Bulb Yield Research Articles

Genetic Divergence and Cluster Analysis for Bulb Yield and Related Traits in Garlic Genotypes at Fogera, Northwestern, Ethiopia

Identifying morphological variations among garlic genotypes is crucial for enhancing garlic breeding schemes. This study aimed to assess genetic diversity based on morphological traits of garlic genotypes. The experiment was conducted at the Fogera National Rice Research and Training Center, utilizing a simple lattice design with two replications for planting the genotypes. A total of 49 Ethiopian garlic genotypes were included in the study. Multivariate analysis methods were employed to assess approximately sixteen morphological characteristics. The genotypes were classified into five distinct clusters based on divergence analysis. Clusters 5 and 4 exhibited the highest inter-cluster distance (29.448), indicating genetic diversity. Conversely, clusters 3 and 1 showed the minimum inter-cluster distance, suggesting genetic similarity. Cluster 5 had the highest mean genotypes, indicating its potential for increasing genetic gain through heterosis breeding. Plant height contributed the most to variance, followed by leaf length, number of cloves per bulb, and total soluble solids. The first two principal components explained 74% of the overall variance. Therefore, this study underscores significant diversity in genotypes based on phenotypic characteristics, which could be valuable for future heterosis breeding programs.

Field Experiment on Integrated Nutrient Management in Aggregatum Onion (Allium cepa var. aggregatum)

A field experiment was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research Institute, Karaikal, U.T. of Puducherry during the summer season of 2023 to investigate the integrated effects of organics and bioenhancers on the growth, bulb yield and quality of aggregatum onion (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) cv ‘Perambalur Local’. The experiment utilized a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two replications, incorporating two factors viz., fertilizers level (F1 with 6 levels) and bioenhancers (F2 with 3 levels), resulting in eighteen treatments in a factorial manner. The study materials included vermicompost, poultry manure, panchagavya and jeevamirtham, in addition to recommended Farm Yard Manure (FYM) and N, P, K fertilizers. Noteworthy observations were made in the treatment receiving Recommended Dose of FYM (RDFYM) + 75% N + Recommended Dose of P (RDP) + Recommended Dose of K (RDK) + 25% N through Poultry manure, coupled with the application of jeevamirtham at 500 L ha-1 as a soil drench thrice, coinciding with irrigation at planting, 20 and 45 days after planting (DAP). This treatment exhibited significant enhancements in various parameters including maximum plant height at 30 DAP (31.40 cm), leaf girth at 30 DAP (1.94 cm), number of leaves plant-1 at 30 DAP (25.80), fresh weight of top (12.26 g), polar (3.17 cm) and equatorial diameter of bulblet (2.94 cm), bulblet weight (9.30 g), number of bulblets plant-1 (10.00), maximum bulb yield (43.18 g plant-1 and 6.91 t ha-1) and dry matter production of bulbs (788.51 kg ha-1). These findings underscore the efficacy of integrating organic inputs and bioenhancers in optimizing the growth, yield and quality of aggregatum onion.

Optimum intra-row spacing and clove size for the economical production of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Northwestern Highlands of Ethiopia

Abstract Garlic is one of the most important cash crops cultivated by smallholder farmers throughout Ethiopia. However, due to inappropriate agronomic practices including clove size and intra-row spacing, the productivity of the crop is low in the country. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during the 2019 main cropping season under rain feed conditions to identify the optimum clove size and intra-row spacing for the economical production of garlic in Lay Gayint district, Northwestern Ethiopia. Local garlic cultivar obtained from farmers was used as a test crop. A factorial combination of three clove sizes and four intra-row spacings was used in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results revealed that the main as well as the interaction effects of clove size and intra-row spacing influenced most of the tested growth and yield parameters of garlic. The longest plant height (73.77 cm) was recorded from garlic plants grown at 5 cm intra-row spacing, while the shortest plant height (66.98 cm) was from plants grown at 12.5 cm. The treatment combination of large-sized clove and 12.5 cm intra-row spacing recorded the longest leaf length (61.07 cm), the highest leaf number (7.79), bulb diameter (4.98 cm), bulb weight (33.83 g), and clove weight (2.71 g) of garlic. However, the treatment combination of large-sized cloves and 7.5 cm intra-row spacing produced the highest marketable (13.44 t ha−1) bulb yield. Based on the partial budget analysis, however, medium-sized cloves (1.5–1.99 g) planted at 10 cm intra-row spacing recorded the highest net benefit (723,205 Eth-Birr ha−1) with an acceptable marginal rate of return (3277.3%). Therefore, growing garlic using medium-sized cloves (1.5–1.99 g) at 10 cm intra-row spacing is recommended for economical production of garlic by smallholder farmers in the study area and areas with similar agroecology.

Screening of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Genotypes for High Yield Potential in Mid Hills Region of Himachal Pradesh

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most important bulbous vegetable crops, belongs to the family Amaryllidaceae. Thirty genotypes were taken under study. Sufficient significant variation was observed among all the genotypes for all the characters under study. The maximum plant height was seen in the genotype UHF-ONI-13 (69.08 cm) while, minimum in the genotype UHF-ONI-7 (34.15 cm). Highest polar diameter and equatorial were represented by the genotype UHF-ONI-13 (5.59 cm) and Bhima Kiran (5.99 cm), respectively. There were nine genotypes which exhibited globular shape, three showed torpedo shape and eighteen showed flat shape. The majority, comprising 18 genotypes, exhibited a dark red color for their bulb skinThe genotype recorded to have earliest 50 per cent neck fall was UHF-ONI-4 (129.67 days). Maximum bulb weight was recorded by the genotype UHF-ONI-13 (82.95 g). Bulb yield per plot and per hectare was observed maximum in UHF-ONI-13 (8.19 kg and 436.86 q). UHF-ONI-13, UHF-ONI-15 and UHF-ONI-16 performed better than other genotypes for yield and other imperative horticultural characters. Thus, these genotypes can be used for further breeding improvement programmes of onion for different traits.

Garlic-specific Fertilizer Improves Economic and Environmental Outcomes in China

Traditional methods of garlic fertilization involve large amounts of balanced fertilizer with equal proportions of N, P, and K, leading to nutrient imbalances, reduced yield and nutritional quality, and elevated risk of environmental pollution. This study for the first time measured garlic nutrient absorption and mineral elements status in garlic fields. In addition, a garlic-specific fertilizer formula and recommended rate were designed and applied in multiple garlic fields during the 2019–21 growing season. We assessed the performance of garlic-specific fertilizer in terms of yield, quality, and nutrient utilization efficiency. We showed that garlic prefers to absorb N and K, and its absorption of P was much lower. Deficiencies in Cl, Mn, S, and Fe are found in 98.7%, 56.1%, 22.8%, and 11.9% of garlic fields. Compared with farmer fertilization, the garlic-specific fertilizers increased sprout yield by 12.9% to 30.5%, bulb yield by 11.0% to 33.5%, and net income by 18.2% to 45.6%. Furthermore, it improved the nutritional quality [vitamin C (Vc), soluble sugar (SS), and soluble protein] of the garlic and reduced the accumulation of nitrate. The formula of special fertilizer was more in line with the law of garlic nutrient absorption, increasing the nutrient utilization effect, reducing the environmental risks. Application of specific fertilizer increased N, P, and K partial productivity by 26.6% to 50.1%, 82.6% to 116.5%, and 54.6% to 83.3%, respectively. These results suggest that replacing balanced fertilizers in the garlic market with garlic-specific fertilizers can improve garlic farmers' incomes and soil health.

Assessment of Biometric Characteristics and Yield of Two Onion Cultivars in Soils of Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India

In order to identify suitable onion varieties for Ananthapur district of Andhra Pradesh, an On Farm Testing (OFT) was conducted during the Rabi seasons of 2022-23 and 2023-24 at Krishi Vigyan Kendra operated mandals of Ananthapur district. Two high yielding onion varieties were tested with five locations during each year in comparison to that of farmers variety of being grown by the farmers of the area. Different treatments included onion varieties of NHRDF Red 4 (TO1), NHRDF Red 3 (TO2) and Bellary local variety as farmers practice. The results revealed that highest plant height (58.25 cm), maximum number of leaves (8.35), lesser duration (123 days), maximum weight of bulb (77.76 g) and bulb yield (26.45 t/ha) was reported from NHRDF Red 4 than NHRDF Red-3 and farmers local variety (Bellary local). Similarly, NHRDF Red 4 variety recorded higher gross returns (Rs. 2,49,066/ha), net returns (Rs. 1,11,407/ha) and B:C ratio of 1.81 as compared to other two varieties. From the study, it is concluded that onion variety NHRDF Red-4 had better performance in the trial and can be recommended for cultivation in Ananthapur district of Andhra Pradesh.

Effect of NPS and Zinc Fertilizer Rates on Growth and Yield of Onion (Allium cepa L.) at Shewa Robit, North Shewa, Ethiopia

Onions, a crucial bulb crop cultivated globally, including in Ethiopia, face significant production challenges. These constraints encompass poor soil fertility, inappropriate fertilizer usage, limited availability of improved varieties, disease and insect pests, and the high costs associated with commercial fertilizers. Among these limitations, improper fertilizer application amounts and types play a pivotal role in restricting onion production. To address this, a field experiment was conducted during the 2020-2021 cropping season in the Shewa Robit district of the North Shewa zone. The study assessed the impact of NPS and Zn fertilizer rates on onion growth and yield. The treatments included four NPS fertilizer rates (0, 121, 242, and 363 kg/ha) and four levels of ZnSO4 (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75% w/v). The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement and replicated three times. The results demonstrated that the interaction effect of NPS and Zn fertilizers significantly influenced various onion parameters, including days to maturity, plant height, leaf length, marketable bulb yield, unmarketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield. The application of NPS at a rate of 242 kg/ha and 0.75% ZnSO4 led to the highest plant height (65.20 cm), leaf length (51.93 cm), marketable bulb yield (34.87 t/ha), and total bulb yield (35.04 t/ha). In addition, this treatment combination yielded the highest net benefit (908,628.89 ETB/ha) with an acceptable MRR (313.64%) compared to other treatments. Hence, it can be recommended for economical production of onion in the study area and areas with similar agroecologies.

Biostimulants Improve Bulb Yield, Concomitantly Affecting the Total Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Capacity of Onion (Allium cepa)

In the pursuit of maximizing onion (Allium cepa) yield and quality, farmers often face the challenges of unfavorable ecological conditions and inadequate agronomic practices. Therefore, our two-year study investigated the effects of biostimulants (BTs) of plant growth on bulb yield and the bioactive compounds of directly seeded onion. Four treatments were applied: control (C), seaweed extracts (BT1), humic and fulvic acid (BT2), and Trichoderma spp. (BT3). The results demonstrated a significant increase in bulb yield with BT1 (↑ 18.7%), BT2 (↑ 18.0%), and BT3 (↑ 24.3%). Intriguingly, all BTs markedly reduced phenolic content across both years. Additionally, BT1 and BT3 elevated flavonoid levels (↑ 16.8% and ↑ 16.7%, respectively), while BT2 decreased them (↓ 24.2%). Notably, in 2021, DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS tests indicated a significant reduction in antioxidant capacity compared to C. Our study underscores the important role of BTs in enhancing yield, influencing secondary metabolites and contributing to environmental sustainability in onion cultivation.

Effect of Potassium Humate, Phosphorus and Copper on Onion Quantitative and Qualitative Yield

Previous research has been limited regarding the combined impacts of copper and potassium humate under various phosphorus fertilization levels on onion crops. So, a field trials were performed during two successive winter seasons of 2021 - 2022 and 2022 - 2023 aiming to evaluate three levels of calcium superphosphate (representing 100 %, 75 % and 50 % of the phosphorus recommended dose) as main plot treatments, along with three levels of potassium humate soil addition ( 0.0 %, 1.0 % and 2.0 % ) as sub-plot treatments. Additionally, foliar spraying of copper was carried out at three different rates (0.0 %, 0.1 % and 0.2 %) as sub-subplot treatments. These factors were examined individually or in combination to assess their impact on onion performance, quantitative yield, and qualitative attributes. Firstly, in terms of the individual effect of phosphorus recommended dose (PRD), the application of 100% of PRD demonstrated superior impacts on onion growth performance, quantitative and qualitative yield compared to 75% and 50% of PRD, respectively. Secondly, focusing on the individual effect of soil addition of potassium humate, all parameters related to growth performance, quantitative and qualitative yield, such as bulb weight and diameter, neck diameter, marketable bulb yield, total dissolved solids (TDS), total sugar (%), carbohydrates, and crude protein, exhibited an increase with higher rates of added potassium humate. Thirdly, the values of all parameters studied increased as the rate of copper application increased, indicating a positive correlation between copper application and onion crop performance. Lastly, the combined treatment of 100% of PRD with 2.0% potassium humate and 0.2% copper recorded the highest values across all measured parameters. Additionally, the combined treatment of 75% of PRD with potassium humate at rates of 1.0% or 2.0%, along with copper at rates of 0.1% and 0.2%, outperformed the individual application of 100% PRD in terms of the measured parameters. Therefore, it can be concluded that the combined addition of potassium humate (as soil addition) and Cu (as foliar application) has a vital role in improving the quantitative and qualitative yield of the as well as raising the efficiency of phosphate fertilizers.

Varietal Response to Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth, Bulb Yield and Quality of Onion (Allium cepa L.)

A field experiment was conducted in the Rabi season of 2021-22 at the research farm of the Regional Research Center, Raiya (Jhajjar) of Maharana Pratap Horticultural University, Karnal, Haryana. The study aimed to examine the impact of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on the growth, bulb yield and quality of two local varieties of onion. The experiment consists of two factors viz. different combinations of organic and inorganic nutrient sources (T1: RDF (125:50:25 kg/ha), T2: RDN supplied through FYM, T3: RDN supplied through Vermi-compost, T4: RDN supplied through Poultry manure, T5: 50% Recommended dose of NPK + 50% RDN supplied through FYM, T6: 50% Recommended dose of NPK + 50% RDN supplied through Vermi-compost, T7: 50% Recommended dose of NPK + 50% RDN supplied through poultry manure, T8: control) that were laid out in a randomized block design (factorial) with four replications and two varieties namely Hisar Onion-2 and Hisar Onion-4. The outcomes of the study revealed that the leaf length (52.72 cm), number of leaves (10.28), equatorial diameter (6.09 cm), polar diameter (5.16 cm), bulb yield and yield related parameters such as average fresh weight of bulbs (82.39 g), yield per plot (26.74 kg), yield per hectare (29.71 t) and A grade bulbs (73.55%) were recorded maximum, while bolting percentage (2.28%) and twin bulbs percentage (3.16%) was recorded minimum under the treatment T6 Hisar Onion-4 exhibited superiority in almost all growth and bulb yield parameters except number of leaves, which was noted higher in Hisar Onion-2.

Technical feasibility and economic benefit of combined shallot seedlings techniques in Indonesia

Abstract One of the important factors in the success of True Seed of Shallot (TSS)-based shallot production is the right seeding technology. The study aimed to obtain appropriate nursery techniques for producing high-quality seedlings to increase shallot productivity. The experiment was conducted in Cirebon Regency, West Java, Indonesia, from May to October 2021, using a factorial randomized block design with three treatment factors and three replications. They consisted of shallot varieties (V) (Trisula, Bima, Lokananta, and Maserati); seedlings age (U) (45 and 60 days); and seedling population density (P) (5, 7.5, and 10 g m−2 of TSS). The results revealed that seedling performance was negatively correlated to the bulb yield and revenue cost ratio (R/C). The use of young seedlings enhanced bulb production and R/C ratio in all varieties but had varied effects on cluster alterations in Maserati, Bima, and Trisula varieties. Young Lokananta seedlings prepared in the nursery at a seed density of 7.5 g m−2 proved to be the best treatment to generate the highest bulb production (39.92 t ha−1) and the highest R/C (3.62). Farmers are expected to implement seedling preparation techniques using young seedlings and managing seed populations in diverse varieties to maximize bulb production and R/C.

Effect of Organic Sources of Nutrients on Yield, Quality, Soil Fertility Status and Economics of Onion (Allium cepa L.)

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of organic sources of nutrients on yield, quality, soil fertility status and economics of onion (Allium cepa L.) at Horticulture Research Farm, College of Horticulture, AAU, Anand during the three consecutive years 2016-17, 2017-18 and 2018-19.The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications and ten treatments viz., T1:RDF 100:75:75 NPK kg ha-1 (control), T2:100 % N from FYM, T3:100 % N from Vermicompost, T4: 100 % N from Castor cake, T5:75 % N from FYM + NPK consortium 1 L ha-1, T6: 75% N from VC + NPK consortium 1 L ha-1, T7: 75% N from CC + NPK consortium 1 L ha-1, T8: 50% N from FYM + NPK consortium 1 L ha-1, T9:50% N from VC + NPK consortium 1 L ha-1, T10: 50% N from CC + NPK consortium 1 L ha-1. Soil application of 75% N from VC + NPK consortium 1 L ha-1 (T6) and 75 % N from FYM + NPK consortium 1 L ha-1 (T5) recorded significantly, higher bulb yield (467 and 417 q/ha) and also increase organic carbon as well as soil microbial population. Higher net return (₹445672 ) was observed in T6 whereas maximum BCR (5.96) recorded in T5.

Selênio como um bioestimulante inorgânico em cebola cultivada em clima semiárido

ABSTRACT The common climatic characteristics in semi-arid regions can cause abiotic stress and be a limiting factor for crops. Under these conditions, the use of beneficial elements such as selenium (Se) is an alternative to mitigate the harmful effects of abiotic stresses and increase yield. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of onion grown in a semi-arid region under the application of Se. A field experiment was performed in a randomized block design, where five doses of Se (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 g ha-1), by foliar application, were tested on two onion hybrids (Andrômeda and Rio das Antas). Growth, nutritional and yield variables were analyzed. Se increased the height and accumulation of dry mass in onion plants, with a maximum at the 60 g ha-1 dose of Se, the same dose at which the highest commercial (78.15 t ha-1) and total (86.03 t ha-1) bulb yields were obtained in Rio das Antas; however, for Andrômeda, there was no effect of Se on yield. Applied Se doses also increased the content of this element in the bulbs. Despite increasing bulb yields only in the Rio das Antas hybrid, 60 g ha-1 of Se is recommended for onions due to its effects on plant growth and the biofortification of bulbs with Se.

A Review of the Prospective Effects of Spacing and Varieties on Onion Yield and Yield Components (Allium cepa L.) in Ethiopia.

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is the most important commercial vegetable crop widely grown throughout the world. It is also an important bulb crop in Ethiopia. However, its production and productivity are restricted by different factors, including biotic and abiotic stresses. This review investigates the potential impacts of spacing and varieties on onion yield and yield components in Ethiopia. Countries around the world are producing onion for its nutritional value, medicinal properties, minerals, proteins, and carbohydrates. In terms of production, onion ranks second only after tomatoes. The average onion yield in Ethiopia is estimated to be 8.8 tons/ha, while in the world, it is approximately 19.7 tons/ha. Inappropriate spacing and inadequate onion varieties are some of the limitations widely described for yield variation in Ethiopia. Thus, to control the size, shape, and yield of onion bulbs, spacing determination and variety improvement are some of the techniques currently employed in Ethiopia. Adama red, Bombay red, and red creole are some of the known varieties in the country, and the intrarow spacings for Adama red and Bombay red are reported to be 4 cm and 6 cm, respectively. Different spacing between onion plants affects how much they produce and other factors such as size and quality, depending on the variety. It is important to assess whether changing spacing makes sense from both a farming and economic standpoint, alongside considering other agricultural methods.

Feature-specific nutrient management of onion (Allium cepa) using machine learning and compositional methods

While onion cultivars, irrigation and soil and crop management have been given much attention in Brazil to boost onion yields, nutrient management at field scale is still challenging due to large dosage uncertainty. Our objective was to develop an accurate feature-based fertilization model for onion crops. We assembled climatic, edaphic, and managerial features as well as tissue tests into a database of 1182 observations from multi-environment fertilizer trials conducted during 13 years in southern Brazil. The complexity of onion cropping systems was captured by machine learning (ML) methods. The RReliefF ranking algorithm showed that the split-N dosage and soil tests for micronutrients and S were the most relevant features to predict bulb yield. The decision-tree random forest and extreme gradient boosting models were accurate to predict bulb yield from the relevant predictors (R2 > 90%). As shown by the gain ratio, foliar nutrient standards for nutritionally balanced and high-yielding specimens producing > 50 Mg bulb ha−1 set apart by the ML classification models differed among cultivars. Cultivar × environment interactions support documenting local nutrient diagnosis. The split-N dosage was the most relevant controllable feature to run future universality tests set to assess models’ ability to generalize to growers’ fields.

Response of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Yield to Combined Biochar, Lime, and Inorganic-Fertilizer Rates in the Case of Gimbi District, Western Ethiopia

Soil degradation due to acidity is a serious problem in western Ethiopia, which would lower soil productivity and crop production. Implementing integrated soil fertility management is the most efficient approach for enhancing agronomic efficacy and boosting crop output while addressing the issue of soil acidity. This experimental study aimed to investigate the effect of combined coffee husk biochar (CHB), soil test-based value lime (STV), and inorganic-fertilizer (NPSB-fertilizer) rates on the optimum yield of garlic in Gimbi district, western Ethiopia. The field experiment was conducted during the 2022 cropping season on two sites. The experiment comprised 14 treatments laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Application of integrated biochar, lime, and inorganic-fertilizer rates showed a highly significant impact (p <0.01) on the yield and yield components of garlic. The treatment unit with T11 ha−1 had the significantly highest total fresh biomass yield (TFBY) per plant for both Farm-1 (65.9 g) and Farm-2 (75.3 g). Bulb yield fresh weight per plant (BWp) was highest in treatments of T4 and T8 ha−1 in Farm-1 (27.7–28.1 g) and in treatments of T4 and T11 ha−1, in Farm-2 (31.4–31.6 g). Marketable bulb yield (MBY) was significantly highest in treatments; T4, T7, T8, and T11 ha−1 in Farm-1 (8.5–9.3 tons ha−1) and Farm-2 (10.1–10.5 tons ha−1). Therefore, by combining, the application of 10 tons of biochar (CHB) + 75% of lime (STV) + 75% of inorganic-fertilizer (NPSB-fertilizer) ha−1 in strongly acid soil, and 7.5 tons of CHB + 50% of STV + 50% of NPSB-fertilizer ha−1 rates in very strongly acid soil are recommended for garlic production in Gimbi district, western Ethiopia, and similar areas. In order to draw firm conclusions, future research on more sites is necessary because this study was logically limited to two sites.

Effects of Priming on Onion Seed Germination and Field Performance during Summer Sowing

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the suitable to priming treatments on seed germination, bulb production and quality of onion.
 Study Design: The experiment was set up in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications.
 Place and Duration of the Study: The experiment was conducted in Horticulture farm at Sher-e Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh from April to October 2021.
 Methodology: Seeds were immersed in each priming media for 12 and 24 hours, including distilled water, IAA (100 ppm), KCl (2.5%), and PEG-6000 (10%). The treatments were consisted of T1 (water 12 hr)), T2 (water 24 hr), T3 (PEG 12 hr), T4 (PEG 24 hr), T5 (IAA 12 hr), T6 (IAA 24 hr), T7 (KCl 12 hr) and T8 (KCl 24 hr).
 Results: The maximum germination percentage (93%), plant height (25.93 cm), total chlorophyll (28.47 mg/g) of onion leaves, bulb yield (19.96 t/ha), total soluble solid (14.05 °Brix), reducing sugar (7.41%), and phenolic content (11.12 mg/100 g) of onion bulbs were recorded in the T3 treatment. However, the maximum fresh leaves/plant at bulb formation stage (3.73) and ascorbic acid content of onion bulb (7.20 mg/100 g) was recorded in T4 treatment.
 Conclusion: It can be concluded that seed priming with PEG6000 (10%) for 12 hours improved growth, yield, and quality compared to other priming treatments.

Growth and Yield Attributes of Garlic as Influenced by Application of Organic Manure, Synthetic Fertilizers and Liquid Manure in Bundelkhand Region of India

A field experiment was conducted during 2022-23 at the Rajola Farm of the faculty of Agricultural Science, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.) to study the Effect of Organic, Inorganic and Liquid Manure Sources of Nutrient on Growth Attributes and Yield Attributes of Garlic (Allium sativum L.). The experiment was laid out in Randomized complete Block Design (RCBD) with twelve treatments comprising different source of organic, Inorganic and Liquid manure which were replicated thrice. Among the different manures, application T12 50% FYM + 50% Vermicompost produced highest plant height (90 DAT) (59.15 cm) with comparatively good number of leaves plant-1 (20.33), average length of leaf (40.75 cm), neck thickness of bulb (9.88 mm), polar diameter (5.64 mm), equatorial diameter (5.78 mm), average weight of bulb (30.63 g), number of cloves bulb-1 (38.66), clove length (29.52 mm) and average weight of cloves (0.98 g). Maximum total yield of bulbs (131.15 q ha-1) was observed when T12 50% FYM + 50% Vermicompost Whereas, the minimum Growth Attributes and Yield Attributes of Garlic were recorded with T1 Control (Farmers Practices). The results showed that application of T12 50% FYM + 50% Vermicompost, proved to be a promising practice for yield enhancement of garlic in the Bundelkhand Region.

Influence of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Bulb Yield and Yield-Related Attributes of Onion (Allium cepa L.) in Fogera Area, Northwest Ethiopia

Aim: Onion is one of the most important vegetable crops grown under irrigation in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. However, its productivity is affected by sub-optimal fertilization. The present research was conducted to investigate the response and economic returns of onion to N and P fertilizers application under irrigation.
 Study Design: Randomized Complete Block Design in Factorial Arrangement with three replications.
 Place and Duration of the Study: The research was conducted in 2020 and 2021 in the Fogera area of Northwest Ethiopia.
 Methodology: Four levels of N (0, 46, 92, and 138 kg N ha-1) and three levels of P (0, 46, and 92 kg P2O5 ha-1) were factorially combined and laid in a randomized complete block design with three replications.
 Results: The results showed that the yield and yield components of onion were significantly affected by the main effects of N. However, the main effects of P and its interaction with N did not significantly influence the growth and yield of onion. The highest plant height, number of leaves per plant, bulb girth and marketable bulb yield were recorded from the application of N138 statistically at par with N92. The maximum net economic return was obtained from the application of N138.
 Conclusion: Application of 138 kg N ha-1 was the economic optimum rate for maximum bulb yield of onion in the study area. Further investigation on the response of onion to P is recommended.

Selection of Suitable Date of Transplanting for Year Round Production of Onion (Allium cepa L.) cv Agrifound Dark Red

Round the year onion production is an important issue to challenge the price fluctuation during different time of year and different location of the country. The present experiment was conducted at sub-tropical region of Uttar Pradesh during early kharif, kharif and late kharif season of 2021-22 and 2022-23 to find out the optimum date of transplanting and choice of suitable planting condition (raised and flat bed) for Agrifound Dark Red cultivar of onion for off-season production. The experiment consisted of nine dates of transplanting (1st day of April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December). Based on two years data of experiment which was laid out in two Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications, results indicated that transplanting on 1st October showed maximum vegetative growth in terms of plant height (66.23 cm), number of leaves per plant (13.32), length of leaf (65.85 cm) was observed in plants when transplanted on 1st November (D8) at 120 days after transplanting (DAT). However, maximum neck thickness (21.92 mm) was recorded in 1st October transplanting, but the change was non-significant. The harvesting days might be early when transplanting was done on 1st July (D4) and October transplanting (D7) caused late harvesting as compared to others. It indicated that 1st October transplanting produced more bulb yield (347.76 q/ha) followed by 1st November transplanting. Among the two conditions, raised bed (B1) showed the better performance in respect of growth and yield specially in kharif season production. Therefore, it may be concluded that Agrifound Dark Red variety may be transplanted on 1st October to get maximum production in central Uttar Pradesh which may be beneficial for increasing farmers’ income.