Built-in Property Research Articles

Bayesian Non-Parametric Ordinal Regression Under a Monotonicity Constraint

Compared to the nominal scale, the ordinal scale for a categorical outcome variable has the property of making a monotonicity assumption for the covariate effects meaningful. This assumption is encoded in the commonly used proportional odds model, but there it is combined with other parametric assumptions such as linearity and additivity. Herein, the considered models are non-parametric and the only condition imposed is that the effects of the covariates on the outcome categories are stochastically monotone according to the ordinal scale. We are not aware of the existence of other comparable multivariable models that would be suitable for inference purposes. We generalize our previously proposed Bayesian monotonic multivariable regression model to ordinal outcomes, and propose an estimation procedure based on reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo. The model is based on a marked point process construction, which allows it to approximate arbitrary monotonic regression function shapes, and has a built-in covariate selection property. We study the performance of the proposed approach through extensive simulation studies, and demonstrate its practical application in two real data examples.

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction with aminoanthraquinone organic dyes

The direct utilization of solar energy to convert CO2 into renewable chemicals remains a challenge. One essential difficulty is the development of efficient and inexpensive light-absorbers. Here we show a series of aminoanthraquinone organic dyes to promote the efficiency for visible light-driven CO2 reduction to CO when coupled with an Fe porphyrin catalyst. Importantly, high turnover numbers can be obtained for both the photosensitizer and the catalyst, which has not been achieved in current light-driven systems. Structure-function study performed with substituents having distinct electronic effects reveals that the built-in donor-acceptor property of the photosensitizer significantly promotes the photocatalytic activity. We anticipate this study gives insight into the continued development of advanced photocatalysts for solar energy conversion.

Horizontal connectivity in V1: Prediction of coherence in contour and motion integration

This study demonstrates the functional importance of the Surround context relayed laterally in V1 by the horizontal connectivity, in controlling the latency and the gain of the cortical response to the feedforward visual drive. We report here four main findings: 1) a centripetal apparent motion sequence results in a shortening of the spiking latency of V1 cells, when the orientation of the local inducer and the global motion axis are both co-aligned with the RF orientation preference; 2) this contextual effects grows with visual flow speed, peaking at 150–250°/s when it matches the propagation speed of horizontal connectivity (0.15–0.25 mm/ms); 3) For this speed range, the axial sensitivity of V1 cells is tilted by 90° to become co-aligned with the orientation preference axis; 4) the strength of modulation by the surround context correlates with the spatiotemporal coherence of the apparent motion flow. Our results suggest an internally-generated binding process, linking local (orientation /position) and global (motion/direction) features as early as V1. This long-range diffusion process constitutes a plausible substrate in V1 of the human psychophysical bias in speed estimation for collinear motion. Since it is demonstrated in the anesthetized cat, this novel form of contextual control of the cortical gain and phase is a built-in property in V1, whose expression does not require behavioral attention and top-down control from higher cortical areas. We propose that horizontal connectivity participates in the propagation of an internal “prediction” wave, shaped by visual experience, which links contour co-alignment and global axial motion at an apparent speed in the range of saccade-like eye movements.

Mass-Producible 2D Nanocomposite-Based Temperature-Independent All-Printed Relative Humidity Sensor.

Relative humidity sensors are widely studied under the categories of both environmental and biosensors owing to their vast reaching applications. The research on humidity sensors is mainly divided into two concentration areas including novel material development and novel device structure. Another approach focuses on the development of printed sensors with performance comparable to the sensors fabricated via conventional techniques. The major challenges in the research on relative humidity sensors include the range of detection, sensitivity (especially at lower %RH), transient response time, and dependence on temperature. Temperature dependence is one of the least studied parameters in relative humidity sensor development. In this work, relative humidity sensors were fabricated using all-printed approaches that are also compatible with mass production, resulting in low cost and easy development. Laser-induced graphene (LIG)-based printed electrodes were used as the transducers, while the 2D MoS2 and graphene nanocomposite was used as the active layer material with the built-in property of temperature independence. The exfoliation process of 2D MoS2 was based on wet grinding, while graphene for the active layer was obtained by scratching the graphene grown on the polyimide (PI) surface via laser ablation. The resulting sensors showed an excellent output response for a full range of 0%RH to 100%RH, having no dependence on the surrounding temperature, and excellent response and recovery times of 4 and 2 s, respectively. The developed sensors can be confidently employed for a wide range of humidity sensing applications where the temperature of the surrounding environment is not constant.

Programming of control devices in C++

Accidents on oil and gas pipelines, accompanied by fluid leakage, cause economic and environmental damage. The task of the chief mechanics is to prevent accidents and monitor the operation of the equipment. A prerequisite for the timely accidents control in the oil and gas industry and the elimination of their consequences is the prompt determination of the location of leaks and tie-ins. To solve this problem, a large number of methods that differ in sensitivity, external immunity, speed and accuracy of determining the coordinates of leak sites and tie-ins have been developed and applied. Frequency characteristics are used to solve a number of typical problems of research and processing of equipment failure signals. A variant of the implementation of the fast Fourier transform in the C++ programming language and the coding language of the Verilog programmable logic integrated circuit is proposed. When performing the work, Visual Studio software from Microsoft and Quartus from Intel (Altera) are used. A comparison of the results of processing several signals in the above programs is presented. When implemented in a programmable logic integrated circuit, the work is performed at the model level using the built-in intellectual property core (IP function), while in C++ the algorithm is implemented manually, which increases the accuracy of its execution. The practical significance of the work is the study and solution of the simplest tasks in the development of modern electronic devices, including for monitoring the operation of equipment in the oil and gas industry of rapid response, in the Verilog hardware description language and comparison with an alternative model in the programming language. Excerpts of the codes of both programs are presented. The FFT is illustrated (step by step), as well as the signals before and after processing are presented. This work can be used to teach students of higher educational institutions in the field of development, debugging and coding of electronic and radio-electronic devices, as well as in the creation and design of real devices in production. Familiarization and study of this programming language are conducted within the walls of one of the leading engineering universities of the Russian Federation, the Bauman Moscow State Technical University.

Visual Features and Their Own Optical Flow.

Symmetries, invariances and conservation equations have always been an invaluable guide in Science to model natural phenomena through simple yet effective relations. For instance, in computer vision, translation equivariance is typically a built-in property of neural architectures that are used to solve visual tasks; networks with computational layers implementing such a property are known as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). This kind of mathematical symmetry, as well as many others that have been recently studied, are typically generated by some underlying group of transformations (translations in the case of CNNs, rotations, etc.) and are particularly suitable to process highly structured data such as molecules or chemical compounds which are known to possess those specific symmetries. When dealing with video streams, common built-in equivariances are able to handle only a small fraction of the broad spectrum of transformations encoded in the visual stimulus and, therefore, the corresponding neural architectures have to resort to a huge amount of supervision in order to achieve good generalization capabilities. In the paper we formulate a theory on the development of visual features that is based on the idea that movement itself provides trajectories on which to impose consistency. We introduce the principle of Material Point Invariance which states that each visual feature is invariant with respect to the associated optical flow, so that features and corresponding velocities are an indissoluble pair. Then, we discuss the interaction of features and velocities and show that certain motion invariance traits could be regarded as a generalization of the classical concept of affordance. These analyses of feature-velocity interactions and their invariance properties leads to a visual field theory which expresses the dynamical constraints of motion coherence and might lead to discover the joint evolution of the visual features along with the associated optical flows.

Differential Correspondences and Control Theory

When a differential field K having n commuting derivations is given together with two finitely generated differential extensions L and M of K, an important problem in differential algebra is to exhibit a common differential extension N in order to define the new differential extensions L∩M and the smallest differential field (L,M ) ⊂ N containing both L and M. Such a result allows to generalize the use of complex numbers in classical algebra. Having now two finitely generated differential modules L and M over the non-commutative ring D = K [d1,...,dn] = K [d] of differential operators with coefficients in K, we may similarly look for a differential module N containing both L and M in order to define L∩M and L+M. This is exactly the situation met in linear or non-linear OD or PD control theory by selecting the inputs and the outputs among the control variables. However, in many recent books and papers, we have shown that controllability was a built-in property of a control system, not depending on the choice of inputs and outputs. The purpose of this paper is thus to revisit control theory by showing the specific importance of the two previous problems and the part plaid by N in both cases for the parametrization of the control system. An important tool will be the study of differential correspondences, a modern name for what was called Bäcklund problem during the last century, namely the elimination theory for groups of variables among systems of linear or nonlinear OD or PD equations. The main difficulty is to revisit differential homological algebra by using noncommutative localization as a way to generalize the symbolic calculus in the style of Heaviside and Mikusinski. Finally, when M is a D-module, this paper is using for the first time the fact that the system R = homK (M,K) is a D-module for the Spencer operator acting on sections, avoiding thus behaviours, trajectories and signal spaces in a purely formal way, contrary to a few recent works on this difficult subject.

Resilience Analysis for Double Spending via Sequential Decision Optimization

Recently, diverse concepts originating from blockchain ideas have gained increasing popularity. One of the innovations in this technology is the use of the proof-of-work (PoW) concept for reaching a consensus within a distributed network of autonomous computer nodes. This goal has been achieved by design of PoW-based protocols with a built-in equilibrium property: If all participants operate honestly then the best strategy of any agent is also to follow the same protocol. However, there are concerns about the stability of such systems. In this context, the analysis of attack vectors, which represent potentially successful deviations from the honest behavior, turns out to be the most crucial question. Naturally, stability of a blockchain system can be assessed only by determining its most vulnerable components. For this reason, knowing the most successful attacks, regardless of their sophistication level, is inevitable for a reliable stability analysis. In this work, we focus entirely on blockchain systems which are based on the proof-of-work consensus protocols, referred to as PoW-based systems, and consider planning and launching an attack on such system as an optimal sequential decision-making problem under uncertainty. With our results, we suggest a quantitative approach to decide whether a given PoW-based system is vulnerable with respect to this type of attack, which can help assessing and improving its stability.

Study on a novel screw rotor with variable cross-section profiles for twin-screw vacuum pumps

In order to improve the performance of screw rotors, a novel screw rotor with variable cross-section profiles, in which the screw pitch and cross-section profile varying with the helical angle, is proposed for twin-screw vacuum pumps in this paper. The screw pitch of the proposed screw rotor decreases, on the contrary, its screw width increases continuously from the suction side to the discharge side. Equations of its cross-section profile cluster varying with two variables, the angular parameter and helical angle, are derived. The proposed screw rotor is compared with the existing variable pitch screw rotor. The study results show that the proposed screw rotor can realize completely correct meshing, and has better comprehensive performance in terms of the built-in volume ratio, gas sealing and mechanical property. Thus, the screw rotor designed and the data obtained can be applied to the design and optimization of twin-screw vacuum pumps.

Convergent Semi-Lagrangian Methods for the Monge--Ampère Equation on Unstructured Grids

This paper is concerned with developing and analyzing convergent semi-Lagrangian methods for the fully nonlinear elliptic Monge--Ampere equation on general triangular grids. This is done by establishing an equivalent (in the viscosity sense) Hamilton--Jacobi--Bellman formulation of the Monge--Ampere equation. A significant benefit of the reformulation is the removal of the convexity constraint from the admissible space as convexity becomes a built-in property of the new formulation. Moreover, this new approach allows one to tap the wealthy numerical methods, such as semi-Lagrangian schemes, for Hamilton--Jacobi--Bellman equations to solve Monge--Ampere-type equations. It is proved that the considered numerical methods are monotone, pointwise consistent, and uniformly stable. Consequently, its solutions converge uniformly to the unique convex viscosity solution of the Monge--Ampere Dirichlet problem. A superlinearly convergent Howard's algorithm, which is a Newton-type method, is utilized as the nonlinear ...

4 Labview Based Automated External Defibrillator

In today's era when precise, accurate and timeefficient systems are in great demand, automated techniquessupersede manual practices. As a need of time, we introduce awireless, automated, cost effective, yet reliable and efficientsystem of fluid dispensing. Our prototype system can dispensevarying amounts of fluids in milliliters (maximum 1L) as perdemand of the user. It uses the principle of time based fluiddispensing achieved through the built-in timer property of theAT89C51 microcontroller. To satisfy the principle used andverify the system's accuracy, fluids of varying viscosities weredispensed and monitored. The experimental results of thewireless fluid dispensing system when tested showed linearrelationship between the dispensing time and desired volumes offluids having differing viscosities. The added feature of wirelesscontrol using HM-TRP series transceiver module along with onsitecontrol via a keypad eliminated the need of physical presenceof operator within the range of 10 meters in order to make thesystem operational. This system can be used in pharmaceuticaland beverage industries as well as in different laboratories fordispensing and filling volumes of fluids with varying viscosities.

Labview Based Automated External Defibrillator

In today's era when precise, accurate and time efficient systems are in great demand, automated techniquessupersede manual practices. As a need of time, we introduce a wireless, automated, cost effective, yet reliable and efficient system of fluid dispensing. Our prototype system can dispense varying amounts of fluids in milliliters (maximum 1L) as per demand of the user. It uses the principle of time based fluid dispensing achieved through the built-in timer property of the AT89C51 microcontroller. To satisfy the principle used and verify the system's accuracy, fluids of varying viscosities were dispensed and monitored. The experimental results of the wireless fluid dispensing system when tested showed linear relationship between the dispensing time and desired volumes of fluids having differing viscosities. The added feature of wireless control using HM-TRP series transceiver module along with onsite control via a keypad eliminated the need of physical presence of operator within the range of 10 meters in order to make the system operational. This system can be used in pharmaceutical and beverage industries as well as in different laboratories for dispensing and filling volumes of fluids with varying viscosities.

Labview Based Automated External Defibrillator

In today's era when precise, accurate and timeefficient systems are in great demand, automated techniquessupersede manual practices. As a need of time, we introduce awireless, automated, cost effective, yet reliable and efficientsystem of fluid dispensing. Our prototype system can dispensevarying amounts of fluids in milliliters (maximum 1L) as perdemand of the user. It uses the principle of time based fluiddispensing achieved through the built-in timer property of theAT89C51 microcontroller. To satisfy the principle used andverify the system's accuracy, fluids of varying viscosities weredispensed and monitored. The experimental results of thewireless fluid dispensing system when tested showed linearrelationship between the dispensing time and desired volumes offluids having differing viscosities. The added feature of wirelesscontrol using HM-TRP series transceiver module along with onsitecontrol via a keypad eliminated the need of physical presenceof operator within the range of 10 meters in order to make thesystem operational. This system can be used in pharmaceuticaland beverage industries as well as in different laboratories fordispensing and filling volumes of fluids with varying viscosities.

Fluid Dispenser Prototype: A Time Based Approach

In today's era when precise, accurate and time efficient systems are in great demand, automated techniquessupersede manual practices. As a need of time, we introduce a wireless, automated, cost effective, yet reliable and efficient system of fluid dispensing. Our prototype system can dispense varying amounts of fluids in milliliters (maximum 1L) as per demand of the user. It uses the principle of time based fluid dispensing achieved through the built-in timer property of the AT89C51 microcontroller. To satisfy the principle used and verify the system's accuracy, fluids of varying viscosities were dispensed and monitored. The experimental results of the wireless fluid dispensing system when tested showed linear relationship between the dispensing time and desired volumes of fluids having differing viscosities. The added feature of wireless control using HM-TRP series transceiver module along with onsite control via a keypad eliminated the need of physical presence of operator within the range of 10 meters in order to make the system operational. This system can be used in pharmaceutical and beverage industries as well as in different laboratories for dispensing and filling volumes of fluids with varying viscosities.

Fluid Dispenser Prototype: A Time Based Approach

In today's era when precise, accurate and timeefficient systems are in great demand, automated techniquessupersede manual practices. As a need of time, we introduce awireless, automated, cost effective, yet reliable and efficientsystem of fluid dispensing. Our prototype system can dispensevarying amounts of fluids in milliliters (maximum 1L) as perdemand of the user. It uses the principle of time based fluiddispensing achieved through the built-in timer property of theAT89C51 microcontroller. To satisfy the principle used andverify the system's accuracy, fluids of varying viscosities weredispensed and monitored. The experimental results of thewireless fluid dispensing system when tested showed linearrelationship between the dispensing time and desired volumes offluids having differing viscosities. The added feature of wirelesscontrol using HM-TRP series transceiver module along with onsitecontrol via a keypad eliminated the need of physical presenceof operator within the range of 10 meters in order to make thesystem operational. This system can be used in pharmaceuticaland beverage industries as well as in different laboratories fordispensing and filling volumes of fluids with varying viscosities.

4 Fluid Dispenser Prototype: A Time Based Approach

In today's era when precise, accurate and timeefficient systems are in great demand, automated techniquessupersede manual practices. As a need of time, we introduce awireless, automated, cost effective, yet reliable and efficientsystem of fluid dispensing. Our prototype system can dispensevarying amounts of fluids in milliliters (maximum 1L) as perdemand of the user. It uses the principle of time based fluiddispensing achieved through the built-in timer property of theAT89C51 microcontroller. To satisfy the principle used andverify the system's accuracy, fluids of varying viscosities weredispensed and monitored. The experimental results of thewireless fluid dispensing system when tested showed linearrelationship between the dispensing time and desired volumes offluids having differing viscosities. The added feature of wirelesscontrol using HM-TRP series transceiver module along with onsitecontrol via a keypad eliminated the need of physical presenceof operator within the range of 10 meters in order to make thesystem operational. This system can be used in pharmaceuticaland beverage industries as well as in different laboratories fordispensing and filling volumes of fluids with varying viscosities.

Consolidity: Moving opposite to built-as-usual systems practices

With the recent uncovering of the mystery of consolidity as an inner property of systems, it is demonstrated that this notion is an indispensable pillar of systems modeling, analysis, design and building. Based on the opposite mathematical relation between consolidity versus stability and controllability, a new conceptual life cycle (change pathway) graph for natural and man-made built-as-usual systems is presented and thoroughly discussed. For the conceptual cycle development progress, it is logically conceived that system behavior changes rate has not accidentally happened, but is relatively influenced at the point of progress by the associated direct system consolidity index corresponding to the acting on-the-spot varying environments or effects. Such conceptual graph represents a real research advancement indicating that we have to move opposite to current systems building practices for solving many real life enigmatic problems. It is illustrated using stabilization of inverted pendulum problem that it is amenable by cleverly manipulating systems structure and parameters to attain new designed systems with aggregates of superiority of consolidity, stability and controllability principle. It is recommended that we have to seek new generation of innovative non-conventional systems structures moving opposite to conventional built-as-usual system practices that can enable providing directly such three aggregates of superiority requirements as their built-in self property. This will open the door towards solving many real life challenging dilemmas in various sciences and disciplines, such as engineering, space sciences, medicine, pharmacology, biology, ecology, life sciences, economy, operations research, humanities and social sciences that are believed to be attributed due to their systems inferior consolidity.

Disagreements and agreements in personal/diary blogs: A closer look at responsiveness

In this paper, I focus on responsiveness in 185 disagreements and 219 agreements in the comments sections of eight personal/diary blogs. Since the message format of personal/diary blogs is such that responsiveness is not signalled by the system, interlocutors need to make manifest to whom a disagreement or agreement is directed. Bloggers and readers are likely to make use of a variety of means of signaling responsiveness, such as naming, format tying (Muntigl and Turnbull, 1998) and quoting. The are not likely to rely extensively on quoting, as they might in modes in which quoting constitutes a built-in technological property. My analysis of disagreements and agreements highlights that while responsiveness is integral to agreements and disagreements, it does not have to be made explicit in personal/diary blog interactions. I argue that explicitness appears to be associated with the participation framework of blogs, such that there is a greater need to signal responsiveness explicitly when readers address other readers, but a smaller need to signal responsiveness explicitly when readers address bloggers. The paper thus demonstrates how particular social (participation framework) and medium factors (message format and quoting) (Herring, 2007) are tied with the linguistic realisation of disagreements and agreements.

Biomolecular Filters for Improved Separation of Output Signals in Enzyme Logic Systems Applied to Biomedical Analysis

Biomolecular logic systems processing biochemical input signals and producing "digital" outputs in the form of YES/NO were developed for analysis of physiological conditions characteristic of liver injury, soft tissue injury, and abdominal trauma. Injury biomarkers were used as input signals for activating the logic systems. Their normal physiological concentrations were defined as logic-0 level, while their pathologically elevated concentrations were defined as logic-1 values. Since the input concentrations applied as logic 0 and 1 values were not sufficiently different, the output signals being at low and high values (0, 1 outputs) were separated with a short gap making their discrimination difficult. Coupled enzymatic reactions functioning as a biomolecular signal processing system with a built-in filter property were developed. The filter process involves a partial back-conversion of the optical-output-signal-yielding product, but only at its low concentrations, thus allowing the proper discrimination between 0 and 1 output values.

Investigating self healing behaviour of pure bitumen using Dynamic Shear Rheometer

Self healing is known as a built-in property of bitumen, which can help bitumen and asphalt concrete to recover its strength after damage. Healing can also extend the service life of asphalt pavements. A two-piece healing (TPH) test was developed to investigate the self healing behaviour of pure bitumen using the Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). During the TPH test, a healing process was directly simulated by pressing the two pieces of bitumen together under a parallel-plate system. Two phases can be distinguished from the TPH healing test, the initial healing phase due to gap closure, and the time dependent healing phase. The results are summarised as following. (1) Initial healing phase: The initial healing phase has a three-stage complex modulus increase with the closure of the gap thickness. A rapid increase of the complex modulus is observed in the second stage of the initial healing curve due to a 0.5mm gap reduction. (2) Time dependent healing phase: The time dependent healing results show a distinctive difference between the gap constant control mode and the normal force constant control mode. The normal force control healing can be decomposed into the time dependent healing during a gap constant mode and additional healing by compression. It was indicated that the compressive normal force strongly promotes healing development. (3) It was also demonstrated that many factors can influence the complex modulus measurement results by using the DSR parallel-plate geometry.