Built-in Furniture Research Articles

Preliminary Study on the Emission Dynamics of TVOC and Formaldehyde in Homes with Eco-Friendly Materials: Beyond Green Building

This preliminary study investigates the emission characteristics of formaldehyde (HCHO) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) in indoor environments, comparing the effects of eco-friendly materials and general materials. The study analyzes the concentration changes over time in the living rooms of experimental units to assess the effectiveness of eco-friendly materials in reducing indoor air pollutants. The results show that eco-friendly materials exhibit lower initial emissions of TVOC than general materials, gradually decreasing over time. Compared to the eco-friendly material unit, the general material unit takes longer to reach acceptable TVOC concentrations. The emission pattern of HCHO differs from TVOC, with the highest peak occurring on the seventh day. Major individual VOCs, except for benzene, exhibit a similar decreasing trend for TVOC over time. Eco-friendly materials demonstrate significant reductions in emissions compared to general materials in various material applications, including parquet flooring, wallpaper, built-in furniture, and kitchen furniture. However, the difference in emissions for door and window frames using eco-friendly materials is minimal. These findings emphasize the effectiveness of eco-friendly materials in reducing indoor air pollutants and provide valuable insights for creating healthier living environments. Further research is needed to optimize the application of eco-friendly materials in specific components and investigate their long-term impact on indoor air quality and occupant health.

Ship of Darkness: Jazz and/as Affect in the Global Cruise Industry

Ship of Darkness: Jazz and/as Affect in the Global Cruise Industry

1인 거주 쉐어하우스 연구에서 만족도 조사항목 추출에 관한 연구

Sharehouse has been supplied as an alternative to solving the steadily increasing one-room housing problem of single-person households every year, and it is necessary to investigate the satisfaction of residents who actually live in sharehouse through P.O.E. Therefore, this study analyzed priror researches related to the existing one-person households, sharehouses, and satisfaction surveys, and summarized indicators with high relevance and frequency to derive satisfaction survey factors that can clearly evaluate the improvement architectural plan of sharehouses. As a result, it was classified into 4 items in the 'general information' category to investigate the status, housing rental type, and housing cost of the sharehouse, 15 factors in the 'peripheral environment' category to evaluate the safety, 3 factors in the 'community' category, and 17 factors in the space (facility) and service category. In the "General Information" section, the overall one-person housing satisfaction, desired sharehouse type, housing rental type, housing cost, and living expenses were reduced. In the "Surrounding Environment", accessibility to public office, accessibility to cultural facilities, accessibility to medical facilities, accessibility to work and school, convenience stores, noise pollution and safety. In addition, in the "community" section, it consists of interactions with various people, relationships with housemates and in the "space (facilities) and service" section, heating, waterproof, soundproof, ventilation, moisture and condensation blocking, facility management, interior, room size, built-in furniture, storage space, laundry, parking. Most of the scales for each factor were 5-point Likert scales, allowing evaluation of the degree of satisfaction, and some factors presented criteria to induce structured answers. Therfore, it is expected that the survey will be conducted on residents who actually live by deriving factors for the satisfaction survey of one-person households living in the sharehouse, and the current status of the sharehouse will be identified, and the degree of satisfaction will be analyzed to be used for research.

Thermal behavior analysis of wood-based furniture applied with phase change materials and finishing treatment for stable thermal energy storage

In recent times, indoor environments have become increasingly important for occupants who spend most of their time indoors. The use of furniture, which occupies a large specific surface area in interior spaces, is expanding. Medium-density fiberboard, particleboard, and plywood are generally used as wood-based furniture materials, and these materials require surface-finishing treatment to maintain quality and efficiency. Among various types of finishing treatments, low-pressure melamine (LPM) coating can be applied to other materials using the hot pressure process. The coating provides an exterior pattern, reduces the emission of pollutants, and resists moisture. However, when a furniture item is fixed in environment with a large temperature difference, water vapor condensation is likely to occur. In particular, the materials of a built-in furniture item require to be improved. As the use of indoor furniture increases, various functions are required. In this study, phase change materials (PCMs) were applied to wood-based furniture materials to reduce their sensitivity to temperature changes and provide effective heat storage properties. This application process was performed using three types of materials, and the results indicated high enthalpy and thermal storage performance. The PCM/wood material of the surface of the specimen required 187 min to reach the peak temperature at a high ambient temperature and exhibited reduced temperature sensitivity. Moreover, LPM-based finishing treatment is an effective method to prevent PCM leakage.

A Comparative Study of TVOC and HCHO Emissions From Various Multilayer Built-in Furniture Components Based on ISO 16000-9:2006 Emission Test Chamber Methods

Multilayer materials of built-in furniture components emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the indoor environment. Although many green building rating systems have set criteria for indoor environments, typical buildings in Thailand have not implemented these requirements, especially for local furniture. This study aimed to identify the magnitude of VOC emissions and the relationships between these VOC emissions and inner structures, finishing techniques used for built-in components, and the cost of interior built-in furniture built by local contractors. A total of 33 specimens of built-in components normally found in Thailand were prepared and wrapped in plastic before being transported to the test facility. The total volatile organic compound (TVOC) and formaldehyde (HCHO) emission rates were measured using emission test chambers, as per the ISO 16000-9 standard, with a size of 0.21 m³, at a temperature of 23 °C, a relative humidity of 45%, an air exchange rate of 0.5 ACH, and a loading factor of 0.42 m²m-³. The measurements were conducted 3 days and 28 days after the specimens were unwrapped. It was found that specimens finished with coating techniques had the highest TVOC and HCHO emission rates, while those with single-layer materials that used covering techniques had the lowest TVOC and HCHO emission rates. The covering techniques were found to be cheaper but less durable than coating techniques. All specimens exhibited high emission concentrations in the chambers (i.e., more than the standard limit) even after 28 days. This should help raise awareness of the importance of selecting built-in furniture based on finishing techniques that make use of low-VOC materials, which are available on the market and provide better indoor air quality.

Review: Elizabeth Scheu Close: A Life in Modern Architecture, Powerhouse: The Life and Work of Judith Chafee

Review: <i>Elizabeth Scheu Close: A Life in Modern Architecture</i>, <i>Powerhouse: The Life and Work of Judith Chafee</i>

Chardak Between Heaven and Earth: Tracing Vernacular Space in Balkan Architecture by Judith Bing

Reviewed by: Chardak Between Heaven and Earth: Tracing Vernacular Space in Balkan Architecture by Judith Bing Serena Acciai Judith Bing Chardak Between Heaven and Earth: Tracing Vernacular Space in Balkan Architecture Maine, USA: Procyon Lotor Press, 2018. 303 Pp. ISBN 978-1-73321994-1-5 The research carried out by Professor Judith Bing, together with Professor J. Brooke Harrington, has evolved over thirty years. In its opening passages, it recalls Nicolas Bouvier’s discovery of the Balkan world, which stretched from Belgrade to the idyllic Šumadija farmland. There, Bing first encountered the subject she would delve into for the following decades. In one sense, it is a travel book, much like Le Corbusier’s experience recorded in Le Voyage d’Orient in 1911. Bing unearths the poetic meaning of the vernacular element chardak, a wooden veranda, and “an element that could expose and join together a region of rich cultural complexity”. The book has a poetic levity as it describes how the same architectural element found its way into different cultures over a vast geographical area. It also bridges the controversial, and, at times tragic, history of the last 30 years in the Balkans. The author highlights the ancient iconographic sources of this kind of space and also explores the etymological origin of the word chardak. Her research is ample and even takes into consideration the military chardak type constructed along the “wooden line” on the Sava River as a frontier between the warring Hapsburgs and Ottomans. Particularly fruitful was Bing’s reading of the Romanian chardak tradition, which influenced greatly Le Corbusier’s building and theoretical expertise, and was described in the famous juvenile trip recorded in his book. Herein lies the link between Le Corbusier’s five points for architecture and his early encounter with the Ottoman-Balkan housing tradition. The Swiss master was one [End Page 197] of the first XX century architects to recognize the similarities between this historic house type and the modern house: a similarity which lies in the up-to-date relationship between the ground plan and the elevation, in the independence of the inner disposition of a room from the wall structure, in the built-in furniture, in the architecture of the outer rooms, in the plastic modeling of the house above its supporting walls, in the harmony of architecture with nature, and in the desire for a view. She deals with the multicultural complexity of the region by showing some shared aspects of Balkan cultures. Literature, material culture, history, many good sketches, and architectural surveys are the tools that Bing employs for her fascinating tale. These same documents are also the corpus of the marvelous Balkan Vernacular Architecture portal edited by Bing and Harrington (available at http://www.balkanarchitecture.org/). The site is well worth visiting as their life-long research is an extraordinary tool for any scholars wanting to explore the rich vernacular housing heritage in these lands. The book is a thesaurus of the terminology used to indicate this type of space prevalent in the Balkan lands, from Croatia in the west West to Anatolia in the East. It gathers many case-studies based on literature by the most influential scholars of the region. She particularly regards Dusan Gabrijian’s studies on Bosnian and Macedonian chardak because they are, after Le Corbusier, a fundamental step for the work in this field and one of the best typological analyses carried out in (the former) Yugoslavia by a modern architect. Any formal and functional variant of this vernacular wooden veranda is contemplated and explained by Bing in relationship to the domestic culture of the land under study. The reader travels with her on this journey from West to East and throughout time, until reaching Istanbul, where the chardak is usually called kiosk and is a variant of the main gathering space called sofa. The section dedicated to the use of the chardak in monasteries starts from the same consideration made by the Balkan architect Aleksandar Deroko about the persistence of some characteristic vernacular elements in monastic complexes. Over time, monasteries’ housing complexes have often been rebuilt, but always in the same manner, and have permitted the conservation of this building type...

CFD를 이용한 소형 공동주택 내 톨루엔 흡착자재 시공 위치에 따른 성능 평가

Purpose: Recently, the adsorption removal of pollutants to improve indoor air quality has attracted attention. Nevertheless, there are no guidelines in Korea that specifies the construction location of adsorption materials. There have been related studies conducted in offices or large apartment houses, but no studies have been carried on small apartment houses yet. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the toluene reduction performance according to the construction location of an adsorption material in a small apartment house. Method: First, the adsorption simulation method using CFD was validated. Next, various case studies were performed on a typical small apartment floor plan using the validated simulation method. The adsorption material construction locations are the wall behind the cabinets of the sink, the wall behind the built-in clothes cabinet, and the wall behind the shoe cabinet. Result: When an adsorption material was installed on the back wall of the built-in furniture, the toluene reduction performance was good in the order of the cabinets of the sink, the clothes cabinet, and the shoe cabinet. In addition, the results were found to significantly reduce the indoor toluene concentration when installed in all locations.

The Influence of Parametric Design Tools on Increasing Creativity in the Furniture Design Process

This paper tries to investigate the influence of parametric design tools on increasing creativity of furniture designers, hence the most difficult issue for a designer is the creative thinking and bringing new ideas into life. The methodology of this paper is to make a protocol analysis to find criteria of creativity based on the reviewed literature, then create a measurement scale based on these criteria to evaluate the creative aspects of parametric design furniture’s, and a comparison study has been made between parametric design furniture designed with geometrical model-based design. A survey prepared and distributed among 30 architects who had experience in furniture design to assess the creativity level of each furniture which contained three categories (chairs, shelves, and built-in furniture). The participants were 22 males and 8 females. From analyzing results, we can find that 65.38 % of the participants said they have used parametric design tools in the average of (3 years’ experience) while the other 34.62 % said they didn’t use it before. 92.31 % from the respondents think that parametric design increases creativity, and the rest disagrees. The results of the first part show that participants rated the selected parametric furniture based on criteria of creativity as following: For Originality 4/5, aesthetic 4/5, Function 3.5/5, elegancy 4/5, and Innovation 4/5. While the second part of the survey which a comparison; the median for parametric furniture’s creativity level was 4 while the median for geometric based modelled was 3. From the results, we can conclude that parametric design tools indeed help designers to do creative designs more than geometric based design tools. For future studies, we suggest investigating the role of parametric design in the interior design process in total, hence we only studied its influence on the furniture design process.

Identification and Characterization of Fungi Contaminated in the Built-In Furniture of an Apartment Home

Fungal contamination of built-in furniture is a frequent problem in Korea when new apartment is built. However, domestic information on the contaminating fungi is very limited. This study was conducted to isolate, identify and characterize the fungi of the problem in one of the apartment houses where the fungi were claimed in the built-in furniture before the house owner moves in. Fungi present in the furniture installed in a main room, dress room, and kitchen side were visually and microscopically confirmed and purely isolated on PDA. The isolated fungi were identified by analyzing the morphological characteristics and nucleotide sequence of the ITS, calmodulin gene, and TEF-1α gene. Aspergillus creber, A. niger, A. pseudoglacus, A. ruber, Cladosporium perangustum and Penicillium commune were identified. Four out of the six fungal species were positive for at least one enzyme in six kinds of extracellular enzyme assays. When these four species (A. creber, A. niger, C. perangustum and P. commune) were inoculated onto four kinds of wood chips of furniture materials, they were able to colonize all of the wood chips. Their settlement was better at 95% humidity condition than at 30% humidity condition. Among the four species, C. perangustum caused the darkest discoloration and secreted the most number of extracellular enzymes. The four species were re-isolated from the colonized wood chips and confirmed as the problematic fungi in the built-in furniture.

Experimental Evaluation of the Ability of an Auxiliary Heating Device to Reduce the Condensation Risk around Built-in Wardrobes of Apartment Buildings in Winter

Recently, there has been an increase in the condensation and mould problems of apartment buildings in Korea owing to the high insulation and high air-tightness performance of buildings, which increase energy savings. Condensation is generally found in winter on furniture back panels and adjacent surfaces of the wall, floor, and ceiling. These problems are related to the weather conditions and indoor room conditions in winter. To solve these problems, an auxiliary heating device that can be installed was developed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate condensation risk in the condensation vulnerable areas around built-in furniture of apartment buildings by installing an auxiliary heating device. The experimental results reveal that condensation risk can be reduced by comparing the thermal environment around the built-in furniture with and without installation of an auxiliary heating device in winter. Furthermore, they reveal that it is possible to increase the surface temperature of vulnerable areas around built-in wardrobe by applying an auxiliary heating device to minimize condensation problems by using a minimum device.

Energia dos cristais: requalificação expográfica no Museu Geológico da Bahia

Este artigo trata da requalificação do núcleo expositivo Energia dos Cristais do Museu Geológico da Bahia, relatando o processo desse trabalho. Com poucos recursos financeiros, o maior desafio foi conceber uma nova configuração em uma área reduzida com mobiliário embutido e identificar soluções técnicas para estabelecer uma via de comunicação mais próxima do público. O texto apresenta os caminhos trilhados na elaboração e montagem dessa exposição e os aspectos relacionados com o acervo antes e depois do processo de construção do projeto.

Evaluation of the Thermal Environment for Condensation and Mold Problem Diagnosis Around Built-in Furniture in Korean Apartment Buildings during Summer and Winter

Recently, condensation and mold problems in apartment buildings have been on the rise due to increased insulation and airtightness performance for energy savings. Occupants in residential buildings have suffered property damages due to condensation and mold on built-in furniture, especially in Korean apartment buildings. Generally, condensation and mold growth on built-in furniture were found during summer and winter on the back panels of the furniture and adjacent surfaces of the walls, floor, and ceiling. These problems are related to the weather and indoor room conditions. To solve these problems, it is necessary to investigate the thermal environment around the built-in furniture and in living spaces during summer and winter. The aim of the study was to analyze the thermal environment around the built-in furniture during summer and winter. Through field measurements at apartment buildings that were constructed from 1990 to 2014, the thermal conditions around the built-in furniture were assessed. Results indicate that nine target apartment buildings did not incur condensation during summer, but they suffered from mold. Four apartment buildings, which were constructed after 2004, incurred condensation during winter, but they did not suffer from mold. Based on our results, we have prepared a solution design guide for preventing condensation and mold around built-in furniture.

공동주택의 붙박이장 설치 공간에서 결로 발생 현상 진단을 위한 동계 실내 온열 환경 평가

공동주택의 붙박이장 설치 공간에서 결로 발생 현상 진단을 위한 동계 실내 온열 환경 평가

모듈러 목업주택의 실내공기질 실측조사 연구

본 연구는 다변화 되는 건설환경에서 모듈러 주택에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있어 모듈러 목업 주택을 대상으로 신축시 실내공기질 현황을 측정하였다. 붙박이 가구가 미설치된 세대(101호)와 붙박이 가구가 설치된 세대(102호), 2세대를 대상으로 시간경과에 따라 3차 측정을 실시하였다. 1차는 마감 및 붙박이 가구 설치 직후 측정하였으며 2차는 베이크아웃 실시 이후, 3차는 약 2.5개월(77일) 이후 측정하였다. 측정결과 1차 측정시 붙박이 가구 설치세대가 오염물질 방출농도가 높았으나 톨루엔의 경우를 제외하고 모두 권고기준 이하로 나타났다. 3차 측정시에는 톨루엔과 스티렌을 제외하고 두세대가 유사한 방출량으로 나타났으며 두세대 모두 미미한 수준으로 방출량이 낮아졌다. 이는 측정세대 모듈이 적어(<TEX>$14.7m^2$</TEX>) 베이크아웃 및 환기에 의한 영향이 크게 나타난 것으로 판단되며 이를 통해 오염물질이 외부로 방출되어 저감된 것으로 판단된다. 일반 공동주택의 입주시점을 고려한다면 모듈러 주택의 경우도 모두 실내공기질 권고기준 이하로 나타날 것으로 판단되며, 가구에 의한 영향은 톨루엔이 가장 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 향후에는 모듈조합을 통해 중형 이상 규모 모듈러 주택에 있어서 가구설치 여부에 따른 상관관계를 살펴 볼 필요성이 있을 것으로 판단된다. Recently, It has been much interest in modular housing construction. so, The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of the indoor air quality in modular mock-up housing. We measured indoor air quality(formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, styrene) of two modular mock-up units that built-in furniture is installed and uninstalled. As a result, the pollutants of built-in furniture installed unit were emitted more than built-in furniture uninstalled unit. But after bake-out and ventilation, emission concentrations of two modular mock-up units were similar and were below Indoor Air Quality recommendation standards. Built-in furniture is likely to affect the emission concentration of toluene

공동주택에서의 플러쉬아웃 현황 및 개선방향을 위한 연구

Volatile organic compounds in buildings from finishing materials, adhesives, built-in furniture, etc. can cause headaches, atopic dermatitis, etc. for occupants in the buildings. To mitigate this, the Korean government has obligated to flush out the buildings after new construction and before occupancy since 2011. In this study, the current status of performing flush-out in multi-family residential buildings in Korea were analyzed, and its improvement would be proposed. At first, a questionnaire survey was conducted to figure out the current status of flush-out performances targeting a number of construction companies who have already constructed multi-family residential buildings with compliance of the obligation. Through the analysis of this survey, several conditions that need to be improved for flush-out were identified. Secondly, the identified conditions were evaluated in varying conditions using a simulation program to figure out an effective way of performing flush-out rather than as it is. As a result, a flush-out performance period with an appropriate supply air volume, and indoor temperature and humidity were identified to be improved through the survey, and it revealed through the simulation that the flush-out should be performed at least 14 days to reduce the indoor air pollution more than a half.

Malay Furniture: Design, Function and Meaning

This paper seeks to present the furniture usage in Malay traditional house spatial organization. Data analysis is focused on Anjung/Rumah Tangga, Serambi, and Rumah Ibu area. Qualitative research is analyzed from the literature review and case study at Maliah Idin's Melaka traditional house at Jasin, Melaka. The study found that the structure of the Melaka house played a significant role in creating built-in and loose type furniture. A built-in furniture is a form and space that has a combination of furniture function and space structure. The furniture presents a manifestation of the Malay culture and the way of life.

페르소나 특성을 반영한 데이케어센터 실내환경디자인 개선방안 도출 - 종로 구립 실버센터의 사례를 중심으로 -

As part of alternative of elderly problems in the future super-aging society, this study aims to extract an improvement plan of interior environment design of Seoul-type day care centers to expand in future by observing day care centers as medical and healing environments, from the perspective of user experience. For this study, after selecting major activity areas of representative cases of Seoul-type day care centers, user behaviors in the space were observed and 4 seniors of baby-boom generation who are potential uses were chosen as personas by reflecting characteristics of healthy elderly, physical aging, mental aging and infirm elderly, from the perspective of user experience. Based on previous studies on healing environments, these characteristics and demands of personas were classified into environmental aspects, physical aspects and mental aspects to extract an improvement plan. The study results are as follows. First, interior environment design reflecting persona characteristics helps the elderly adapt to the environment and provides a comfortable environment like home for stability, treatment and recovery of memory. Second, interior environment design reflecting persona characteristics helps psychological healing through light entering the large windows and natural environment elements. Third, for interior environment design reflecting persona characteristics, finish materials with bright and soft colors should be used to change the images of facilities positively. Fourth, spatial composition should be remedied through division of space and built-in furniture depending on the needs of users for loitering of extra time and programs.

초고층 주상복합 건물의 하자 발생 유형 및 분석 연구

Recently, public interest in housing defects, such as construction errors, occupiers' complaints, faults in production, and so on, is increasing. In addition, the construction requirements of high-rise residential buildings have increased, due to the higher prices of urban areas, especially in metropolitan areas. While previous research has focused on the defects occurring in apartment housing complexes, research has not been carried out on the defects occurring in high-rise residential buildings. In this paper, the defects patterns and characteristics of high-rise residential buildings are examined and analyzed and a defect management plan is then suggested. In order to do this, we collected the defects data of high-rise residential buildings recorded by 2,299 of 2,327 occupants. The defect occurrence rate (DOR) in the residential area is 98.8%. The frequency rate of defect occurrence over the total defect occurrence since building completion is 63.28% during the first year, 24.63% (second year), 6.88% (third year), 2.27% (fourth year), and 2.53% (fifth year). The result of correlation analysis between work types showed that there is a relationship between the built-in furniture and electronics (F&E) and painting works, and the F&E and masonry works, such as marble finishing. We expect that this research will assist in the efforts to decrease the number of defects in high-rise buildings.

The Castle: A Lean Micro-Dwelling

The Castle, a long-term collaboration between the School of Architecture &amp; Design and local youth-service organizations, intends to assist youth at risk of homelessness by deploying micro-dwellings to households experiencing spatial and emotional distress. Responding to a demonstrated gap in the housing market, the brief for The Castle demands a dwelling that is small, mobile, autonomous and spatially clever. Aside from important social and pedagogical agendas The Castle explores ‘leanness’ in timber construction. Three prototypes have resulted in ‘panitecture,’ a highly adaptive construction system composed of CNC-router cut folded plate plywood wall panels integrated with built-in furniture. Panitecture results in an overall reduction in material waste, direct applicability to a low-skilled workforce and opportunities for mass-customisation, accommodating infinite design configurations to be processed without the need for continual redesign. Options are also available for deployment onto site—as a digital file, as individual components, assembled panels, an assembled carcass or as a completed dwelling.