Bulb Dry Weight Research Articles

Improving onion productivity through optimum and economical use of soil macronutrients in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia

Various constraints are reported for the low productivity of onion in Ethiopia and among which inappropriate and uneconomical uses of soil macronutrient are the most important ones. This study is, therefore, undertaken to improve the productivity of onion through optimum and economical use of soil macronutrient (N and blended NPS) in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia under supplemental irrigation. The experiment was arranged in a factorial combination of four N (0, 46, 92 and 138 kg ha -1 ) and four NPS (0, 121, 242 and 363 kg ha -1 ) fertilizer levels in randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on phenology, growth, and yield and quality components of onions were recorded. The main effects of N and NPS fertilizer levels had significantly influenced days to 70% maturity, plant height, leaf length, bulb diameter, bulb length, average bulb weight, bulb dry weight, total biomass yield and total soluble solids. The interaction effect also significantly affected leaf number, total bulb yield and marketable bulb yield of onion. The highest total and marketable bulb yields of 47.69 and 47.42 t ha -1 , respectively, were obtained from 92 kg ha -1 N combined with 242 kg ha -1 of NPS fertilizer. Therefore, it can be concluded that 92 kg ha -1 of N and 242 kg ha -1 of NPS blended fertilizer with having 46 nitrogen, 92 phosphorus and 16.94 sulfur is economically feasible to improve the productivity of onion in the study area and similar environment. As the experiment was done for one variety, season and location, it has to be repeated with other varieties over seasons and locations to make a conclusive recommendation.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN BERBAGAI KONSENTRASI BIOINOKULUM PLUS TERHADAP HASIL TANAMAN BAWANG MERAH KULTIVAR ROTE

This study aims to determine the effect of various concentrations of POC Bio-Inoculum Plus on the yield of “ Rote ” Shallots. The design used was a Randomized Block Design (RAK). The treatment tested was the concentration of POC Bio-Inoculum which consisted of 6 levels which were: without POC 0 ml/l water, 2.5 ml/l, 5 ml/l, 7.5 ml/l, 10 ml/l and 12.5 ml/l. Based on the observations that (1) The concentration of POC Bio-Inoculum Plus affected the number of tillers, number of tubers, plant wet weight, dry weight of shallots, (2) Treatment of POC Bio-Inoculum Plus concentration of 7.5 ml/l gave the best effect on the number of tubers per clump (8.55 bulbs), fresh weight of bulbs per clump (40.25 g), fresh weight of bulbs per plot (1.168 g), dry weight of bulbs per clump (38.45 g), and dry tubers per plot (903.25 g). Keywords: Shallots, Rote Cultivars, Concentration, POC Bio-Inoculum Plus

Maximizing Bulb Yield and Quality of Onion (Allium Cepa L.) Through Agronomic Management of Phosphorus Fertilizer and Transplanting Date Under Irrigation in Alaba, Ethiopia.

Bulb yield and quality of the onion is constrained by a number of factors, including inappropriate transplanting age and poor fertilizer management practices. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to determine the best transplanting date on quality, combined with phosphorus level, on onion yield of onion. The study was conducted at Alaba, Ethiopia, during 2018/19 season. The treatments consisted of four phosphorus levels, i.e., 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg.ha-1, and three transplanting dates, i.e., 42, 49 and 56 days, from sowing. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with four replications. The result showed that transplanting date and phosphorus rate significantly affected bulb dry weight and marketable bulb yield which includes medium and large sized bulbs. Among these parameters, marketable bulb yield was also significantly affected by the interaction of transplanting date and phosphorus rate. In this study, onion fertilized with P at 60 kg.ha-1 transplanted at 56 days had the highest marketable bulb yield. The economic analysis revealed that the highest net benefit with the lowest cost of production was obtained from the application of P at 40 kg.ha-1 and the transplanting at 56 days. The marginal rate of return for this treatment was economically feasible for producing onion bulb in the districts.

Exogenous nitric oxide protect garlic plants against oxidative stress induced by salt stress

One of the most important environmental stresses in agriculture is soil salinity. This study was conducted to assess the effects of NaCl level on growth, relative leaf water content, electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll and photosynthetic pigment content, antioxidant activity and antioxidant enzyme activity of marketable Garlic (Allium sativum L.) in a hydroponic greenhouse experiment. Garlic plants were treated with NaCl (0, 30, 60 and 90 mM) and sodium nitroprusside application (0, 75 and 150 μg L−1). The results showed that sodium nitroprusside treatment improved the vegetative characteristics of plants (number of leaves, bulb length and dry weight of bulb) under salinity stress. The highest relative water content of leaves was observed in the treatment of 75 μg L−1 sodium nitroprusside and the level of 30 mM sodium chloride. Application of 75 μg L−1 of sodium nitroprusside could prevent the increase of lipid peroxidation at the level of 60 mM sodium chloride. The simple-effects analysis showed that with increasing the concentration of NaCl and also increasing the concentration of SNP, the amount of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll were decreased. Sodium nitroprusside (75 μg L−1) could improve the damaging effect of salinity stress by increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes. Application of sodium nitroprusside (75 μg L−1) at level 90 mM NaCl, increased the activity of glutathione reductase enzyme compared to the control at the same level. The results showed that the exogenous application of NO protected garlic plants against salt stress-induced oxidative damage by enhancing the biosynthesis of antioxidant enzymes, thereby improving plant growth under saline stress.

OPTIMASI JARAK TANAM DAN PEMUPUKAN NITROGEN UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI UMBI MINI BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascalonicum) ASAL TSS

Growing shallot from true shallot seed (Allium ascalonicum) is an alternative method. The aim of the experiment was to examine the effects of plant spacing and nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and production of shallot from TSS and the interaction between the treatments. The experimental design of this study was a Randomized Block Design (RBD) factorial 3x3 with 3 replications. The first factor was plant spacing, with 3 levels, 5 cm x 10 cm; 7,5 cm x 10 cm; and 10 cm x 10 cm. The second factor was nitrogen fertilizer, with 3 levels of dosage: 45 kg/ha, 90 kg/ha, and 135 kg/ha. The observed parameters were plant height, number of leaves per plot, bulb diameter, number of bulbs per plot, bulb fresh weight per plot, bulb dry weight per plot (sunlight), and bulb dry matter per plot (oven). Data was analyzed with the F test and HSD at 5%. The result showed that plant spacing affected bulb diameter, number of bulbs per plot, bulb fresh weight per plot, and bulb dry weight per plot (sunlight). Nitrogen fertilizer application only increased the number of leaves per plot. On all observed parameters, there was no interaction between plant spacing and nitrogen fertilizer application

The The Effect of Doses Quail Manure on The Growth and Yield of Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.)

Research on the effect of Quail Manure on the Growth and Yield of Shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.), has been carried out in Jorong Lima Ninik, X Koto Singkarak District, Solok Regency with an altitude of ± 400 m above sea level. This study aims to obtain the best dose of quail manure for the growth and yield of shallots. The method used was a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with 6 treatments, 4 groups. The treatment given was the dose of quail manure namely, as follows: P1=0 g/polybag, P2=30 g/polybag, P3=60 g/polybag, P4=90 g/polybag, P5=120 g/polybag, P6=150 g/polybag. The research data were analyzed for variance if the calculated F was greater than F table 5%, followed by Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at a 5% significance level. Parameters observed were plant height (cm), number of leaves (strands), number of tubers (fruit), wet weight (g), dry weight (g). The results showed that the application of quail manure had a very significant effect on plant height, the number of leaves, wet weight, and dry weight of shallot bulbs. The best results were obtained from the P5 treatment (120 g/polybag) with a production of 78.25 g/plant.

Onion (Allium cepa L.) bulb yield in low input production systems can be sustained through combined application of chicken manure and blended fertilizer

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of onion to different rates of chicken manure (CM) and blended fertilizer (BF) on growth and bulb yield at Jimma, Southwestern Ethiopia during the 2017/18 cropping season. Treatments consisted of four rates of CM (no CM, 5, 10 and 15 t ha- 1) and four rates of BF (no BF, 62.5, 125.0 and 187.5 kg ha−1) and laid out in 4 × 4 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on growth and bulb yield of onion were collected and analyzed using SAS version 9.3. Results showed that application of 15 t ha−1 CM + 125 kg ha−1 BF resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) desirable onion bulb characteristics such as larger bulb neck diameter (1.6 cm)bulb diameter (6.7 cm) and higher bulb dry weight (26.05 g plant−1). In addition, aboveground dry biomass weight (4.67 g plant−1), harvest index (84.79%), marketable bulb yield (37.34 t ha−1) and total bulb yield (37.86 t ha−1) were significantly influenced by the combined application of CM and BF suggesting that that productivity of onion can be improved through combined application of CM with BF. We conclude that combined application of CM along with BF could improve soil fertility and productivity of low input onion production systems.

Gamma Irradiation Induced High Yield Mutant Genotype Samosir Local Shallot in the Third Generation

The gamma irradiation can promote the agronomic characters of plant. This study aims to obtain putative mutant genotype of the 3rd generation Samosir local shallot (M1V3), which highly yields. The study used the augmented design in which 8 mutant genotypes of Samosir local shallot from the 2nd generation after gamma (γ)-ray treatment were planted along with untreated. The differences between the irradiation plants and untreated were tested by t-test: Similarity distance and dendrogram were analyzed using the hierarchical cluster. The results showed that almost all the mean values made by all quantitative agronomic character changes in the M1V3 populations were higher than those made in M1V2. The expected high heritability value with a broad coefficient of genetic diversity was found in the character of fresh and dried bulb’s weight resulted from genotype populations treated with γ rays irradiation with doses 3, 4 and 5 Gy. High heritability values were also found in the fresh weight and dry weight of bulb in genotype populations treated with doses 1 and 2 Gy with moderate genetic diversity coefficients. Selection based on the dried bulb’s weight from each mutant genotype population with a selection intensity of 30 % was obtained 39 genotypes that showed the highest selection index. The highest number of genotypes were selected from the application of γ-rays with a dose of 1 to 2 Gy, each of 10 genotypes. Therefore, application at the dose of 1 - 2 Gy in M1V3-generation for Samosir local shallot can still improve the yielding character through breeding to archive shallot in national.&#x0D; HIGHLIGHTS&#x0D; &#x0D; The low doses (1 to 5 Gy) of gamma rays increased the growth and yield of shallots in the third generation&#x0D; The dose at 2 Gy of gamma ray resulted in the highest plant length, number of tillers, number of bulbs, fresh- and dry weight of bulbs in mutant M1V3 of Samosir local shallot&#x0D; The results found that 38 of 39 shallot mutants had greater characters compared to the control&#x0D; The application of 1 - 2 Gy gamma rays on local shallots in the third generation can be used as an effort to increase the yield character&#x0D; &#x0D; GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Effect of Coconut Shell Biochar Application on the Effectivity of NPK Fertilizer in Red Onion (Allium ascalonicum L.) Cultivation

Shallot cultivation in Lampung faces challenges because the land is dominated by ultisol soils, which have low nutrients. Therefore, soil improvement materials such as biochar and fertilizers are needed. This study aims to determine the effect of coconut shell biochar addition on the effectiveness of NPK fertilizer in the production of shallots. The study was arranged in a Factorial Completely Randomized Design consisting of 2 factors, namely the dose of biochar (0, 40, 80, and 120 g/pot) and the dose of NPK fertilizer (0, 0,8, 1,6, and 2,4 g/pot). Each treatment combination was repeated 3 times. Parameters included soil characteristics (pH, soil volume shrinkage) and plant parameters (plant height, number of leaves, canopy area, buld number and diameter, evapotranspiration, fresh root weight, bulb air dry weight, and water productivity. The results showed that coconut shell biochar had a significant effect (α = 0.05) in increasing soil pH and decreasing soil shrinkage. The dose of biochar 80 g/pot (B2) with a dose of NPK 1.6 g/pot (N3) was the best treatment. In this treatment combination, shallots produced an average weight of 120.54 g/pot of fresh stover, 14 bulbs with diameter of 2.05 cm and air dry bulb weight of 70.17 g/pot, and the water productivity of 18.22 kg/m3. Keyword: Canopy area, Fertilizer dose, pH, Soil shrinkage, Water productivity

Yield Potential of Shallots Bulbil Planting Materials with Liquid Organic Fertilizer Treatment out of Season

The main problem with shallots in Indonesia is planting material. The use of consumption tubers as planting material is very high. Efforts are needed to replace consumption tuber planting material with other planting materials such as aerial tubers. This study examines the potential yield of aerial tuber planting material and consumption tuber with fertilization treatment. The study used a Completely Randomized Block Design with a split-plot pattern with two factors, namely: fertilizer (as the main plot) with two levels, namely: with liquid and chemical fertilizer. Types of planting material (as a subplot) with three levels, namely aerial tubers, large consumption tubers (1.93-2.05 cm) and small consumption tubers (1.04-1.29 cm). Repeat three times. Liquid organic fertilizer can be used to improve the chemical quality of the soil. The combination of bulbils planting material with chemical fertilizer resulted in the highest fresh weight of bulbs per plot and dry weight of bulbs per plot, namely 394.67 grams and 338.67 grams, respectively. However, the highest number of bulbs planted in the treatment of large consumption bulbs was 7 bulbs. The diameter of bulbs produced from bulbils planting material and bulb consumption was the same. Shallot bulbs have potential as planting material.

Influence of Zinc and Vermicompost on Growth, Yield And Mineral Nutrient Accumulation in Onion (Allium Cepa L.)

Effects of zinc, vermicompost and their joint effects on growth, yield and nutrient accumulation in the leaves and bulb of onion (Allium cepa L.) were examined. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) replicated thrice with twelve treatments involving different doses of Zn and vermicompost and a control treatments. Growth parameters viz. leaf height, leaf number, leaf area, leaf area index, bulb height, bulb area and fresh and dry weight of leaf, stem, bulb and root were assessed. The highest leaf height (63.87 cm), leaf number (28), leaf area (614.21 cm2), fresh weight (29.46 g) and dry weight (10.79 g) at first harvest were found in 30% vermicompost + 70% Zn application. The highest leaf height (42.33 cm), leaf number (15), leaf area (328.21 cm2), bulb height (5.67 cm), bulb equatorial diameter (5.67 cm), fresh weight (28.77 g) and dry weight (6.21 g) were found at second harvest in 30% vermicompost + 70% Zn. The maximum nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and Sulphur content of leaf were observed in 80% vermicompost + 20% Zn application. The maximum nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur content of bulb were observed in 60% vermicompost + 40% Zn application. The overall best growth performance and nutrient accumulation were observed in 30% vermicompost + 70% Zn application. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 31(1): 59-66, 2022 (January)

Adaptation of Three Local Garlics (Allium sativum L.) in Napu Plateau Central Sulawesi

One of the challenges in developing garlic in Indonesia is increasing its competitiveness. It means that the price and quality must be able to compete with imported garlic. Apart from that, productivity also needs to be increased. Currently, the national demand for garlic is estimated at 539.3 thousand tons per year (2016-2019), where domestic production only reaches 134.7 tons. Therefore, the rest number is fulfilled by importing. This condition has spurred many parties to take part in supporting the garlic development program, including the Central Sulawesi provincial government. Napu Plateau in Poso District Central Sulawesi Province is an area above 1000 meter of sea level and has A rain type with agro-climatic zone A1. This condition is very suitable for the development of vegetable crops, including garlic. The research objective was to determine the adaptability of three local varieties of garlic. The activity was carried out in Watumaeta Village, North Lore Subdistrict, Poso District, Central Sulawesi in April-July 2020. The study used a Randomized Block Design with treatments of three local varieties of garlic, namely Lumbu Hijau, Sembalun and Tinombo. Number of repetitions were five units. Observed parameters included plant height, number of leaves and stem diameter, bulb diameter, bulb weight, and number of cloves. The results showed that the garlic varieties have no significant effect on all observed parameters, except stem diameter, bulb dry weight and number of cloves. Those three local varieties have average number 54,70-58,18 cm of plant height; 7,70-8,08 of leaves; 0,35-0,42 cm of stem diameter; 2,41-2,78 cm of cloves diameter; bulb dry weight 11,92-17,09 gram; 4,10-4,90 of number of cloves. Among the three local varieties, Tinombo from Parigi Moutong District was superior compare to the other two varieties.

VARIABILITY, CHARACTER ASSOCIATION AND PATH ANALYSIS OF YIELD AND YIELD CONTRIBUTING TRAITS IN GARLIC (Allium sativum L.)

Ten genotypes of garlic (Allium sativum L.) were evaluated based on yield and yield contributing traits at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka during November 2017 to march 2018. In this experiment ten garlic genotypes viz. BARI Rosun-1(G1), BARI Rosun-2 (G2), BARI Rosun-3 (G3), BARI Rosun-4 (G4), Faridpuri (G5), China Rosun (G6), Natori (G7), Ekdana (G8), Khude (G9), Manikganji (G10) were used as experimental materials. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RBCD) with three replications. Mean performance, variability, genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficient and path analysis on different yield contributing characters and yield of garlic genotypes were estimated. The highest bulb yield/plant (13.57) was recorded in the genotype of BARI Rosun-3, whereas the lowest bulb yield/plant (9.007) from the genotype of BARI Rosun-2. Analysis of variance revealed that there were significant genotypic variation among the genotypes for all the characters of this study. Phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation for all the yield contributing traits. In correlation study, yield per bulb positively and significantly correlated with root length, bulb length, bulb diameter and dry weight per bulb at both genotypic and phenotypic levels respectively. Path coefficient analysis revealed highest positive indirect effects on yield per bulb were obtained by Plant height (13.921), leaf length (6.754), dry weight per bulb (3.552), bulb diameter (2.132), root length (1.91) and total number of leafs (1.629). Considering more dry weight of bulb, maximum bulb length, bulb diameter, no. of leaves, leaf length and plant height genotypes BARI Rosun-3, BARI Rosun-1 may be selected for garlic production.

A Land Productivity Of The Intercropping Shallot (Allium Ascalonicum L) And Chili Pepper (Capsicum Frutescens L) With Liquid Organic Fertilizer And Solid Organic Fertilizer

Shallot and cayenne pepper are two national superior commodities that must continue to be cultivated in order to meet the daily needs of the community. The purpose of the study was to determine the land productivity of the shallot and cayenne pepper intercropping system with POC Biological and Solid treatment. This research was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic University of Riau for 6 months, starting from October 2020 to March 2021. The study used a completely randomized design with 2 factorials, the first was the dose of Solid fertilizer with 4 treatment levels, namely 0 tons/ha, 5 tons /ha, 10 tons/ha, 15 tons/ha and the second is the concentration of Biological POC with 5 treatment levels, namely 0 ml/l water, 2 ml/l water, 4 ml/l water, 6 ml/l water, 8 ml/ l water. Parameters observed in shallot plants were plant height, number of tubers per clump, wet bulb weight per plant, dry bulb weight per plant, and in cayenne pepper plants were plant height, number of fruits per plant and fruit weight per plant. Observational data were analyzed statistically and continued with the further BNJ test at the 5% level. The results showed that the Solid and POC hayati treatment in shallots had a significant effect, with the best treatment being 4 ml/l water and 10 tons/ha. Meanwhile, the cayenne pepper plant has no effect except for plant height.

Effect of PSB and vermicompost on yield and quality of garlic (Allium sativum)

An experiment was conducted at R B S College, Bichpuri, Agra, during winter season of 2019–21 to find out the effect of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria and vermicompost on yield and quality of garlic. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design having three replications and seven treatments. The treatments were T1 (control), T2 (50% RDF + PSB), T3 (50% RDF + vermicompost), T4 (50% RDF + vermicompost + PSB), T5 (80% RDF + PSB), T6 (80% RDF + vermicompost) and T7 (80% RDF + vermicompost + PSB). The application of 80% RDF + vermicompost + PSB) (T7) recorded significantly maximum plant height (72.4 cm), green leaves/plant, leaf length (60.9 cm), leaf width (1.69 cm), Fresh weight of top (15.60 g), polar diameter of bulbs (5.28 cm), equatorial diameter of bulbs (4.86 cm), neck thickness of bulbs (9.47 mm), highest longest clove (3.62 cm), total bulb yield (155.5 q/ha)dry weight of bulb (19.01 g) and leaves (1.98 g). While, all parameters were recorded minimum in the control.

Physiological and morphological traits of tulip (Tulipa sp.) as affected by different concentrations of ethanol and methanol

Abstract Tulip (Tulipa sp.) is of the highest economic importance and cultivated area among all bulbous ornamental species. The spray of alcohol is regarded as a proper strategy to improve plant yields in sustainable agriculture systems. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different rates of ethanol and methanol on the traits of the tulip in a factorial experiment based on a Randomized Complete Block Design with two factors including ethanol at four levels (0, 10, 20, and 30 vol%) and methanol at four levels (0, 10, 20, and 30 vol%). The estimated traits included anthocyanin, carotenoid, chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, stem and leaf Brix index, leaf length and width, leaf area, total and bulb fresh and dry weight, leaf number, and flowering stalk length. Analysis of variance showed that the simple and interactive effects of different treatments were statistically significant on most estimated traits. The highest anthocyanin content (3.92 mg 100 g-1 DM), leaf length (25.83 cm), leaf area (258.6 cm2), and bulb fresh weight (25.81 g) were obtained from the plants treated with 30% ethanol, and the highest anthocyanin content (3.45 mg 100 g-1 DM) and leaf Brix index (10.15%) were related to 30% methanol. It can be concluded from the results that methanol and ethanol can be used as plant growth regulators.

POTENSI BEBERAPA LARUTAN ORGANIK DALAM MENDUKUNG PRODUKSI BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascalonicum)

Red unions are one type of plant that is widely used as a spice ini cooking and cannot be replaced with other types of plants so it is needed every time. The research objective was to obtain one type of organic solution that produced the highest production of shallots and to calculate the potential production of each given organic solution. The research was carried out at the Kebun Percontohan Balai Penyuluhan Pertanian Bulango Timur in January-April 2020. The research was conducted in the form of Randomized Bloc design consisting of 8 treatments including control namely without the use of organic solutions, POC, MOL Rice, MOL Banana, ZPT red union, ZPT Tauge, PGPR Root Bamboo and PGPR Elephan Grass Root. Repeat 3 times with a plot size 1 m x 1 m. The parameters observed were fresh weight and dry weight of red union bulbs. The results showed that the highest fresh weight was obtained from the treatment of ZPT red union 14,22 ton haˉ¹) and MOL banana (14,06 ton haˉ¹). The highest dry weight of bulbs resulted from the MOL treatment of banana (9,93 ton haˉ¹) and ZPT red union (9,87 ton haˉ¹).

Evaluation of Yield and Phytochemical Content of Different Iranian Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Ecotypes

Due to the development of garlic cultivation, quantitative and qualitative evaluations of garlic ecotypes in different regions are important for breeding purposes. In this study, some vegetative and phytochemical traits of eight Iranian garlic ecotypes were assayed in a RCBD with three replications at Darab Agricultural Research Station, Iran during 2017-2018 growing season. The results showed that there is a significant difference among garlic ecotypes in terms of studied traits (P <0.01). In general, Tarom and Tafresh ecotypes showed the highest plant height, number of leaves, length of garlic leaves, leaf width, fresh weight, dry weight and the highest bulb diameter. Highest dry weight of garlic bulb (g) per plant was obtained in Darab (79.0 g), Tarom (75.5 g), and Talesh (75.0 g) ecotypes, with no significant difference among them (P ≥ 0.01). Hamedan and Kerman ecotypes contained higher allicin content, alliin content, TPC, TFC, and TAC than the other ecotypes. Cluster analysis divided ecotypes into three distinct groups. Talesh and Hamedan ecotypes had the lowest similarity (0.34) and Darab and Tafresh ecotypes had the highest similarity (0.97). It can be concluded that Tarom, Tafresh, Hamedan, and Kerman can be recommended for cultivation depending on the quantitative (Tarom and Tafresh) and qualitative (Hamedan and Kerman) goals of cultivation

Organic matter and mixed biofertilizer for plant growth and yield of shallot grown in fertile soil

Nowadays, shallot is important horticultural crops in Maluku include in Tual City, Maluku Province. For ensuring the macronutrients level in soil and yield during shallot cultivation, fertilization composed of chemical, organic and bio fertilizer is needed. The objective of field experiment was to evaluate the effect of mixed biofertilizer integrated with organic matter on total nitrogen and available phosphorous in soil as well as shallot yield grown in Vertisols of Tual. The experiment was setup in randomized block design with four treatments of compost and chicken manure amendment with and without biofertilizer containing N-fixing bacteria and P-solubilizing. At the vegetative stage, consortia biofertilizer combined with either compost or chicken manure increased plant height and soil reaction but decreased the available phosphate (P) and didn't change nitrogen (N) total in soil. Chicken manure amendment combined with biofertilizer inoculation increased dry weight of shoots and bulbs even though didn't significantly differ with other treatments. Nonetheles, that treatment resulted in high yield of shallot bulbs up to 14 t/ha.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN GIBERELIN DAN PUPUK KALIUM TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI TANAMAN BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascalonicum L.)

This research aims to find out the interaction effect of gibberellin and potassium fertilizer doses, to examine the effect potassium fertilizer doses on various gibberellin concentrations, gibberellin concentrations on various potassium fertilizer doses, and to find the main effect of gibberellin and potassium fertilizer which is better for growth and the production of shallot plant. The research was conducted at the UPT of the Faculty of Agriculture, Riau University, Pekanbaru, starting from December 2018 to February 2019. The method was experimentally arranged using the completely randomized block design. The main plot was the gibberellin concentrations (0, 100, 200 and 300) ppm. The sub plot was the dose of potassium fertilizer (100 and 200) kg of KCl ha-1. The parameter observed were plant height, total of leaves, diameter of bulbs, total bulbs per clump, fresh weight of bulbs per clump/plot, and dry weight of bulbs. The data were analyzed statistically with anova and Duncan test continued level of 5%. There was interaction effect of gibberellin and potassium fertilizer increased the fresh weight of bulbs. The treatment 100 kg of KCl ha-1 and 200 ppm of gibberellin increased the fresh weight and dry weight of bulbs. The treatment 200 kg of KCl ha-1 and 200 ppm of gibberellin was better to increase the total of leaves and diameter of bulbs. The treatment of gibberellin 200 ppm was better to increase the fresh weight and dry weight of bulbs. The treatment of 200 of KCl ha-1 increased the plant height and total of leaves.