Garlic Bulbs Research Articles

Exogenous applications of salicylic acid, ethrel and cycocel: Synergistic effects on yield, quality and storability in Garlic (Allium sativum L.) cv. Ooty 2

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a valuable bulb crop, known for its rich bioactive compounds and health benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of various foliar spray treatments on the growth, yield and quality of garlic cv. Ooty 2. The treatments included a control, 100 ppm, 200 ppm and 300 ppm of salicylic acid, cycocel at 1000 ppm and ethrel 200, 300 ppm sprayed at 45 and 60 days after planting. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design with 7 treatments and 3 replications. Results revealed that salicylic acid 300 ppm increased growth traits followed by ethrel 300 ppm over the control. Cycocel 1000 ppm showed that high bulb yield and less reduction in quality characters viz., TSS (39.2 ?Brix), acidity (0.38 %), ascorbic acid (11.25 mg 100 g-1), total carbohydrate (39.82 g 100 g-1) and phenolics (4.10 mg 100 g-1) content during 3 months storage period, followed by ethrel 300 ppm. Additionally lowest levels of physiological loss in weight (17.47 %), rubbering (5.13 %), rotting (5.88 %) and total loss (23.64 %) was observed compared to all other treatments during the storage period. The results indicate that cycocel at 1000 ppm had the most beneficial effects and can be effectively used to enhance the harvest, post-harvest traits and quality and storability of garlic bulbs.

Study on the Engineering Properties of Whole Garlic Bulbs and Garlic Cloves for Effective Design of Processing Machinery

The present experiment was conducted from February, 2024 to March, 2024 at the Department of Agricultural Process Engineering, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra, India to investigate the various engineering properties of garlic bulbs and garlic cloves. The engineering properties viz., physical, gravimetric and frictional properties, were studied for whole garlic bulbs and garlic cloves by considering their importance in developing different agricultural and post-harvest processing machinery. The weight 11.41 g, length (polar diameter) 33.69 mm, width (equatorial diameter) 29.51 mm, thickness 27.58 mm, arithmetic mean diameter 30.26 mm, geometric mean diameter 30.10 mm, shape index 0.88, sphericity 0.90, surface area 63.05 cm2, cross-sectional area 53.75 cm2, bulk density 449.50 kg m-3, true density 930.45 kg m-3, porosity 51.69%, moisture content 56.70% and angle of repose of garlic bulb 50.54° were obtained. Similar properties were determined for garlic cloves. The L, a and b values for garlic bulb and garlic cloves were 82.95, 0.23, 10.66 and 74.42, 0.28, 12.48, respectively. The water activity of garlic was found to be 0.98±0.02. The coefficient of friction of the garlic bulb and garlic cloves was measured for the selected testing surfaces such as mild steel (MS), stainless steel (SS), wood, glass and fiberglass which was considered in hopper design. The compression force required to loosen the cloves from the garlic bulb was calculated as 61 N. By integrating these engineering properties into the design process, manufacturers can develop equipments or machineries that are more efficient, durable and capable of producing high-quality garlic products.

Photoperiod and temperature as dominant environmental drivers triggering chemical compositions of garlic bulb during growth

Photoperiod and temperature are crucial for plant growth and development, but the accumulation patterns and regulatory mechanisms of garlic in response to these factors remain unclear. Compared to normal conditions (12/12 h light/dark; 22/15 °C day/night), increasing the photoperiod by 1 h each month with normal temperature (13/11, 14/10, 15/9, 16/8 h; light/dark; 22/15 °C day/night) or increasing photoperiod by 1 h with a 1.5 °C increase in temperature (13/11, 14/10, 15/9, 16/8 h light/dark; 23.5/16, 25/17, 26.5/18, 28/19 °C day/night) at monthly intervals substantially affects garlic growth in early G204, mid-G666, and late G390 harvest cultivars. For both increased photoperiod and temperature, the environment most favorable for bulb growth is characterized by the maximum accumulation of hormones (IAA, JA, and ZT) during bulb formation, while higher levels of ACC, phenolic acids, and organosulfur compounds are observed during the harvesting stage. Furthermore, the accumulation patterns of alliin and allicin in garlic bulbs for G204, G666, and G390 cultivars significantly increased, with fold changes of (2.0, 1.8, and 1.9) and (1.8, 1.7, and 1.5), respectively, in response to increased photoperiod and temperature conditions. Additionally, the accumulation pattern in G204, and G666 was similar but notably distinct from late harvest G390 during growth. In this study, metabolomics models were constructed to assess chemical composition variations and predict the differences among three garlic varieties during the growth stages. These models revealed functional component variations and provided reliable predictions, offering valuable insights for estimating garlic chemical compositions and identifying optimal environmental conditions for growth.

Evaluation of Larvicidal Properties of Zingiber officinale Rhizome and Allium Sativum Bulbs against Aedes aegypti

This study evaluates the larvicidal potential of methanolic extracts derived from Zingiber officinale (ginger) rhizome and Allium sativum (garlic) bulbs against the 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti, a key vector responsible for transmitting diseases such as dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika. Due to the increasing resistance of mosquitoes to conventional insecticides, there is a pressing need for alternative, eco-friendly vector control methods. Botanical extracts, known for their pesticidal properties, offer a promising solution. Methanolic extracts were collected from the selected test plant parts and different test solutions were prepared to test their larvicidal efficacy against the fourth instar larvae of Ae. aegypti. The results indicated a significant dose-dependent increase in larval mortality for both extracts. The extracts of Z. officinale consistently showed better larvicidal effects than outperformed the extracts of A. sativum at all tested concentrations, with mortality rates ranging from 14.29% at 62.5 ppm to 79.22% at 500 ppm. In contrast, A. sativum exhibited mortality rates from 11.69% at 62.5 ppm to 76.62% at 500 ppm. The LC50 values further highlighted the greater efficacy of ginger extract, with an LC50 of 219.10 ppm compared to 237.39 ppm for garlic. These results suggest the usage of extracts of ginger rhizomes and garlic bulbs as eco-friendly larvicides against Ae. aegypti mosquitoes.

In vitro Evaluation on Efficacy of Bioagents and Plant Extracts against Early Blight of Tomato (Alternaria alternata)

AIMS: In vitro evaluation on efficacy of Bioagents and plant extracts against Early blight of tomato (Alternaria alternata) Study Design: CRD (Completely Randomized Design). Place and Duration of Study: A trial was conducted in plant pathology laboratory at HRS Venkataramannagudem, Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, Venkataramannagudem, during 2022. Methodology: The efficacy of bioagents were tested against isolates for radial growth inhibition on suitable media (Potato dextrose media and Nutrient agar media) using dual culture technique under in vitro conditions. The poisoned food technique was followed to evaluate theefficacy of botanicals in inhibiting the mycelial growth of test pathogen. Results: In the present investigation total nine bioagents and four plants extracts were tested against Alternariaalternata under in vitro. Results revealed that among the nine antagonists., Trichoderma harzianum, Tichoderma viride, Tichoderma longibraciatum (TCT4), Trichoderma reesi (TCT10), A10 (Tichoderma asperellum), A28 (Trichoderma harzianum), Trichoderma virens and two bacterial bioagents Pesudomonas fluorescens and Baciilus subtillis tested against A. alternata, maximum reduction in colony growth of A. alternata was observed in A10 (T. asperellum) (69.50%) and significantly superior over all other bioagents tested which was followed by A28 (T. harzianum) (62.96%) and the next best was T. virens (60.28%). Least inhibition was noticed in Bacillus subtillis (46.69%). Total four plant extracts neem leaves (Azadirachta indica), onion bulb (Allium cepa), garlic bulb (Allium sativum), and turmeric rhizome (Curcuma longa) tested at three concentrations (5, 7.5, 10 %) with suitable control by poisoned food technique against A. alternata, onion bulb extract (44.07%) which was found superior to all other tested botanicals. Least mean per cent inhibition was recorded with turmeric (21.34%).

Integrated genome-wide association and transcriptomic studies reveal genetic architecture of bulb storability of plentiful garlic germplasm resources

Abstract Garlic is a widely utilized condiments and health product. However, garlic bulbs are prone to quality deterioration resulting in decrease of economic value during postharvest. In this study, the storability of 501 garlic accessions worldwide was evaluated based on the examination of decay index (DI), decay rate, sprouting rate, and bud to clove ratio in two consecutive years. The DI was employed as a primary index for evaluating the storability of garlic. Among these garlic, 43 accessions exhibited strong storability with DI of 0-5%. Phenotypic and cytological observations revealed that strong-storability accessions displayed delayed sprouting and decay, a slow rate of nutrient transfer to vascular bundles. Through genome-wide association study (GWAS), 234 single nucleotide polymorphism loci (SNPs) were associated with the storability, which were located in or near 401 genes, which were annotated the functions of resistance, storage substances transport, etc. Total of 44 genes were screened using selective sweep analysis. Transcriptomic analysis was performed at four periods after storage in the 8N035 accession with strong-storability and 8N258 accession with weak-storability. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were up-regulated in the 8N258 compared with 8N035 were enriched in photosynthesis and stress response, whereas the down-regulated genes were enriched in response of biotic and abiotic stress and defense response. A co-expression network and GWAS identified three hub genes as key regulatory genes. Conjoint analysis of GWAS, selective sweep and transcriptomic analysis identified 21 important candidate genes. These findings provided excellent resources with storability and vital candidate genes regulating storability for biological breeding of garlic.

Effects of Film Mulching on Soil Quality, Garlic Yield, and Garlic Quality

To determine the optimal film management technique for garlic planting, this study aimed to investigate the effects of various film cover methods on soil quality and garlic yield in garlic cropping systems. To achieve these goals, trials with different film cover methods were conducted at the Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Nanjing. To investigate the impact of changes in soil quality and garlic yield, we set up four treatments： no film treatment （CK）, black polyethylene film treatment （HPE）, black poly（butylene- adipate-co-terephthalate） （PBAT） with straw composite film treatment （HSJ）, and white PBAT film treatment （BJ） in a garlic cropping system. Our results indicated that specific mulch coverings had a positive effect on both soil quality and garlic yield. The film cover treatments resulted in significant changes in soil physicochemical properties and bacterial and fungal biomasses and indirectly improved soil quality. Compared to that under the no film treatment, the BJ treatment boosted soil quality by 70%, with the most significant impact, followed by that under the HPE and HSJ treatments, with improvements of 52% and 36%. Random forest modeling indicated that soil organic matter and total nitrogen were the most important factors influencing soil quality. The different film covers significantly increased the diameter of garlic bulbs and single quality. The HSJ treatment exhibited the most significant increase in garlic yield, with 46%, 19%, and 6% improvement compared to that in the CK, HPE, and BJ treatments, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that soil quality under film cover was significantly correlated with the starch content of garlic bulbs, garlic diameter, and single quality. This study highlights that selecting the appropriate mulch film aids in the production of garlic and helps to develop farmland that produces both high-quality and high-yield crops.

Moringa oleifera and Allium sativum in broiler nutrition: carcass traits, biochemical characterization, and economic analysis

To ensure the productivity and economic viability of broiler chicken, this study was designed to determine the impact of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MLP) and Allium sativum bulb powder (ABP) utilization on carcass trait, biochemical characterization and economic value of broiler chickens. Two hundred and forty (n = 240), 8-day-old (Cobb 500) broiler chickens were randomly allotted to 5 treatments with 4 replicates (12 birds/replicate) in a completely randomized design (CRD). The birds were randomly allotted into five groups: T1: diet without MLP and ABP, T2: diet with MLP replaced soybean meal (SBM) at 1%, T3: diet with MLP replaced SBM at 3%, T4: diet with MLP replaced SBM at 1% + 0.1% ABP and T5: diet with MLP replaced SBM at 3% + 0.3% ABP respectively. Each formulated diet was fed ad libitum from the 2nd to 8th week of age. Tannins, phenols, saponins, flavonoids, and reducing sugar were present in MLP and ABP. The percentage dressed weight on the 27th day in T2 and T3 were (P < 0.05) higher than in T1, but comparable (P > 0.05) to those in T4 and T5. On the 56th day, the breast weight in T5 was (P < 0.05) higher than in T1 and the rest of the treatments. Most of the microbes that were mainly identified from the ceca of birds fed dietary treatments were Staphylococcus species, and Streptococcus species. Production cost was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in T3 (₦1, 843.76) than in T1 (₦1, 905.86) and the rest of the treatments. Therefore, it is economically wise to feed broiler chicken with MLP and ABP, but most economical when a fed diet with MLP replaces SBM at 1% and a diet with MLP replaces SBM at 3%.

Penicillium species associated with postharvest blue mold rots of garlic in Serbia.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an important plant because of its medicinal and gastronomical benefits. The host can be affected by different plant pathogens, among which Penicillium species are one of the most important rot agents, of stored garlic and other stored food products. This research resolves the etiology of blue mold rots associated with garlic in Serbia. Penicillium-like isolates were collected (2016-2022) from diseased stored garlic bulbs in Serbia and identified using a polyphasic approach. Detailed characterization of the obtained cultures was performed using three solid media, three incubation temperatures, molecular and phylogenetic analyses of four molecular loci [internal transcribed spacer (ITS), beta-tubulin (BenA), calmodulin (CaM) and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2)] and the pathogenicity assay. Five Penicillium species, i.e. P. allii, P. glabrum, P. italicum, P. polonicum, and P. psychrotrophicum were identified and confirmed as postharvest pathogens of garlic. Herein, we report for the first time the pathogenicity of P. psychrotrophicum and P. italicum on garlic. Findings from this study provide insights into the previously unknown diversity of Penicillium fungi responsible for garlic bulb decay in Serbia, and will help in the assessment of the phytosanitary status of this crop, as well as the creation and application of effective disease management strategies.

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of the Potato Rot Nematode, Ditylenchus destructor, Parasitizing Garlic in Korea

A survey of plant parasitic nematodes was carried out in 650 garlic fields in Korea from 2020 to 2022. Migratory endoparasite nematodes (Ditylenchus sp.) were recovered from 6% of the garlic samples, with an average density of 494 individuals per garlic bulb. The morphological characteristics of males and females from the 2022 survey were very similar to D. destructor, but D. dipsaci was not found. The Korean population traits have a lateral field containing six incisures, and the posterior esophagus part overlaps the intestine dorsally. PCR and DNA sequencing were performed for the D2/D3 region of the ribosomal DNA 28S and the ITS region, and the phylogenetic analysis strongly supports the monophyly of D. destructor. This is the first report of D. destructor parasitizing garlic in the Republic of Korea. In Korea, due to changes in agricultural or environmental conditions, the most damaging potential PPNs changed from D. dipsaci to D. destructor in garlic cultivation.

Bio Efficacy of Bio Pesticides against Spotted Pod Borer (Maruca vitrata Geyer) Infesting Black Gram

The study entitled “Bio-efficacy of bio-pesticides against spotted pod borer (Maruca vitrata Geyer) infesting black gram” at Organic Research Farm, Karguan Ji, Department of Entomology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P.) during kharif 2023 containing nine treatments viz, Neem oil 5%, Garlic bulb extract 5%, Bacillus thuringiensis 2.50 ml/l, Verticillium lecanii 5 ml/l, Panchagavya 10%, NSKE 5%, Castor oil 5%, Beauveria bassiana 5 ml/l and untreated control in RBD with three replications aiming to evaluate their efficacy of bio-pesticides against spotted pod borer. To evaluate the efficacy, two applications of treatments were carried out, and the spotted pod borer infestation on selected plants were evaluated after three, seven, and fourteen days after spraying. The outcomes showed that In the management of the spotted pod borer after the first and second spray, the Beauveria bassiana 5 ml/l (2.14) was superior and best effective in controlling larval population, followed by Bacillus thuringiensis 2.50 ml/l (2.34), and neem oil 5% (2.59), and the maximum yield 13.85 qt/ha and C: B ratio 1:1.71 was obtained from the Beauveria bassiana treated plot followed by Bacillus thuringiensis and neem oil by that obtained 12.89 qt/ha and 12.55 qt/ha yield, moreover 1:1.64 and 1:1.52 C: B ratio respectively.

Management of Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee) Using Biopesticides and Botanicals

The field experiment was carried out during Kharif season of 2023 at the Organic Research Farm Karguaji, Department of Entomology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Bundelkhand University Jhansi (U.P.). Nine treatments were tested: neem oil, garlic bulb extract, Bacillus thuringiensis, karanj oil, panchgavya, neem seed kernel extract (NSKE), Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and a control, under a randomized block design. Three sprays of treatments were applied. The results showed that neem oil at 2 ml/L resulted in the minimum shoot damage (7.82%), followed by Bacillus thuringiensis at 5 gm/L and NSKE at 5 ml/L. To manage fruit infestation caused by brinjal fruit and shoot borer, Bacillus thuringiensis and neem oil were themost effective treatments, followed by Beauvaria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. The maximum yield and highest cost benefit ratio were found with Bacillus thuringiensis (1:3.15), followed by Metarhizium anisopliae (1:3.07) and Beauveria bassiana (1:3.04).

Enhancing garlic propagation through functional biopolymer-based propagules coatings: A bio-nanotechnological strategy

Integrating agricultural, chemical, and technological knowledge is crucial for developing bio-nanotechnologies to improve agricultural production. This study explores the innovative use of biopolymeric coatings, based on sodium alginate and sodium alginate + Laponite® (nanoclay), containing biostimulants (tryptophol and thymol) or not, on garlic cloves. These coatings were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Greenhouse bioassays showed improvements in garlic shoot plant biomass with both treatments: sodium alginate biopolymer and sodium alginate biopolymer plus Laponite®. In the field experiment, garlic plants treated with sodium alginate, in combination with conventional pesticide treatments, resulted in better quality garlic bulbs, where larger garlics were harvested in this treatment, reducing commercial losses. In tropical garlic crops, obtaining plants with greater initial vigor is essential. Our results highlight the potential of these bio-nanotechnological strategies to enhance garlic propagation, ensuring environmental protection and food security.

Invitro-Virucidal and Anti-Microbial Activities of Phytochemical Extracts from Garlic (Allium Sativum)

The findings of the present study had demonstrated that the plant extract possess anti-virucidal and anti-microbial activities according to standard screening tests and conventional accepted protocols. The results indicated that high yield of the extract was obtained at the end of the ethanol soxhlet extraction with the extract having greenish and smoothly textures. The phytochemical screening of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Allium Sativum bulbs using soxhlet extraction method revealed the presence of tnnins, saponins and steroids in all the extracts. Flavonoid was present in ethanolic extract while alkaloid was present in methanolic extract. The results further revealed that SPyogenes was the most sensitive to the isolated compound while E. Coli was the least Kpneumonia showed high sensitivity to the isolated compound. The low concentration range for the MIC (2.1-uglml-4.0 uglml) and the MBC (2.uglml-18uglml) generally exhibited marked anti-bacterial activities and anti-virucidal potential against the susceptible organisms.

Improvement of the quality of garlic bulbs with long light treatment using LED light

Improvement of the quality of garlic bulbs with long light treatment using LED light

Phyto-extracts for Managing Alternaria Leaf Spot on Mung Bean

The present study was investigated to evaluate the effect of selected phyto-extracts for the management of Alternaria leaf spot on mung bean caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, under field conditions. Three replications of mung bean were planted in a randomized block design. At the research plot of the Central Research Field, Department of Plant Pathology, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during Zaid season of 2023. The effect of neem leaf extract, onion bulb extract, ginger rhizome extract, garlic bulb extract, turmeric rhizome extract and Mancozeb were compared and tested the plant height (cm), pod length (cm), disease intensity (%) and B:C ratio recorded at 45, 60 and 75 DAS interval. The effect of foliar spray of T4–garlic bulb extract @ 10% was found the best for managing Alternaria leaf spot of mung bean under field conditions as minimum disease intensity (34.4%), maximum plant height (65.4cm), pod length significantly increased (8.4cm) and highest B:C ratio (1:2.05). Followed by minimum disease intensity (35.5%), plant height (60.9cm), pod length (7.8 cm) and highest B:C ratio (1:1.97) was recorded in T1–neem leaf extract @ 10% followed by T5–turmeric rhizome extract @ 10% when compared to (Treated check) T6–Mancozeb @ 0.2% and (Untreated check) T0–control. Overall results revealed that T4–garlic bulb extract @10% is significantly effective against A. alternata (Fr.) Kessler.

Comparative Analysis of a Secondary Metabolite Profile from Leaves, Peel and Bulbs of Allium sativum L. by GC-MS

Garlic is a herbal plant that is widely used as a medicinal ingredient, because it contains secondary metabolite compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, terpenoids and saponins. The secondary metabolite content of plants is influenced by genetic, ontogenic, morphogenetic and environmental factors that can influence the biosynthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites. Garlic is generally only used for the bulbs, while other parts such as the leaves and skin are still not widely used. This study aims to identify the secondary metabolite profile of ethanol extract of garlic leaves, bulbs and peels using the gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Identification of secondary metabolite compounds contained in each 70% ethanol extract was analyzed using the tube test, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and GC-MS methods. The results of analysis of secondary metabolite content using the tube test and TLC method showed that the ethanol extract of garlic leaves, skin and bulbs positively contained flavonoids, tannins, phenols and saponins. The results of secondary metabolite profile analysis using the GC-MS method from the ethanol extract of garlic skin and bulbs showed that 5 compounds were obtained with the main compound being 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 23 compounds with the main compound being 1,2-Benzenedicaboxylic acid and palmitic acid, while the leek extract white only detected 1 compound. The conclusion is that the ethanol extract of garlic leaves, skin and bulbs has secondary metabolites in the form of flavonoids, tannins, phenols and saponins. There are differences in the profile of secondary metabolite compounds in the ethanol extract of garlic leaves, skin and bulbs in terms of the results of GC-MS analysis.

Development of Power Operated Garlic Peeler

Garlic bulbs are highly valued for their flavor and hold significant commercial importance due to their extensive medicinal properties and applications in food and pharmaceutical preparations. One of the essential preliminary steps before any subsequent processing activity is garlic peeling. Traditional methods such as hand peeling, flame peeling, oven peeling, and chemical peeling are commonly used in processing industries, large restaurants, hotels, and kitchens. However, these methods are laborious, time-consuming, cost-intensive, and limit the speed of processing activities. Due to its unique shape, mechanical peeling of garlic has not yet been effectively addressed by process engineers. Additionally, this task requires special care and skill to minimize material damage. With this in mind, a study was conducted to develop a power-operated garlic peeler aimed at alleviating the issues associated with traditional peeling methods and enhancing the processing and export of garlic and its products. The developed garlic peeler features a feed hopper, rubber pad, concave mechanism, and power transmission system. Its performance was evaluated at various combinations of shaft speed, feed rate mechanism, and operating speed. Based on the results, optimal values for the study variables were recommended for the prototype garlic peeler, considering peeling efficiency and the yield of peeled and unpeeled garlic cloves. The performance of the prototype garlic peeler with the recommended specifications was then evaluated. The developed garlic peeler achieved an effective peeling efficiency of 71.93%, with a minimal percentage of damaged garlic at a speed of 850 rpm and an operating time of 80 seconds, with a capacity of 2.88 kg/hr at 850 rpm. Additionally, it was observed that the cost of operation for the developed garlic peeler was Rs. 1.89 per hour to peel 1 kg of garlic, which is lower than the cost associated with hand peeling.

An Image Identification System for Agricultural Items Based on Machine Vision

The purpose of this work was to use machine learning classification models and hyperspectral camera technologies to create a model of surface damage to garlic. 140 of the 184 garlic plants of which 44 were used for test validation were pre-treated for surface damage. First, we examined the data in ENVI under various damage scenarios using the normalised vegetation index (NDVI) approach. 579 pixels were then chosen for the training of the logistic regression model. Finally, we used 54 garlic bulbs to practically validate the model. Although tiny regions could not be precisely identified, the mouldy portion of the garlic’s surface could be identified using the NDVI technique. 90% accuracy was attained using the 90% classification model constructed using the logistic regression approach. Garlic’s surface damage, even at first mild ones, was correctly identified. The creation of this model for identifying garlic damage lowers the cost of detecting garlic damage and broadens the use of hyperspectral technologies in garlic detection.

Trait Correlation and Path Study for Quantitative Traits in Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Genotypes

Garlic is a widely cultivated vegetable with both culinary and medicinal uses in Ethiopia. The analyses, focusing on various traits, help in identifying genotypes with high productivity and quality. Garlic reproduces solely vegetatively due to male and female sterility in its gametophytes. Its domestication originated from the wild species Allium longicuspis Regel. The introduction of diverse garlic varieties contributes to enhancing its genetic potential. This study aimed to assess the relationship between different traits and their influence on garlic bulb yield. The experiment conducted during the rainy season of 2020–2021 at the Fogera National Rice Research and Training Center in Ethiopia. The experiment included 49 garlic genotypes arranged in a simple lattice design with two replications. The results revealed significant genotypic correlation coefficients between fresh bulb yield per hectare and bulb weight per plant (r = 0.82***), pseudo-stem height (r = 0.82***), and clove weight (r = 0.81***). Similarly, significant positive phenotypic associations were observed between fresh bulb yield per hectare and clove weight per bulb (r = 0.77***), pseudo-stem height (r = 0.77***), and bulb weight per plant (r = 0.76***). Further analysis indicated that pseudo-stem height (0.42) and clove weight (0.39) exerted the highest phenotypic direct effects on fresh bulb yield per hectare. Therefore, traits such as clove weight, pseudo-stem height, and bulb weight exhibit high genotypic coefficients and significant direct effects on total bulb yield, making them crucial for direct selection to increase bulb yield.