Building Research Articles

Optimizing Energy Distribution and Utilization in Multi-Building Complexes Using Effective Thermal Storage Systems and Renewable Energy Sharing

An increase in renewable energy sources and a subsequent need for more energy-efficient construction practices have prompted efforts to optimize energy distribution networks. Various building types, including residential, hotel, and hospital structures, may benefit from solar-based integrated energy systems (SIES) that include energy-sharing mechanisms and Effective Thermal Storage Systems (ETSS). This new approach is presented in the present research. In this paper a new optimization model is proposed that consider the correlation of energy storage system with fluctuating load demands of the building (BL). This theology makes it possible for any building with high energy demand in the day to trade excess power with another building which has low demand during the same time. From the simulation we get that grid power consumption is reduced from homes by 15%, hotels by 12% and hospitals by 18% through use of energy-sharing and Energy Transfer System (ETSS). Efficient energy redistribution management also helps increase the consumption of renewable resources by 20%. The proposed method led to a cumulative increase in the overall efficiency by 12% compared to the control strategy by optimizing the energy supply and demand in various sorts of buildings. Comparing our method with the previous work clearly shows that using the proposed approach yields better energy saving and higher usage of renewable energy sources because the method takes into consideration building plan and load profile. These results serve as a foundation for integrated energy systems of a smart city solution that incorporates ETSS and energy sharing.

Pre-demolition audit as a tool for appropriate CDW management – a case study of a public building

The identification of hazardous construction and demolition waste (CDW) is crucial for the appropriate and safe waste management. The pre-demolition audit is not compulsory in all EU member states, so if the control is not strict the hazardous CDW might pollute the inert fraction and create risks for human health and environment. In Bulgaria, only some industrial sites are considered as a potential source of hazardous CDW. Classification of hazards can be difficult also because the European Waste Catalogue is not specific on the hazardous CDW (with some exceptions). For example, heavy metals are among the most dangerous substances but very often remain undiscovered or underestimated. A case study of an abandoned 100-year-old public building has been performed to illustrate the importance of the pre-demolition audit. A handheld XRF analyser is used to identify contaminated materials. Samples were taken from those materials for doing leaching tests. It was proven that there was a high content of heavy metals in different paints, on internal and external walls, and fenestration. In addition to the discussion of results, some measures to separate the hazardous coatings from the recyclable masonry and wooden waste are discussed to provide higher recovery rates for the CDW.

Research on Neural Network Prediction Model of Whole Process Risk Management Based on Building Information Model

With the rapid development of China’s construction industry and the acceleration of urbanization, large‐scale public building projects are becoming increasingly important in urban development, and the risk management problems of them should be pay more attention to. Based on the integration of back propagation (BP) neural network and building information model (BIM) technology, this paper carries out the research on risk management process of the whole life cycle of large public buildings and identifies the risk factors of large public buildings from the application dimension and the management dimension. The risk management evaluation index system is constructed and identified, and assessment, early warning, prevention, and control of risk management are applied and analyzed throughout the process. The international large public sports center project is used as a case study to establish a BIM model, while the BP neural network risk management model is used for prediction and calculation. The results of this study show that, first, the maximum deviation rate of the output indicators of the BP neural network risk model is 3.57% in the design period (B2) and the minimum deviation rate is 0.00% in the commissioning period (B4), which verifies the reliability of the training results of the model. Second, the best effect of risk management in the whole life cycle of the building is in the investment period (B1) and the highest risk is in the construction period (B3). Last, this paper constructs a new risk management framework to realise the risk management of the whole cycle of construction projects from design to operation, which helps to improve the management level and risk response ability of construction projects and ensure the smooth and sustainable development of the whole life cycle of construction.

Study on program methods for energy monitoring of buildings

Energy monitoring is one of the effective measures aimed at reducing and maintaining energy consumption of residential and public buildings at the proper level, taking into account climatic factors. This article provides information about the process of monitoring the energy consumption of a building. A brief analysis of methods for monitoring the energy consumption of different types of buildings has been conducted. In particular, the methods of "Control and Normalization" based on the Energy-Temperature diagram based on the operating mode of the building are considered. In addition to the methods, information is provided on the information system "energy monitoring of buildings" developed on their basis. Also presented the process of implementing energy monitoring using the developed information system. The use of energy monitoring makes it possible to determine overconsumption in a timely manner and due to this to optimize the current level, as well as to determine the target values of energy consumption in buildings.

IMPACT OF URBANISATION ON THE AVAILABILITY OF FOOD PLANTS IN THE TOWN OF BOUAFLE (CENTRAL-WESTERN COTE D'IVOIRE)

In a world that is becoming increasingly urbanised, the thorny problem of feeding urban populations is a pressing one. However, the introduction of food plants is not taken into account in the urbanisation politics of localities in Côte d'Ivoire. This study, carried out in the town of Bouaflé, has improved knowledge, conservation and development of the food species found in urban environments. The types of development were the sites inventoried. The surface survey method was combined with the itinerant method during the floristic inventories. A total of seventy (70) food plants divided into 56 genera and 35 botanical families within eight (8) types of development have been identified. Dwellings had the highest number of food plants, with 50, followed by public buildings, with 49. The Solanaceae family is the most represented, with 11% of plants. Similarly, micro phanerophytes and introduced species are the taxa most commonly found in these landscapes. Arborescents species are the most numerous in all types of planting, with proportions ranging from 50% to 66.67%. Preferred food plants, which are very frequent and abundant, are the most numerous, accounting for 71.43% of all food plants. Thus, the priority given to ornamental plants for embellishing and recreating populations is the factor that limits the presence of food plants in the town of Bouaflé.

Шумовое загрязнение территории многоэтажных жилых застроек города Ставрополя

The article provides measurement results and an assessment of the noise load on the territory of the «Perspektivny» and «Rossiysky» residential complexes in Stavropol. Noise measurements were carried out in the spring-summer and autumn-winter periods of 2022–2023. The measurement results are presented as average noise exposure levels. Based on the data obtained, a mathematical model of the propagation of noise from traffic flow during the deciduous and leafless period was built. To conduct a study and assess the noise load in a multistorey building on the territory of the South-Western district of Stavropol. The measurement of the noise load was carried out in accordance with GOST 23337-2014 “Noise. Methods for measuring noise in residential areas and in residential and public buildings”. To analyze and compare the data obtained with the maximum permissible value, SanPiN 1.2.3685-21 “Hygienic standards and requirements for ensuring the safety and (or) harmlessness of environmental factors for humans” was used. The measurement results revealed excess of maximum permissible noise level on the territory of the residential complex «Perspektivny» and «Rossiysky», and the houses within the residential complex «Perspektivny» suffer most from the proximity of the roadway and the absence or partial landscaping. Noise values were recorded near residential buildings in the range of 70 dBA. On the territory of the residential complex “Rossiysky”, high indicators are found on the sidewalk near the South-Western bypass. No excess of maximum permissible noise load level was noticed directly at the houses. The resulting mathematical model reflects the dependence of the noise level on the presence and absence of foliage and the density of traffic flow. Based on the data obtained, we can conclude that the residential complexes «Perspektivny» and «Rossiysky» are subject to significant noise pollution. This can be attributed to shortcomings in the planning of territory development and the increase in the number of vehicles.

Effect of external air temperature on buildings and structures and monuments

The article provides information about external factors affecting the migration of residential and public buildings and architectural monuments.

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ НАДЕЖНОСТИ ЖЕЛЕЗОБЕТОННЫХ КАРКАСОВ МНОГОЭТАЖНЫХ ЗДАНИЙ

The aim of the numerical research was to develop a method to improve the reliability of multistorey buildings with monolithic reinforced concrete frames. The method was based on the analysis of the total area of possible slab destruction due to emergencies and failure of individual building elements located in different places in the plan and in height. To analyze the reliability of spatial reinforced concrete frames according to the principle of single failure of a separate load-bearing structure, we introduced the concept of failure area coefficient. It allowed us to estimate the failure effect of a load-bearing key element of the building on the total failure area of the building slabs. In spatial frame structures of multistorey buildings with reinforced concrete frame, the key elements of the structural system are columns, pylons, collars, beams and other elements that ensure the overall stability of the building. Increasing the overall reliability of the frame building suggest the introducing an additional reliability coefficient of survivability depending on the failure area factor. In addition, we proposed an algorithm for analyzing and rejection of unsuccessful structural systems of monolithic reinforced concrete frame buildings based on the evaluation of excessively high ratios of building failure area. We analyzed the structural systems on the example of two constructed multistorey residential and public buildings with monolithic reinforced concrete frames.

Archaeological Exploration at the Site of Tell Jidr (Karkar) in Iraq: Results and Prospects

The article is devoted to archaeological exploration conducted by researchers of the Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences in March 2023 at the site of Tell Jidr in Iraq. According to new research, the city of Tell Jidr, named Karkar in the ancient times, was a multi-layered monument that emerged on the eastern channel of the Euphrates – Iturungal – back in the Ubaid III Period, and then existed throughout the Early Dynastic I and Akkadian Periods, the Third Dynasty of Ur, into the Old Babylonian and the Kassite era. At its peak in the Parthian and Sasanian Periods, Tell Jidr, which apparently lost its original name, occupied an area of about 430 ha, stretching 4.4 km from northwest to southeast and 1.9 km from southwest to northeast, and competed with the capital of both empires, Ctesiphon. Remote sensing and ground truthing activities made it possible to clarify the internal structure of the monument, which consisted of northern and southern parts, to identify the system of city blocks and streets, public buildings (temple, palace, citadel), fortification, and to trace the evolution of urban development. Taking into account the finds of ceramic fragments decorated with stamps and fish dishes, as well as mention of Karkar in cuneiform sources of the late Achaemenid and Seleucid times, it is possible to clarify the existing ideas about the stages of the settlement’s development and to confirm the existence of the settlement in the Achaemenid and Hellenistic Periods.

THE PROCESS OF FORMATION OF THE JEWISH SUBURBAN QUARTERS IN LVIV

nderstanding of formative and historical processes is basic for the comprehensive approach to the regeneration of historical city quarters, those of the ancient Jewish ghetto of Lviv in particular. According to archaeological and scientific urban studies, theneighbourhood started its development as part of the princerly “posad”, having an ancient Volyn road trading route as one of its forming factors (which survives to this day). Through the centuries jewish community has organically grown here, forming a unique ensemble of residential, religious and public buildings which naturally integrated in the spatial-planning structure of the city as it grew. One of the most prominent structures was the Great Suburban Synagogue (XVI cent.) which was the centre of ghetto’s life and spatial structure. Degradation of historical urban matter of the ghetto was caused by the tragedies of WWI and WWII, which also obliterated ghetto’s social basis and absence of any further practical and public re- consideration for the spatial-planning and historic background of the neighbourhood. Today, most of its blocks have remained a gray zone in the structure of the city center for more than 70 years. Disregard for the ghetto’s formation history and cultural background resulted in inconsistency of realised development approaches and interventions and general public unawareness of the district’s role in the history of the city. The author conducts research and visualizes the characteristic stages of the ghetto’s development, as well as the formative factors that determined it, taking 3 neighbouring historical quarters within its bounds as a basis for study. With this work, author aims at During the research, on-site study and measurements were performed, archival materials and historical iconography were analyzed, modern research works on the history of Lviv and Halychyna were analyzed too, and the obtained information was summarized. As a result, development of the historical quarters of the Jewish suburban district was characterized and structured from princerly times to present day while highlighting the quarters’ architectural and spatial-planning value.

Architectural Evolution of Administrative Buildings for the Lithuanian Municipalities During the Interwar Period

Abstract During the period of Lithuanian independence, which lasted from 1918 to 1940, various institutions operating in the country needed modern and suitable buildings. Thus, during the period of more than twenty years, numerous new public buildings were built for schools, hospitals, banks, and cultural institutions. In addition, there was a need to build new administrative buildings for the newly established county, city and township municipalities of the country, as there was a lack of suitable premises for them. Therefore, this article, presenting the most characteristic and typical examples, analyses the architectural evolution of the administrative buildings built for the Lithuanian municipalities during the period of independence.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ВЕТРОВОГО РЕЖИМА СУЩЕСТВУЮЩЕЙ ЖИЛОЙ ЗАСТРОЙКИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЖАРКОГО КЛИМАТА

The article focuses on the microclimate of dense residential buildings in a hot climate and ensuring the wind comfort of people there. It considers the aeration of a complex built up with high-rise and low-rise residential and public buildings. The numerical simulation method is used in the ANSYS Discovery Live software package. The paper presents the analysis of the comfort of the wind regime on the territory of the residential complex with the allocation of aeration zones according to wind speed and gives recommendations to reduce stagnant aeration zones. It also considers the aeration of a residential complex improved by the installation of wind screens. The results obtained and the revealed patterns will help to better assess the architectural and planning solutions of residential buildings, including buildings within existing districts, in terms of the comfort of people staying in these territories.

Machine Learning Model for Construction Time Prediction: A Case of Selected Public Building Projects in Hosanna, Ethiopia

The duration of a construction project is a vital factor to consider before the commencement of the new project. Nowadays, the common problem in the construction industry is time overrun. The main reason for this is the poor prediction of construction contract durations. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate and validate Bromilow’s time‐cost model and Love et al.’s time‐floor model to estimate early project durations for public building construction projects in the Hadiya Zone. The study also suggested an alternative duration machine learning prediction model by considering possibly influential project influencing factors. A questionnaire survey is designed to collect data, and subsequently, the study was performed using the Python programming language for development and validation purposes with different libraries used. The study developed Bromilow’s time‐cost model using a simple linear regression algorithm and Love et al.’s time‐floor model using a multiple linear regression algorithm and proposed a parametric model using random forest, XGBoost, decision tree, K‐nearest neighbor, and polynomial regression algorithms. This study extends the body of knowledge related to construction time performance, and it contributes valuable insights that inform the implementation of machine learning model for construction time prediction.

Вплив підвищення нормативних вимог на рівень теплової надійності та втрати тепла через стіни й покриття житлових і громадських будівель

New edition of the State Building Regulations of Ukraine DBN V.2.6-31:2021 "Thermal insulation and energy efficiency of buildings" significantly increases the requirements for heat transfer resistance of walls and coatings of civil buildings. This study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the impact of the increased requirements of DBN V.2.6-31:2021 on the energy efficiency and comfort of buildings by comparing the thermal reliability characteristics of walls and roofs of civil buildings in different regions of Ukraine. The walls and combined roofs of residential and non-residential public buildings were analysed, the requirements for which in DBN B.2.6-31:2016 and DBN B.2.6-31:2021 differ in the minimum permissible value of heat transfer resistance, but coincide in other indicators. Climate conditions for the operation of buildings are reflected by data on atmospheric air temperature at 57 weather stations of Ukraine, which are given in DSTU-N B V.1.1–27:2010. The comparison of the same type of enclosing structures is made according to the criteria of reducing annual heat losses due to the enclosing and the probable duration of thermal failures. Annual heat losses in the set of each of the 57 weather stations are calculated according to the known dependencies of thermal physics. The durations of thermal failures of enclosures according to the comfort criterion are determined by the probabilistic method previously developed by the authors, which takes into account random fluctuations in the temperature of the external atmospheric and internal air in the room, as well as the random character of the heat transfer resistance of the enclosures. The probable duration of thermal failures of enclosing structures according to the comfort criterion, depending on the permissible temperature difference of the internal air and the inner surface of the enclosing structure, established in DBN B.2.6-31, can differ by two orders of magnitude. This indicator should be used only to compare the level of thermal reliability of enclosures with the same values of the permissible temperature difference. The increase in the heat transfer resistance of walls and roofs of residential and public buildings implemented in DBN V.2.6-31:2021 led to a decrease in heat loss by an average of 17%, a decrease in the probable duration of thermal failure of walls according to the comfort criterion by 17%, and combined roofs by 54 %.

Energy efficiency and energy-saving evaluation methods for public building energy systems under the dual carbon background

The energy consumption characteristics and energy system structure of each type of building are different, so the evaluation methods and indicators need to be customized for different types of buildings, which increases the complexity of the evaluation. Therefore, a method for evaluating the energy efficiency and energy conservation of public building energy systems under the dual carbon background is proposed. Analyze the coupling coefficient data of energy quality, energy and flow, obtain the base of energy efficiency optimization coefficients, and use twin technology to establish a comprehensive energy efficiency model. Introduce matter element analysis and use matter element extension models to evaluate the energy efficiency and energy-saving effects of public building energy systems. The experimental test results show that the research method can accurately evaluate the energy consumption of public buildings and has an effective evaluation effect on different types of buildings.

ACOUSTIC POLLUTION OF CITIES AND ITS IMPACT ON HUMAN LIFE ACTIVITIES

The results of acoustic measurements and sociological studies indicate that the main source of acoustic pollution in cities is motor vehicles. About one in two city residents suffers from the noise it generates. Imperfect legislative and regulatory framework, lack of economic instruments to regulate acceptable levels of noise is the reason for the growth of acoustic pollution in cities. The most investigated is industrial noise, while the problem of urban street noise is less studied. It is very difficult to study street noise because this type of noise can originate from a large number of sources. The aim of the study was the measurement of noise pollution and its mode within two cities of different countries. In particular, it is the review of the processes of noise pollution impact on human health and the environment, analysis of the current state of noise pollution in urbanised territories, as well as the identification of modern mechanisms for solving noise pollution issues in urbanised territories. Research methods: field measurements of acoustic pollution levels, analysis, statistical processing of research results, generalisation. Measurements of the maximum level of sound were carried out with the help of FLUSET-965 device. Measurements were conducted according to the standard methodology. The dynamics of noise pollution in the streets of Holosievsky district of Kyiv in comparison with the streets of Cologne, Germany allows us to understand that the type of road surface, traffic intensity, organisation and composition of traffic flow has a significant impact on the level of noise pollution. The methods of calculation of the expected noise level of road transport can be taken as a basis for the selection of building-acoustic measures for protection of residential premises and public buildings from transport noise.

Improvement in the Energy Efficiency Label level – PBE Edifica: Case Study of the Community Library of the Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) – São Paulo - Brazil

This article describes the application of a method of environmental certification of buildings used in Brazil and named as Brazilian Labelling Program PBE–Edifica. The method was developed by Procel, National Electric Energy Conservation Program, which confers, four Labels of the Energy Efficiency levels of a building, covering the Envelope; the Lighting System; the Indoor Air Conditioning; and the building Overall, which includes all previous levels and bonuses. The levels and scope of the Label apply both in the design phase and after construction or existing building in accordance with the Technical Quality Regulation for the Level of Energy Efficiency for Commercial, Service and Public Buildings, RTQ-C. The efficiency level ranges from A to E, where A is the most efficient and E the least efficient. The method also considers Bonuses that allow improvements in the Overall Classification efficiency. Thus, the objective of the research carried out was to identify the classification of the level of energy efficiency of an existing building on the campus of the Federal University of São Carlos, the Community Library, called BCo, Brazil built in 1995 with an area of 6,947.48 m2. The guidelines of the PBE Edifica using the prescriptive method were applied, and the characterization of the level of energy efficiency was carried out based on data obtained from plans and technical drawings of the building, and through a technical visit to obtain the data for entry into an application, WebPrescriptive. To obtain specific information about the wall's thermal transmittance and roof solar absorbance the PROJETEE application was used. All information processed so the building obtained an Overall classification C. For envelope and lighting level E, and air conditioning level B. To improve the level of efficiency, through bonuses, improvements in the lighting system and the elevator were suggested, resulting in level B for both Lighting and Overall efficiency. Notice that the building, due to its design and construction system does not have the conditions to reach level A of efficiency. In conclusion, we would like to point out that it is feasible to submit the building to the formal labelling process, since the proposed improvements resulted in an Overall Energy Efficiency Rating B. As a contribution for EFFICACY Project, some guidelines to be considered for buildings rehabilitation will be stated, as simulation of thermal insulation in facades and others improvements.

The warning and security system of the multifunctional complex

This article describes the warning and security system in the building of a multifunctional complex located in the city of Rostov-on-Don. The project includes the positioning of radio and telephone equipment, the installation of an Internet transmission network, as well as an alarm system for the entire building. The building must be a subscriber in order to gain access to one of the Internet networks and cable operators that can connect the transmitted object and the Internet. A radio network and a telephone network have been designed, as well as the reception of radio waves has been provided. A bell alarm system of the building is provided and installed. There are many different public multifunctional buildings in Rostov-on-Don, but there was a clear shortage of it in this area of the city. Moreover, this facility is distinguished by the fact that it has not only the usual shopping and entertainment areas for the city, but also a business space, which is now very much in short supply to many, as work at home and online is gaining more and more momentum.

Advancing Security Measures in Governmental Institutions: Integration of Facial Recognition and Movement Monitoring Technologies in the House of Representatives

With the aim of improving security measures in public and government buildings, this study presents a system to protect the House of Representatives using Vicon sensors and facial recognition technology to detect threats as soon as they occur and alert accordingly to take appropriate measures. A face recognition model was realized, which took advantage of a DenseNet169-based feature extractor and a dense layer-based classifier. The machine learning models and Vicon sensors used by the physical motion capture system allowed for highly accurate analysis of real-world movements. Using Decision Tree (DT) and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithms, the system achieved optimal accuracy using a dataset that included ten categories of behaviors performed by ten employees. Thanks to the combination of motion capture and facial recognition technology, allowing for precise threat classification, the House of Representatives will have a robust security system. This research highlights the importance of technical improvements in defending public employees and facilities.

Data-Driven Research on Energy-Efficient Retrofit and Multi-Objective Optimization of Urban Building Clusters

Urban energy-efficient retrofit is an important path to reduce energy consumption and carbon emission. However, balancing environmental and economic benefits and making choices among numerous retrofit packages is challenging for decision-makers. This study proposes a data-driven framework that integrates physical UBEM and machine learning model to evaluate the energy retrofit performance of urban building clusters and assists decision-makers in rapidly selecting the optimal energy-efficient retrofit packages through NSGA-II. The feasibility of the proposed framework is validated using the building clusters of Sipailou campus in Southeast University as a case study and identified 25, 19, and 13 optimal retrofit packages for office, public and education building clusters that minimizes the total energy consumption and carbon emissions while maximizing economic benefits from 343 retrofit packages of each cluster in a 30-year retrofit period.