Bulb Mass Research Articles

Suppression of clonal reproduction in bulbous perennial herb Barnardia japonica sterilized by flower‐smut fungi

AbstractFlower‐smut fungal infection has been widely observed in many plant species. As plants infected with flower‐smut fungi exhibit visible changes in floral morphology and flower sterility, researchers have intensively studied the effects of the disease on sexual reproduction in host plants. Although most host plants are clonal perennials, the effects of flower‐smut disease on clonal reproduction remain unclear. Here, we investigated the detrimental effects of flower‐smut disease on clonal reproduction of a perennial host plant, Barnardia japonica. Barnardia japonica is a bulbous perennial and host of the flower‐smut fungus Antherospora vaillantii. Diseased and healthy bulbs collected from fields at the end of the growing season were individually grown in pots for 1 year in a greenhouse, and their annual growth was analyzed, including offspring production. Survival, flowering probability, and the total bulb mass (i.e., the sum of a parent and its living offspring masses) at the end of the 1‐year growth period and annual growth of the total bulb mass were comparable between diseased and healthy plants. We found a marked difference between diseased and healthy plants in the probability of clonal reproduction, which was 50% lower in diseased plants. Additionally, the number and mass of living offspring bulbs per parent were lower in diseased plants than in healthy plants. Our results indicate the detrimental effects of flower‐smut disease on clonal reproduction in B. japonica, providing new insights into the effects of flower‐smut disease on the reproduction of perennial host plants.

The effectiveness of the use of Aminozol and Lebozol on the yield of winter garlic

This article discusses the results of an experiment to grow hardneck garlic in the Moscow region. The study used Russian hardneck garlic varieties of Odintsovsky Jubilee and Streletz and found that they had high flavor qualities and were recommended for cultivation in the non-black soil zone of Russia. The experiments were conducted in 2021-2022 at the «Horticulture and vegetable growing» of Gardening and Horticulture named after V.I. Edelstein. The results showed that the double application of organic fertilizer of Aminozol and Lebozol-Full Care during the vegetative period led to an increase in yield for all tested varieties. On the Odintsovsky Jubilee variety, the organic fertilizer Aminozol had a positive effect on increasing the average mass of bulbs by 26.9% compared to the control and 13% compared to the treatment with Lebozol-Full Care. The study also noted an increase in the average mass of bulbs due to the mass of each clove. The variety Streltets when treated with Aminozol and Lebozol-Full Care fertilizers increased the mass of the bulb by 17.7% and 10.9% compared to the control. Research has established a positive effect of organic Aminozol Lebozol - Full Care fertilizers on the productivity and yield of winter garlic.

Morphophysiological and productive changes of onion under vitamin application

Studies have been developed to improve cultivation conditions through the introduction of beneficial compounds, among which are vitamins. The present work aimed to investigate the effects of the application of vitamins in the onion crop. For that, five treatments were used, composed of different vitamins (ascorbic acid, thiamine, niacin and pyridoxine), in a concentration of 100 mg L-¹ and a control treatment, with water application, via foliar spray. The characteristics of chlorophyll relative index, number of plant leaves, plant height, fresh leaf mass, leaf dry mass, bulb diameter, bulb mass and bulb yield were evaluated. It was found that the application of ascorbic acid and pyridoxine increased the relative levels of chlorophyll concerning the control treatment and those composed by the application of niacin and thiamine. In addition, for liquid photosynthesis, a superior result was shown when niacin and thiamine were applied, concerning the other treatments. It was concluded that the exogenous application of vitamins alters the physiological and developmental behavior of onion plants, but does not positively affect bulb yield. The increases in photosynthetic activity were not reversed in bulb development, but in the elongation of plant leaves. Finally, the use of the vitamins studied for onion cultivation is not recommended, under conditions similar to those of the present study.

Bulb growth potential is independent of leaf longevity for the spring ephemeral Erythronium americanum Ker-Gawl.

Growth in most spring ephemerals is decreased under warmer temperatures. Although photosynthetic activities are improved at warmer temperatures, leaves senesce earlier, which prevents the bulb from reaching a larger size. A longer leaf life duration during a warm spring, therefore, may improve bulb mass. We tested this hypothesis by modulating leaf life span of Erythronium americanum through the application of Promalin® (PRO; cytokinins and gibberellins) that prolonged or silver thiosulfate (STS) that reduced leaf duration. Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured along with leaf and bulb carbohydrate concentrations. Plants were also pulse labelled with 13CO2 to monitor sugar transport to the bulb. Lower photosynthetic rates and shorter leaf life span of STS plants reduced the amount of carbon that they assimilated during the season, resulting in a smaller bulb compared with control plants. PRO plants maintained their photosynthetic rates for a longer period than control plants, yet final bulb biomass did not differ between them. We conclude that seasonal growth for E. americanum is not limited by leaf life duration under warm growing conditions, but rather by limited sink growth capacity. Under global warming, spring geophytes might be at risk of being reduced in size and, eventually, reproducing less frequently.

S3496 You Shall Not Pass: Rare Duodenal Bulb Adenocarcinoma Causing Gastric Outlet Obstruction

Introduction: Duodenal carcinoma accounts for only 1-2% of diagnosed gastrointestinal cancers in the United States. Due to its insidious onset, advanced disease is often established at the time of diagnosis resulting in poor outcomes for patients. Although duodenal adenocarcinomas have been found to comprise around half of all small bowel adenocarcinomas, disease arising from within the duodenal bulb in the D1 segment is a vanishingly rare phenomenon. Case Description/Methods: A 52-year old female with a past medical history of morbid obesity with placement of laparoscopic adjustable gastric band 14 years prior presented with frequent emesis, inability to tolerate oral diet and a 22kg weight loss. Recent esophagogastroduodenoscopy during a previous admission revealed a cratered ulcer in the duodenal bulb. An upper GI series was obtained, showing a 2cm mass in the bulb apex which was confirmed by computed tomography. A repeat esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed which identified a firm and friable ulcer with contact bleeding with complete obstruction of the duodenal bulb. Subsequent histopathology confirmed the presence of invasive, moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. (Figure) Discussion: Small bowel tumors comprise about 2% of all GI tumors. Adenocarcinoma accounts for about 30% of all small bowel tumors. The duodenum comprises 53% of all small bowel neoplasms. Of duodenal tumors, about 57% occur in the D2 segment of the duodenum. One 2014 meta-analysis of small bowel cancers between 1990-2012 from an institutional registry (excluding ampullary cancers arising from the bile duct mucosa) identified only 30 cases of primary duodenal adenocarcinoma with none arising from D1. A previous 1991 literature review cites 47 cases of primary duodenal adenocarcinoma arising from D1, however, anatomic distinction between the duodenal bulb and the distal D1 segments was not made. Although small bowel tumors are the third leading cause of gastric outlet obstruction, lesions are typically asymptomatic. In a study of 217 primary duodenal adenocarcinoma, the median survival was 20 months with 35% presenting with metastatic disease (39% present with stage III disease). Although it is difficult to distinguish the prevalence of duodenal bulb neoplasms, it has been clearly demonstrated that neoplasms arising from the D1 segment of the duodenum are extremely rare. By presenting this case, we hope to increase the index of suspicion for small bowel neoplasms as part of the differential for gastric outlet obstruction.Figure 1.: CT demonstration of duodenal bulb mass causing gastric outlet obstruction; Figure 2: Endoscopic image of duodenal bulb tumor.

BIO-CATHARANTIN EFFECTS ON PHENOTYPIC TRAITS AND CHROMOSOME NUMBER OF SHALLOTS (ALLIUM CEPA L. VAR. ASCALONICUM 'TAJUK')

The seasonal production of Allium cepa var. ascalonicum causes a rise in its demand during the off-season. Consumers mostly prefer onion cultivars like the 'Super Philip', because of their high productivity, large and round bulbs, shiny appearance, and less spicy taste. In plant breeding, polyploidy induction through mutagens is a technique often used to produce shallot cultivars of better quality. Bio-Catharantin from the leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus L. is used as a polyploid induction agent instead of colchicine. The latest study aimed to determine the effect of Bio-Catharantin concentration (0.2% and 0.4%) on phenotypic traits (plant height, bulb mass, and the number of bulbs), and the chromosome number to determine the minimum concentration that could cause polyploidization in shallots. The research was conducted from December 2020 to February 2021 in a greenhouse in Madurejo, Prambanan, and the Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia. Bio-Catharantin concentration did not affect plant height which was comparable with the control. Both treatments caused an increase in bulb mass up to 37.7 and 41.76 g at the concentrations of 0.2% and 0.4%, respectively, compared with the control (31.47 g). The number of bulbs increased up to 10.6 and 9.8 g for 0.2% and 0.4% concentrations, respectively, compared with 8.8 in the control. The ploidy level of cells was increased from 2n (16) to 3n (24) at 2% and 4n (32) at 4% Bio-Catharantin.

Effect of irrigation, planting position, and application of calcium silicate on garlic development in ‘Serra Gaúcha’ region, South Brazil

Garlic crop is widely distributed in the Serra Gaúcha region, South Brazil. However, there is little information relative to irrigation in garlic, and on the influence of bulbil planting position in the development of the crop. Silicon is being used in garlic as an auxiliary fertilizer, but it is necessary to study further its effects in the crop. This study aimed to verify the effect of different irrigation regimes based on the evapotranspiration and empirically, evaluate the development of the plants that germinated under different planting positions, and observe the physiology of the plants according to the different doses of calcium silicate applied to the soil. Experiments were carried out in the municipality of São Marcos, using a design of randomized blocks, with four repetitions in each treatment. Plant height, stalk height and diameter, germination percentage of the bulbils, and average bulb mass were evaluated. The observed results indicated that irrigation induced higher plant heights when it was carried out based on evapotranspiration; planting with the bulbils face up have had the smaller germination time and the highest average bulb mass; the application of silicon at the highest dose (800 kg·ha-1) increased the average bulb mass by approximately 18 %.

Yield and Morphophysiology of Onion Grown under Salinity and Fertilization with Silicon

Salinity limits agricultural yield in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Silicon (Si) benefits plants under abiotic stresses. However, Si fertilization in the yield of onion plants under salt stress are less well known. We conducted a field experiment to evaluate Si fertilization in onion yield, physiology and postharvest quality irrigated with saline water. The experiment was designed in randomized complete blocks, with four replicates, and treatments were arranged in split plots. The plots had four water electrical conductivity (0.65, 1.7, 2.8 and 4.1 dS m−1) and the subplots had five Si levels (0, 41.6, 83.2, 124.8 and 166.4 kg ha−1 of Si), in the form a diatomaceous earth-based fertilizer derived from the species Melosira granulata. Waters high salinity reduced onion yield and bulb fresh mass, and increasing small bulbs (<50 mm) production. Waters high salinity hampered onion plants membrane instability index, relative water content and contents of total chlorophyll, and carotenoids. Waters high salinity too hampered onion firmness, pH, soluble solids concentration, and SS/TA ratio. Si fertilization increased onion yield, bulb fresh mass and production of large bulbs (≥ 50 mm), and saline stress attenuation occurred up to 2.8 dS m−1. Si fertilization improved onion plants chlorophylls, carotenoids, total sugars, soluble solids, ascorbic acid, and pyruvic acids content. Si fertilization promoted onions acclimatization to salt stress, because increasing the synthesis of soluble sugars, ascorbic acids, and thio-compounds identifiable in PyA. Therefore, we recommend 78.5 kg ha−1 of Si for onion plants under saline stress conditions.

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Onion culture: experimental techniques for carrying out high precision experiments

The cultivation of onion Allium cepa L. is of extreme economic importance globally, and, because of this, research must be constantly updated in order to increase productivity. This study was designed to estimate the optimal plot size, sample size and number of repetitions for experiments evaluating variables in the onion crop. Uniformity tests were carried in the years 2016 and 2017 in the experimental area of the Crop Science Department at Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria (RS), Brazil. Each plant was considered a basic experimental unit. Bulb mass, bulb height, and bulb diameter were measured for each basic experimental unit. The optimal plot size, sample size, and number of repetitions were estimated by the method of maximum curvature of the variation coefficient. For onion culture, the optimal plot size to evaluate the bulb mass, bulb height and bulb diameter is eight, six and six, respectively. The optimal sample size for evaluating the bulb mass of the onion crop is six plants, while for the height and diameter variables the optimal sample size is four plants in the direction of the row considering a semi-amplitude of the confidence interval (D%) equal to 20% of the average. Bulb mass variables require 10 repetitions to assess up to 20 treatments in a randomized block design for the least significant difference of the Tukey’s test, expressed as a percentage of the average of 35%. Bulb height and bulb diameter require just six repetitions for the same assessment.

Determination of Optimal Irrigation Scheduling for Onion (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Allium cepa&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; L.) in Gumara Scheme, North Western Ethiopia

The experiment was performed at Gumara irrigation scheme farm in the 2017/18 and 2019/19 irrigation seasons, with the objective of determining the optimum irrigation schedule based on the available soil moisture depletion levels. The experiment was carried out in RCBD with three replications, randomly assigned to the experimental plots with treatments. Six available soil moisture depletion levels (60, 80, 100, 120, 140, and 160%) were use. The results obtained of two years of research showed that different rates of levels of soil moisture available had a very highly significant effect (P<0.0001) on bulb mass, bulb diameter, marketable yield, and water productivity. The highest marketable bulb yield and water productivity (35222.2 kg ha^-1 and 7.06kg/m³) were recorded at 80% and available soil moisture depletion levels (ASMDL) and also the lowest non-marketable bulb yield (1513.9 kg/ha) was recorded at 80% ASMDL. However, the lowest marketable yield, lowest water productivity and highest non-marketable bulb yield (28722.2 kg ha^-1, 5.29 kg/m³ and 5236.1 kg /ha) was recorded at 160 percent ASMDL Very highly significant (P < 0.0001) plant height and bulb length differences were observed due to the treatments. The highest plant height and bulb length were recorded at 60 per cent AMADL (66.33 cm and 5.62 cm respectively). However, different soil moisture depletion levels showed no significant difference in the stand count of onion. The highest efficiency of water use on onion yield (7.06 kg/m³) was attained at 80 percent ASMDL, whereas the minimum efficiency of water use (5.29 kg/m³) was recorded at 160 per cent ASMDL. Therefore, based on the findings of the current experiment, it is recommended that using 80%ASMDL for furrow irrigation system for onion to be grown in areas around Fogera and similar agroecology as best options to increase yield and water use efficiency for the production of onion.

Correlations between agronomic characters in garlic

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the phenotypic correlations between agronomic characters of garlic (Allium sativum) and to carry out the path analysis, using commercial bulb yield as the main character. The experiment was conducted under field conditions in two harvests (2018 and 2019) in the municipality of Diamantina, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A total of 13 garlic genotypes were evaluated, of which 11 were experimental and 2 were commercial cultivars. The experimental design used was randomized complete blocks with four replicates. Characters related to plant biometry and bulb yield were evaluated. The phenotypic correlations and the path analysis of the studied characters were carried out. The phenotypic correlations that showed significant positive effects occurred between commercial bulb yield and plant height, bulb diameter, number of commercial bulbs, mean total bulb mass, mean commercial bulb mass, total bulb yield, and number of bulbils per bulb. However, only number of commercial bulbs and bulb diameter had significant effects (direct and indirect) on commercial bulb yield. Therefore, in genotype genetic breeding programs in the studied region, selection should seek a larger diameter of bulbs and a higher number of commercial bulbs to increase commercial yield.

Alkaloids from the Crinum variabile (Amaryllidaceae)- including a full house of lycorine and its acylated derivatives

An investigation into the alkaloidal content of the bulbs of the Amaryllidaceae species, Crinum variabile (Jacq.) Herb., was performed for the first time and led to the isolation of 8 known alkaloids, namely: lycorine, 1,2-O-diacetyllycorine, 1-O-acetyllycorine, 2-O-acetyllycorine, haemanthidine, 6-epihaemanthidine, bulbispermine and criwelline. It should be noted that a “full set” of lycorine and its acetylated derivatives (1,2-O-diacylated, 1-O- and 2-O-monoacylated) were obtained from the C. variabile bulbs, with lycorine being obtained in significant amounts (0.80% of dry bulb mass, i.e., 8.0 g/Kg C. variabile dry bulb mass).

Evaluation of onion samples (Allium cepa L.) of various origins in the foothill zone of the North Caucasus and creation of source material fo

Relevance. The success of breeding work is largely determined by the source material, the search and creation of which for target breeding begins with the collection and study of collectible samples for the alignment of morphological features; for the precocity and amity of maturation; for the keeping quality and transportability of bulbs; for the quality of vegetable products (high content of biologically active substances and antioxidants); for resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors of a specific growing zone.Materials and methods. On the basis of the North Caucasus branch FSBSI FSVC, 90 samples of spring onions from 26 countries of the world were evaluated in the number nursery for the period from 2017 to 2019, 71 of them were varieties and 19 were F1 hybrids. In a hybrid nursery, 25 hybrid combinations obtained from FSBSI FSVC (VNIISSOK) were evaluated. The laying and placement of experiments, agricultural techniques of cultivation, accounting and evaluation of economically valuable traits, biochemical analyses were carried out according to generally accepted methods. The standards are the new Primo and Ampex varieties of the selection of the FSBSI FSVC and the Italian F1 hybrid Ranko, which were placed every 10 collection samples.Results.According to the results of the assessment, among the studied F1 varieties and hybrids, sources of economically valuable traits such as yield (20-27 t/ha), precocity (80-90 days), preservation (more than 85%) when laid for long-term storage up to 7 months, purple, white and pink color of bulbs, as well as sources of long-shaped bulbs were identified. The greatest interest for breeding for yield is represented by 9 promising varieties and 9 F1 hybrids of onions of various origins, as well as 4 hybrid combinations that were distinguished by high yields, the yield of marketable products and the mass of marketable bulbs. These samples are recommended for use in the breeding process as sources for the creation of new varieties and hybrids with high yields for the agro-climatic conditions of the foothill zone of the North Caucasus.r breeding

Influence of microbial preparations on biomorphological indicators of tulip (&lt;i&gt;Tulipa&lt;/i&gt; L.) ‘Anna Krasavitsa’ and soil fertility under steppe Crimea conditions

The data on the study of the effect of treatment of tulip bulbs of the Anna Krasavitsa cultivar before planting with microbial preparations (MP) Aurill and the Complex of microbial preparations (CMP) on the growth, state, ability for vegetative propagation of tulips, as well as the fertility and biological activity of the tulip rhizosphere in Crimea have been presented in the article. The studies were carried out in 2017-2019 in a small-plot field experiment on the tulip collection site of the NBG-NSC (v. Novy Sad, Simferopol district of the Republic of the Crimea) on the southern carbonate chernozem. Tulip bulbs were treated with MP working suspensions before planting with a dose of the preparation equal to 2 % of the bulb mass. The control - treatment with tap water. The study, collection and processing of the obtained data on the state of plants, fertility and biological activity of the soil was carried out by generally accepted methods. As a result of the studies was found that MPs increased the coefficient of vegetative propagation of bulbs, the mass of the nest and replacement bulb by 6-23 %, at the same time, a positive effect of CMP on an increase in the mass of large bulbs was revealed in the axils of the storage scales. The features of the influence of the treatment of tulip bulbs ‘Anna Krasavitsa’ with Aurill and CMP preparations on the morphometric characteristics of the plant have been revealed: the height and size of the flower and the lower leaf were increased. A positive effect of the preparations on soil fertility under tulips was shown: CMP promoted an increase in the organic matter content in the soil by 0.19 %, Aurill - the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen and exchangeable potassium in the rhizosphere of a tulip, and increasing its biological activity. The use of MP increased the number of ammonifying and amylolytic bacterial groups in the rhizosphere of the tulip; to a greater extent, Aurill, CMP increased the number of phosphate-mobilizing (by 58 %), as well as oligotrophic and cellulolytic bacteria by 8 and 78 % respectively. Aurill suppressed the number of micromycetes by 48 %.

Results of the research of onion in the annual culture in the conditions of the Priobskaya zone of the Altai Territory

Relevance. In the Western Siberia conditions bulb onion is grown mainly from onion sets. With this method of cultivation, large costs are spent on growing and storing the onion sets. In this regard, the cultivation of it through the seeds is of particular importance. This problem has not been studied enough in Priobskaya zone of Altai Territory conditions.Materials and methods. In our research, we studied the influence of cultivation conditions on the formation of economically valuable traits of varieties and a hybrid of bulb onion grown by sowing seeds in the ground in Priobskaya zone of Altai Territory. Three varieties were taken as objects of research: Odnoletniy Sibirskiy, Zolotnichok, Odintsovets, and one Candy F1 hybrid.Results. On average, over the years of research on early maturity, the standard Odnoletniy Sibirskiy variety (87-88 days) showed itself to be the most early maturing. Candy F1 hybrid can be used as a source of early green mass. Leaf regrowth was the earliest of all onion samples studied. The largest leaf apparatus in the conditions of Priobskaya zone of Altai Territory is formed by the varieties Odintsovets (4.1 pieces per plant) and Odnoletniy Sibirskiy (3.8 pieces per plant). The maximum bulb mass was formed by the Candy F1 hybrid (51.5 g). The Candy F1 hybrid also was distinguished by the highest yield in the group of the studied samples. The increase in total yield was 5.1 t/ha, marketable 2.4 t/ha in relation to the standard. The maximum marketability in the experience was in the standard (80.9%).

Competition of onion genotypes in the soil and climatic conditions of Guarapuava, State of Paraná

The use of genotypes more adapted to climatic conditions can contribute to increase the yield of onion producers. The goal of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance of 15 onion genotypes in the soil and climatic conditions of Guarapuava, state of Paraná. The study was conducted in the experimental area of Horticulture, Cedeteg campus, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste (UNICENTRO), Guarapuava, state of Paraná, Brazil, from July to November 2018. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with four replications, and the treatments consisted of four commercial cultivars Optima F1, Bella Dura, Sirius F1, Soberana F1 and eleven experimental genotypes N1, N2, N3, N4, N5, N6, N7, N8, N9, AF4241 and AF4243. Biometric characteristics of the plants, production components and early flowering were evaluated. Plants presented between 6 and 9 leaves, in which N1, N3, N4 and N6 had less than 7 leaves, differing statistically from the others. The cultivar Optima F1 and the genotypes N2, N3, N5, N6, N7 and N8 presented the tallest plants, with 66.1 to 76.0 cm. The pseudostem diameter did not differ significantly between genotypes, showing values between 15.2 and 20.4 mm. Total productivity was higher in genotypes N2, N6, N5, N4, N3, N7 with values from 43.6 to 50.3 t ha-1. The highest average bulb mass was found in N2, N4, N6, Sirius F1, Optima F1 and Soberana F1, with 74.2 to 91.1 g bulb-1. Regarding the commercial classification, the genotypes N2, N4, N5, N6 and the cultivars Sirius F1 and Soberana F1 presented more than 50% bulbs of classes 3+3C+4. Early flowering did not occur in any of the analyzed genotypes. The use of cultivars with high productive performance and adapted to climatic conditions, when handled properly, can result in greater yield and quality of bulbs.

Experimental determination of restitution coefficient of garlic bulb based on high-speed photography

Restitution coefficient (RC) of garlic bulb is an important mechanical property that is required to establish the kinematics model of bulb collision and research the damage mechanism of bulb collision. In this study, kinetics equations of bulb collision were established based on Hertz's contact theory. The kinematics characteristics, elastoplastic deformation and contact damage during bulb collision were analyzed by using high-speed photography. The effects of bulb mass, moisture content, collision material, material thickness and release height on the RC were investigated by mixed orthogonal experiments and single- factor experiments. The results showed that the movement of bulb in the compression stage was translation, and the movement in the rebound stage was translation and rotation. During collision, the larger the rotational angular velocity of the bulb was, the smaller the measured RC would be. The contact damage of bulb included internal damage of the tissue, epidermis stretch and tear. The significance of effects of factors on RC decreased with the following sequence: collision material, release height, material thickness, bulb mass, and moisture content. Collision material, release height, material thickness, and bulb mass were significant factors. The RC between the bulb and Q235, nylon, and rubber decreased sequentially. The RC decreased with the increase of release height and bulb mass. The RC increased with the increase of material thickness of Q235, while it decreased with the increase of material thickness of rubber or Nylon. The determination coefficients of the regression equations between the significant factors and the RC were all greater than 0.96. The results will be helpful for damage mechanism analysis and design of garlic production equipment. Keywords: garlic bulb, collision, restitution coefficient, high-speed photography, experimental tests DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20211402.5882 Citation: Yu Z Y, Hu Z C, Peng B L, Gu F W, Yang L, Yang M J. Experimental determination of restitution coefficient of garlic bulb based on high-speed photography. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2021; 14(2): 81–90.

Estimation of breeding material of interspecific hybrids Allium ascalonicum L. and Allium cepa L.

Relevance. Shallots are an independent botanical species. It easily crosses with onions, has a medium-sized bulb, keeps well, gives rich greens. Shallot and onion hybrids have a higher yield, less nesting, and a large bulb mass. Work on the creation of interspecific hybrids of shallots and onions has been under way since 2000.Methods. The aim of the research was to study the hybrids of Allium ascalonicum L. x Allium cepa L. and Allium cepa L. x Allium ascalonicum L. by a complex of characters in comparison with their maternal forms. Samples from the Urals were taken as initial forms for hybridization.Results. 268 promising hybrids were obtained, of which 33 were selected for further study. The results of the study showed the advantage of hybrid forms, where shallots were the parent form. A significant advantage of hybrids over parental forms was revealed in terms of yield, average and maximum bulb weight.

S3559 Diagnostic Challenges in Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome: A Case Report

INTRODUCTION: Zollinger Ellison syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by gastric acid over production from increased gastrin by neuroendocrine tumors generally located in the duodenum or pancreas. Typically, patients present with abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. If left untreated, it can lead to refractory PUD, severe GERD, and diarrhea. CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: Patient is 82-year-old male with CAD, DM, GERD initially evaluated 14 years prior for anemia with EGD showing gastritis and duodenitis. 8 years later, EGD for melena showed a duodenal ulcer and gastritis without H pylori. Patient most recently was hospitalized with several weeks of epigastric pain, diarrhea and vomiting. His symptoms were initially suspected to be from gastroenteritis. The patient was subsequently hospitalized several more times with similar complaints. Despite extensive testing including c. diff and stool culture, Abdominal US and CT, a clear etiology could not be determined. Of note, he described transient relief of his symptoms while hospitalized on PPI however symptoms returned following discharge from the hospital, where he was noncompliant with PPI therapy. With continued symptoms, additional evaluation included cortisol, urine metanephrines, prolactin, VIP and gastrin levels. Notably gastrin level was 12,676 pg/mL. Octreotide scan then showed a somatostatin-bearing receptor tumor localized between the 1st and 2nd portions of the duodenum. EGD then showed severe esophagitis, duodenitis and a 10 mm subepithelial nodule in the 2nd part of the duodenum proximal to the ampulla with a single cratered ulcer in the 2nd part of duodenum distal to the ampulla. EUS revealed 12 × 19 mm hypoechoic duodenal bulb mass and two hypoechoic masses in pancreatic head measuring 43 × 23 mm and 10 × 2.5 mm with FNA revealing well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasms of the lesions indicating Zollinger Ellison Syndrome. Patient was deemed high risk for surgery and was simply continued on PPI therapy with improvement in symptoms. DISCUSSION: Diagnosis of ZES is suspected in patients with multiple gastric and duodenal ulcerations, particularly distally, and those with persistent dyspepsia refractory to PPI or who have a relapse of symptoms immediately after PPI is stopped. It is important to develop suspicion in the patients with chronic GI complaints to avoid delay in diagnosis. As in this case, despite nonadherence to medication therapy for PUD, it is still important to maintain a high index of suspicion of this disorder.