and imperfective verbs and their forms in the different tenses. Luchia Antonova-Vasileva discusses The Need for Selection and Adaptation of Texts for People Studying Bulgarian Literature Abroad and presents success¬sful examples of adapted editions of works of literature for the purposes of lan¬guage teaching. The author proposes a model for text adaptation for the purpo¬ses of teaching Bulgarian language and literature to Bulgarians living abroad and illustrates it with an excerpt from Ivan Vazov’s novel Under the Yoke. The paper by Reni Manova and Elena Hadzhieva is dedicated to Intercul¬tural Communication and Equality between the Participants in the Dialogue in Bulgarian. On the basis of analysis of the peculiarities of intercultural commu¬nication as an exchange of culturally conditioned information between people from different cultures, the authors conclude that the significant stock of know¬ledge about the foreign culture and the skills to apply specific communicative behaviours adapted to the host culture are of crucial importance. Mariyana Tsibranska’s paper The World of Nuns according to Lexical Data compares data on female monasticism in two types of sources – hagiographic works and canon law – in order to bring monastic everyday life in the focus of cultural conceptology and the study of the diachronic linguistic picture of the world. Everyday life at the monastery is presented by means of specific ranges of concepts (mental constructs) and the respective linguistic nominations. The paper Is there a Pomak Dialect in Bulgaria? by Georgi Mitrinov pre¬sents a critical look at a study by Emel Balakchi titled The Rhodope Dialects. Their Richness and Magic. By adducing compelling linguistic arguments, the author disproves Balakchi’s attempt at representing the Rhodope dialects as Po¬mak dialects. Using numerous examples, Georgi Mitrinov demonstrates the lack of scientific competence and objectivity of the study under consideration in presenting the characteristic features of the Bulgarian Rhodope dialects. In her article The General Designations for a Female Relative in the Bulga¬rian Language Presented as Heteronymic Rows Tsvetelina Georgieva presents in a structured way the designations for female relatives excerpted from the Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Bulgarian Family and Kinship Lexis. Using an onomasiological approach, the author argues convincingly that the names for female relatives in Bulgarian are heteronyms and not synonyms.

XXI International Conference and School on Quantum Electronics: “Laser Physics and Applications”

The International School on Quantum Electronics “Laser Physics and Applications” is a traditional event organized biennially by the Institute of Electronics since 1980, whose topics include investigations of the basic physical phenomena, processes of interaction of laser radiation with different materials and new scientific results obtained in the research areas of quantum electronics and optics, as well as the technological practical applications of new ideas, devices, instruments and laser systems. Leading scientists deliver lectures on the fundamentals of laser physics and applications of lasers, as well as the newest results in these research areas. Special focus is the participation of young scientists.The topics include the following:▪ Laser - matter interactions ▪ Laser spectroscopy and metrology ▪ Laser remote sensing and ecology ▪ Lasers in biology and medicine ▪ Laser systems and nonlinear optics ▪ Alternative techniques for material synthesis and processing The 21-st edition of the ICSQE took place in the period 21-24 September 2020 as a virtual forum due to restrictions related to COVID-19 pandemic. The conference organization was carried out by the Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, located in Sofia, Bulgaria. The Big Blue Button on-line system was used as a technical platform for the meeting. The technical sessions of ICSQE included 16 invited talks (30 min + 5 min Q&A), 10 oral contributions (30 min + 5 min Q&A) and in total 70 poster presentations divided in to 6 sessions (1 hour each). The platform was available 24 hours which gave opportunity for discussions in addition to the technical program. The total number of participants was 103 from 15 countries.List of Program Committee, International Advisory Committee, Organizing Committee and Organizers are available in this pdf.

Type specimens of Zygaenidae in the National Museum of Natural History, Sofia (Lepidoptera)

This paper comprises an annotated list of the type material of Zygaenidae kept in the National Museum of Natural History at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in Sofia. The collection contains types of five nominal species group taxa, described by B. Alberti, A. Drenowski and O. Holik.

Opportunities for an Academic Career of Women Scientists at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (mid. 1940s-1980’s)

The object of the paper is the development of Bulgarian science during the totalitari-an period (1945-1989), but its subject is the scientific career of the habilitated women, working in the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS) – the largest scientific organiza-tion in the country at that time. The aim is to explore the opportunities for vertical social (scientific) mobility and the existence of a “glass ceiling” for women’s scientific careers at the BAS. The research uses the social history approach, creating a collec-tive portrait and identifying major trends in the study period, using historical analysis of archival and published documents and content analysis of a prosopographic data-base containing biographies of habilitated women from the institutes and the labora-tories of the BAS.

Consumer behavior in digital era: impact of COVID 19

The main goal of this paper is to research differences that start to change consumer behavior in the digital era since the advent of COVID 19. The events associated with the pandemic that led to increased social distance and complete lockdown undoubtedly affect not only the economic situation territories and countries in general, but also on the behavior of each individual. The situation that has arisen has forced more and more consumers to meet their needs with the help of digital tools, and this process has some special characteristics. The article shows the results of analytical and comparative analysis of the changes in consumer behavior in the digital space since the onset of the pandemic. It was researched trends change consumer demand in the study categories via Google Trends. The practical study was conducted on the basis of the analysis of changes in consumer behavior and their preferences in the direction of recreation and tourism, where the data of a sociological survey of Azerbaijani citizens to study the potential impact of COVID-19 on the tourism industry was used. The survey was conducted on April 13-21, 2020 by a team of researchers from the University of Northampton (UK), the National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, University of National and World Economy (Bulgaria). According to the results of the study, conclusions were drawn that give new challenges to the development of marketing in the digital environment, namely: digital tools have had rapid unpredictable development since the COVID-19 pandemic, and remain as high level in demand after easing restrictive measures; entrepreneurship was not ready for such quick transformation; after the first interactions in digital space, the consumer has a stable experience of interaction with specific brands, but they disappoint the expectations of consumers in a personalized contact. Based on the conclusions, an algorithm for building relationships with consumers and increasing their level of loyalty in the digital environment is proposed. The results of this study could be used in the implementation of marketing goals of representatives of different levels of business structures, governments.

Peer review declaration

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing. Type of peer review: Single-blind• Conference submission management system: The papers were submitted to the conference secretariat and then distributed to reviewers by the editors. The reviewers sent back their reviews to the editor who then finalized the editing process.• Number of submissions received: 16 • Number of submissions sent for review: 16 • Number of submissions accepted: 15 • Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions • Received X 100): 93,75% • Average number of reviews per paper: 1 • Total number of reviewers involved: 10 • Any additional info on review process (ie plagiarism check system): The paper was checked if it is relevant to the topic of the webinar and contains new research result(s), if it is clearly written and structured; figures and tables are informative and correctly organized; references are correct and contain new literature sources; the formatting according to IOP standard was applied. After revision the papers were submitted to the editor. Contact person for queries: Assoc. Prof. Albena Daskalova, PhD Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria e-mail: albdaskalova@gmail.com

Young Scholars Conference “Slavic World: Community and Diversity”. Moscow, 25–26 May 2021. Section “Linguistics”

The annual conference “Slavic World: Community and Diversity” is a good platform for young researchers from different universities and research centers, both domestic and foreign, where they can share their scholarly achievements with colleagues and talk about their own vision of a particular problem related to the study of the diversity of the Slavic world. The work of the “Linguistics” section was divided into four thematic blocks: “Translation and interlanguage equivalence in Slavic languages”, “Slavic languages in the past and present”, “Language and traditional culture”, and “The language of texts of the Middle Ages and Modern times”. Young scholars from Moscow (Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences; Vinogradov Russian Language Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian State University for the Humanities), St. Petersburg (St. Petersburg State University), Sofia (Andreichin Bulgarian Language Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences), and Helsinki (University of Helsinki) spoke at the conference. The subsections were moderated by researchers from the Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences: Sergej A. Borisov, Mikhail N. Saenko, Maria V. Yasinskaya, and Gleb P. Pilipenko. Almost every report was accompanied by a discussion, during which the audience gave the authors advice, recommended certain additions, and suggested possible directions for further research.

150th anniversary of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and the National Archaeological Institute and Museum of Bulgaria

150th anniversary of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and the National Archaeological Institute and Museum of Bulgaria

Northern Black Sea Region and Thrace in Сorrespondence of Mikhail Rostovtzeff with Bulgarian Historians and Archaeologists

Scientific communications of Mikhail Rostovtzeff with Bulgarian scientists were left without the attention of researchers, they are not mentioned in historiographic works and bibliographic descriptions, and in the works of Rostovtzeff himself, we can only find brief references to the works of Bulgarian colleagues. Meanwhile, M. I. Rostovtzeff's correspondence with with his Bulgarian colleagues) сurrently stored in the Library Archive of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences continued continuously from the 1910s to 1940s. and contains details of the research activities of the famous scientist, his views on the current problems of the history of the ancient world, in particular, Thrace and Scythia, interpretations of new archaeological finds, setting problems that will later be revealed in Rostovtzeff's publications. Based on letters addressed to Bulgarian colleagues, it is possible to present vectors of scientific search by M. I. Rostovtzeff in the 1920s and 1930s, his justification of the theory of comparing two historical ranges — the Northern Black Sea region and Thrace, which became possible thanks to assistance of Bulgarian historians and archaeologists.

Research into Bulgarian-Croatian cultural and political relationships over the centuries of the Institute of Balkan Studies with Center for Thracology at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

Research into Bulgarian-Croatian cultural and political relationships over the centuries of the Institute of Balkan Studies with Center for Thracology at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

Linguist, Lexicographer, Onomast, and Linguistic Archaeologist. Prof. Todor Balkanski: One of the Prestigious Names at the Institute for Bulgarian Language, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. 75th Anniversary!

Linguist, Lexicographer, Onomast, and Linguistic Archaeologist. Prof. Todor Balkanski: One of the Prestigious Names at the Institute for Bulgarian Language, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. 75th Anniversary!

Additional types of Papilionoidea from the collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Sofia (Lepidoptera)

The article presents an addition to the catalogue of types of Papilionoidea, kept at the National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia and provides data on three nominal species group taxa of Nymphalidae, described from Greece, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia.

Altered electroencephalographic networks in developmental dyslexia after remedial training: a prospective case-control study.

Electroencephalographic studies using graph theoretic analysis have found aberrations in functional connectivity in children with developmental dyslexia. However, how the training with visual tasks can change the functional connectivity of the semantic network in developmental dyslexia is still unclear. We looked for differences in local and global topological properties of functional networks between 21 healthy controls and 22 dyslexic children (8-9 years old) before and after training with visual tasks in this prospective case-control study. The minimum spanning tree method was used to construct the subjects' brain networks in multiple electroencephalographic frequency ranges during a visual word/pseudoword discrimination task. We found group differences in the theta, alpha, beta and gamma bands for four graph measures suggesting a more integrated network topology in dyslexics before the training compared to controls. After training, the network topology of dyslexic children had become more segregated and similar to that of the controls. In the θ, α and β1-frequency bands, compared to the controls, the pre-training dyslexics exhibited a reduced degree and betweenness centrality of the left anterior temporal and parietal regions. The simultaneous appearance in the left hemisphere of hubs in temporal and parietal (α, β1), temporal and superior frontal cortex (θ, α), parietal and occipitotemporal cortices (β1), identified in the networks of normally developing children was not present in the brain networks of dyslexics. After training, the hub distribution for dyslexics in the theta and beta1 bands had become similar to that of the controls. In summary, our findings point to a less efficient network configuration in dyslexics compared to a more optimal global organization in the controls. This is the first study to investigate the topological organization of functional brain networks of Bulgarian dyslexic children. Approval for the study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Neurobiology and the Institute for Population and Human Studies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (approval No. 02-41/12.07.2019) on March 28, 2017, and the State Logopedic Center and the Ministry of Education and Science (approval No. 09-69/14.03.2017) on July 12, 2019.