Shape Of Building Research Articles

Assessment of building damage and risk under extreme flood scenarios in Shanghai

Abstract. This article presents a flood risk assessment for Shanghai, which provides an indication of what buildings (including residential, commercial, office, and industrial) will be exposed to flooding and its damage. Specifically, this assessment provides a risk assessment that buildings may face after construction. To achieve the flood risk assessment on buildings, we developed an integrated flood model and collected data on building shape and number of floors, land use, and construction costs for different building types in Shanghai. The extreme compound flood scenarios (1/200-, 1/500-, 1/1000-, and 1/5000-year floods) and building metadata were aggregated using a risk analysis chain. According to the damage for different flood scenarios, the average annual loss (AAL) can be calculated and is referred to as building flood risk. The AAL of residential, commercial, office, and industrial buildings is USD 12.3, 2.5, 3.7, and 3.4 million, respectively. Among the 15 (non-island) districts in Shanghai, Pudong has the highest AAL. The risk analysis chain developed in this study can be reproduced for other megacities. The results provide a clear picture for future building flood risks which links directly to disaster risk management, which implies the extent of flood risk in building types, sub-districts, and districts related to the Shanghai Master Plan. This assessment takes into consideration future climate change scenarios, information for scenario-based decision making, and a cost–benefit analysis for extreme flood risk management in Shanghai. We also discussed different potential adaptation options for flood risk management.

Numerical Investigation on the Distribution of Pressure Coefficients of Modified Building Shapes

The construction of tall buildings in urban areas has grown in number in recent years. However, architects and engineers face a variety of design challenges due to the variety of heights and shapes of new building designs. This study evaluates the impact of shape mitigation on tall buildings by applying corner modifications, such as chamfered, corner cut, plan changes with height, tapered, and setback, and combining a single modification model. The numerical simulations were carried out using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulation with the RNG k-ε type of turbulence model. All single modifications reduced the maximum +C<i><sub>p</sub></i> and -C<i><sub>p</sub></i> better than the basic model. The corner-cut model was the most effective method for reducing the suction effect. Combining the setback, chamfering the corner, and twisting the building model at 45° modification was the most effective approach to reduce the maximum +C<i><sub>p</sub></i> in the 25–42.10% range in Face 1. Modifying a square model with the combination of setback, chamfer, and 45° rotation reduced the maximum -C<i><sub>p</sub></i>, ranging from 36.9–50%. The composite 1 model and composite 2 model reduced the suction effect in the range of 15.38–33.33% in Face 3. The adoption of composite modification was insignificant in reducing the suction effect on the sidewall, where the maximum -C<i><sub>p</sub></i> was recorded to be between 3.62–5.43%.

The 3D reconstruction model of the Roman theatre of Falerio Picenus (Falerone, Italy): promoting cultural heritage, understanding our past.

Falerio Picenus (now Piane di Falerone) was a rather important town in Antiquity, as we can presume from the ancient sources, from the communication routes that crossed it, and from the remains of the ancient monuments still preserved. A theatre, an amphitheatre, monumental cisterns and tombs were discovered, but all of them were stripped of their decorations during Late Antiquity and Middle Ages. This paper presents a three-dimensional reconstruction of the city’s theatre, based on a new survey of the structures using a long-range 3D laser scanner, combined and integrated with photogrammetry and direct survey. The model is supposed to serve not only as a show case of the original shape of the public building, but also as a real research tool.

Proof of Concept for Methodological Framework Including Point Clouds in the Non-Destructive Diagnosis of Historical Masonry Structures

ABSTRACT The diagnosis of cultural heritage structures is a challenging and delicate task. It involves the evaluation of potential pathological situations, the understanding of the origin of displacements and deformations, and the assessment of the state of conservation of building materials. Destructive and minor destructive techniques are mostly prevented from being used in the context of historical constructions and the complementary use of non-destructive techniques is often the only viable solution. This paper addresses the possibility of employing point clouds, widely used for representation aims, as a source of information to identify the deterioration patterns that can affect construction safety. The proposed methodology includes two approaches following a perspective based on simple and recurring elements that form the complex and unique shape of historical buildings. The geometry of structural elements guides the choice towards the computation either of the Z-coordinate of each point of the cloud or the Euclidean distance between the point cloud and an elementary non-deformed geometry fitted to it. By investigating several case studies and diverse deterioration patterns, the proposal establishes a framework to employ point clouds, together with other techniques, as an effective tool to support the diagnosis of heritage structures.

Comparison of the diagnostic efficacy of mathematical models in distinguishing ultrasound imaging of breast nodules

This study compared the diagnostic efficiency of benign and malignant breast nodules using ultrasonographic characteristics coupled with several machine-learning models, including logistic regression (Logistics), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), linear support vector machine (Linear SVM), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), artificial neural network (ANN) and random forest (RF). The clinical information and ultrasonographic characteristics of 926 female patients undergoing breast nodule surgery were collected and their relationships were analyzed using Pearson's correlation. The stepwise regression method was used for variable selection and the Monte Carlo cross-validation method was used to randomly divide these nodule cases into training and prediction sets. Our results showed that six independent variables could be used for building models, including age, background echotexture, shape, calcification, resistance index, and axillary lymph node. In the prediction set, Linear SVM had the highest diagnosis rate of benign nodules (0.881), and Logistics, ANN and LDA had the highest diagnosis rate of malignant nodules (0.910~0.912). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of Linear SVM was the highest (0.890), followed by ANN (0.883), LDA (0.880), Logistics (0.878), RF (0.874), PLS-DA (0.866), and KNN (0.855), all of which were better than that of individual variances. On the whole, the diagnostic efficacy of Linear SVM was better than other methods.

Improving aerodynamic response of tall buildings using smart morphing facades

Slender buildings are prone to vortex-induced vibrations and turbulence-induced buffeting. Usually, vortex-induced vibrations govern the strength and serviceability design criteria. The building's shape determines the aerodynamics of it; therefore, optimizing building shape can greatly reduce wind-induced vibrations. With a growing industry in adaptive and double-skin facades—mainly for energy saving purposes—there is an opportunity to innovate and implement smart, morphing facade modules (which we refer as Smorphacades) that actively modify their aerodynamic shape to alleviate flow-induced vibrations during high winds. This paper evaluates the performance of a 44-story tall building with the different configurations of the developed Smorphacade module system in mitigating building vibrations. Dynamic nonlinear time history analysis of the building under varying wind speeds ranging between 35 and 75 m/s are performed to evaluate the performance of building equipped with Smorphacade at low and high wind speeds. The performance measures chosen in the study are displacements and accelerations. Structural responses of building equipped with Smorphacade are compared against the bare building model responses to evaluate improvements in performance. Acceleration response comparisons at lower wind speeds provide insights into Smorphacade contributions to improving occupant comfort. Displacement comparisons at high wind speeds help understand the improvements in overall structural performance by reducing nonlinear response.

MODERN ARCHITECTURAL FORMATION AND 3D PRINTING OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

The article is devoted to the analysis and research of modern practical experience of designing residential objects in the urban environment. The conceptual foundations of the architectural design of modern residential buildings and complexes are considered. Features of modern architectural form-making and 3-D printing of residential objects are determined. It was determined that the architectural concepts of modern residential objects should be built based on the connection of several directions (ecology, urban planning, architecture of buildings and structures with the introduction of landscape design tools) and methods of modern shaping. It has been established that the shaping of modern residential objects is a process of implementing the design model of the building, which includes the choice of assembling form elements and subsystems of the building into a single system. It has been established that the architectural design of modern residential objects is based on the requirements and methods of creation that include: the algorithm of the process of forming the shape of a modern residential building, the interaction of subsystems of a residential building, the selection of the dominant subsystem with its reflection on the external form of the building, the type of basic form, the characteristic methods of forming the shape of a modern residential building, the compositional interaction between the elements of the architectural form of a modern residential building. The article pays attention to the modern theory of architectural space. The authors outline the ways of system improvement of modern residential buildings in the future. The impact of the latest technologies on the main parameters of modern residential objects has been revealed. Four directions of development of modern residential buildings and complexes in the urban environment in the future have been identified. These directions are related to the application of innovative technologies, new building materials, functional intensification of the infrastructure of the residential environment, creation of multifunctional residential objects, development of large-scale characteristics of buildings, use of natural components in the architectural design of modern residential objects. Prospective techniques for improving the formation of local residential units are defined. Keywords: architecture, modern housing, formation, infrastructure, new technologies, 3-D printing, urban environment.

Eksplorasi Etnomatematika Bentuk Geometri Peninggalan Syekh Ahmad Muttamakkin

Syekh Ahmad Muttamakkin was one of the great scholars of the archipelago in the 18th century and became a role model for the community in Kajen, Pati. The history of Syekh Ahmad Muttamakkin must be preserved so that it does not disappear over time. In this way, researchers link the history of Syekh Ahmad Muttamakkin's legacy with the material of mathematical geometry. In this case the researcher associates local culture with mathematical activity. This research uses descriptive qualitative research with an ethnographic approach. The object of this study is ethnomathematics on the legacy of Syekh Ahmad Muttamakkin which includes mosque buildings, ornaments, and objects left by Syekh Ahmad Muttamakkin. The data in this study were obtained from observations, interviews, documentation, and literature from journals and internet articles. The purpose of this study is to find out the ethnomathematics studies contained in the legacy of Syekh Ahmad Muttamakkin and to dig up philosophical information about these objects. The result of this study is that the researcher found a link between the mathematical concept of recognizing geometric shapes and the legacy of Syekh Ahmad Muttamakkin. In an ethnomathematics exploratory study, in terms of the shape of mosque buildings, ornaments, and relics of Syekh Ahmad Muttamakkin, it shows that there is a connection with mathematical material, namely regarding geometry and shapes.

Investigation on the Aerodynamic Parameters of the Triangle Shape of Tall Buildings by Using of CFD Method

Wind loading in large buildings has always been a major challenge for civilian engineers. For this purpose, presenting the optimum exterior forms of a building exposed to the wind flow and analyzing aerodynamic forces, including resistance force, bending, and twisting moments, are challenging issues for designers. Nowadays, by combining various numerical calculation methods, like neural networks, genetic algorithms, and other methods, by changing some parameters, they optimize the external form of the building based on aerodynamic parameters. In this research, three optimized triangular models will be investigated using the computational fluid dynamics method. For wind flow, a velocity profile is used in the three simulations, and Reynolds’ Navier–Stokes average equations are used to solve momentum relationships. Additionally, the κ-ε method was used to calculate Reynolds stresses. The results show that the optimized N3 model is in the most optimal condition possible in terms of aerodynamic parameters such as drag, torsion moment, and vortices behind the building. Nowadays, the neural network algorithm is one of the most famous numerical methods for optimizing hull shapes. However, this approach cannot improve aerodynamic parameters either. Hence, computational fluid dynamics is used to deeply analyze. This research is one step forward to assess the optimized hull shapes of tall buildings. All tests are conducted using STAR CCM+.

Dissonances in Building Cost: An Analytic Review of the Impact of Design Variables

The cost of building is influenced by a variety of design variables. There would however appear a paucity of readily available cost data on the impact of design variables. This research is set out with a view towards the establishing readily available cost data information as well as relevant cost indices. The research used case study from previous buildings, extensive reviews, the statistical technique of percentile as its computational technique and rates obtained from synthesized bills priced by professional Quantity Surveying firms, as relevant components of its methodology. The location of the research, Port Harcourt metropolis is situated in Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Research findings from the case study buildings as well as extensive literature review established that there exist differentials in the initial and total costs of both building plan Shapes (Square and rectangular), recording a 12.56 percentage differential. The elemental cost derived from both shapes also established differentials between 0.53 to 17.79%. The study also establishes the perimeter wall and gross floor area ratio which is an important index towards the determination of economic building shapes. The research concludes that the results, from the case study building would appear limited and as such should avoid being overgeneralized, nevertheless, it does serves to further reveal in broad terms, that the influence of plan shapes of simple buildings on cost is minimal. It recommends further, exploratory study that focuses on design and their cost implications, using cost models that input a wider range of variables

Acquaintances or Familiar Strangers? How Similarity and Spatial Proximity Shape Neighbour Relations within Residential Buildings

ABSTRACT While scholars have long established that city dwellers choose with whom to develop relationships on the basis of social proximity, spatial proximity remains the basis for neighbour relations involving greetings, social conversation, and the exchange of services. Few studies have systematically compared the respective roles of spatial and social proximity in neighbour relations. In this paper, we investigate these two factors through statistical analysis of four social network datasets representing relationships within four rented apartment buildings in Geneva, Switzerland. Using a measure of distance that takes into account how the layout and materiality of buildings shape relationships through accessibility, visibility and audibility, we compare the effects of spatial proximity with the effects of individual determinants and similarity. Our study also breaks new ground by comparing weak ties – between people who interact regularly – and “invisible ties”, or ties to familiar strangers. Our study confirms that spatial proximity increases the likelihood of weak ties and questions the underlying mechanisms. It also shows that in addition to sociability, familiarity and anonymity are constitutive dimensions of neighbouring, even at the scale of buildings.

Energy refurbishment planning of Italian school buildings using data-driven predictive models

In the current practice, the design of energy refurbishment interventions for existing buildings is typically addressed by performing time-consuming software-based numerical simulations. However, this approach may be not suitable for preliminary assessment studies, especially when large building portfolios are involved. Therefore, this research work aims at developing simplified data-driven predictive models to estimate the energy consumption of existing school buildings in Italy and support the decision-making process in energy refurbishment intervention planning at a large scale. To accomplish this, an extensive database is assembled through comprehensive on-site surveys of school buildings in Southern Italy. For each school, a Building Information Modelling (BIM) model is developed and validated considering real energy consumption data. These BIM models serve in the design of suitable energy refurbishment interventions. Moreover, a comprehensive parametric investigation based on refined energy analyses is carried out to significantly improve and integrate the dataset. To derive the predictive models, firstly the most relevant parameters for energy consumption are identified by performing sensitivity analyses. Based on these findings, predictive models are generated through a multiple linear regression method. The suggested models provide an estimation of the energy consumption of the “as-built” configuration, as well as the costs and benefits of alternative energy refurbishment scenarios. The reliability of the proposed simplified relationships is substantiated through a statistical analysis of the main error indices. Results highlight that the building's shape factor (i.e., the ratio between the building's envelope area and its volume) and the area-weighted average of the thermal properties of the building envelope significantly affect both the energy consumption of school buildings and the achievable savings through retrofitting interventions. Finally, a framework for the preliminary design of energy refurbishment of buildings, based on the implementation of the herein developed predictive model, is proposed and illustrated through a worked example application.Worth noting that, while the proposed approach is currently limited to school buildings, the methodology can conceptually be extended to any building typology, provided that suitable data on energy consumption are available.

Regression Models and Shape Descriptors for Building Energy Demand and Comfort Estimation

Optimal building design in terms of comfort and energy performance means designing and constructing a building that requires the minimum energy demand under the given conditions while also providing a good level of human comfort. This paper focuses on replacing the complex energy and comfort simulation procedure with fast regression model-based processes that encounter the building shape as input. Numerous building shape descriptors were applied as inputs to several regression models. After evaluating the results, it can be stated that, with careful selection of building geometry describing design input variables, complex energy and comfort simulations can be approximated. Six different models with five different building shape descriptors were tested. The worst results were around R2 = 0.75, and the generic results were around R2 = 0.92. The most accurate prediction models, with the highest level of accuracy (R2 > 0.97), were linear regressions using 3rd power and dense neural networks using 1st power of inputs; furthermore, averages of mean absolute percentage errors are 1% in the case of dense neural networks. For the best performance, the building configuration was described by a discrete functional point cloud. The proposed method can effectively aid future building energy and comfort optimization processes.

Evaluating the impact of wind effects on tall buildings with various plan shapes

Tall building is playing important role in the growth of urbanization and has resulted in developing to the vertical rise of the structure. The data available for the designing of the tall building is not sufficient or need some modification up to very limited extent in the present scenario. In this study a rectangular shape having L: B ratio as 1.15 and octagonal plan shape are selected to investigate the wind loads on building. The area of both models is nearly equal for the comparison of the results. Pressure effects are the main concern of considered building model. When it comes to predicting wind-related events on buildings or other structures, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a reliable and quicker option. CFD analysis is carried out using a software program called (ANSYS-CFX). This paper presents pressure contours that are calculated at the front, back & adjacent sides of the individual tall buildings. The results clearly show that based upon the building shape, the pressures generated can be either positive pressure or negative which can be either beneficial or can have adverse effects. The result on both the building model shows that the pressure on wind ward face is more or less the same and it does not depend on the shape of the building. In the case of a symmetrical building, the leeward face will always be subjected to the suction effect, while the side faces will always exhibit an equal pressure distribution.

Systems with optimal geometric shapes

Objective. In this paper, buildings of various shapes that have high seismic resistance are considered. Such seismic resistance is provided by the rational shape and outlines of the building itself. Here, the influence of the torsion of the building in the plan is minimized, thereby eliminating large stresses at the ends of the designed building. At the same time, the translational movement of the building in the plan is preserved.Method. By optimizing the shape and shape of buildings for various purposes, high efficiency of the structure is ensured under seismic effects. By comparing the shape and outlines of various buildings, the best variant of their layout is selected.Result. Structural schemes of buildings and structures with high resistance to seismic effects are given. A comparative analysis and recommendation for the design of earthquake-resistant buildings are given. Structural schemes for buildings and structures of various outlines have been developed: round, square, rectangular; constructive schemes of volumetric seismic-resistant structures, pyramidal, conical of various shapes, have been drawn up. Recommendations for the design of earthquake-resistant buildings and structures with optimal geometric shapes are made.Conclusion.The design schemes proposed in the article can be used in the design of earthquake-resistant buildings and structures for various purposes.

Building footprint extraction from aerial photogrammetric point cloud data using its geometric features

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can quickly acquire high-resolution datasets. Generally, UAVs or drones have high-resolution optical cameras onboard to obtain aerial images. These images are processed to provide various output products, including point cloud, digital surface model (DSM), digital terrain model (DTM), and ortho-mosaiced image. This study uses point cloud data obtained from UAV data processing to extract buildings automatically. It utilizes the geometric features obtainable from the point cloud data in a defined neighbourhood to classify the point cloud data. Normalized DSM (nDSM) is also used as an input to identify above-ground features more accurately. Random Forest (RF) algorithm has been used to classify the point cloud data into different classes available in the dataset. After classification, buildings are separated from the point cloud data, and K-Means clustering is performed to segregate different building clusters. These clusters are rasterized, and morphological operations are applied to refine the building edges. Then the boundaries of the building clusters are identified to provide the vector data. Accuracy assessment of the automatically extracted shapes is done by comparing their area, perimeter, and centroid location to the reference building polygons generated through the total station survey. The methodology is tested over the dataset acquired through UAV. An open-source GUI (graphical user interface) based tool has been developed in Python to extract the vectorized building shapes from photogrammetric point cloud data and compute areas automatically. It will reduce manual interventions significantly and benefit many users, professionals and researchers.

Maximizing Energy Efficiency and Daylight Performance in Office Buildings in BIM through RBFOpt Model-Based Optimization: The GENIUS Project

Architects face the challenge of exploring various design solutions in the early design stage, often with conflicting optimization goals. To tackle this complexity, they need to rely on tools and methodologies during the conceptual phase to assess and optimize designs, considering multiple aspects of building performance. Parametric Design, Generative Design, and automation in Building Information Modelling (BIM) offer architects new opportunities to work on complex buildings. These advancements empower designers to enhance their designs, increase project efficiency, improve performance, and reduce project time and costs. Multi-Objective Optimization algorithms are employed to address conflicting objectives in the design process. The GENIUS project introduces an Algorithm-Aided Design workflow that optimizes the building shape and Window-to-Wall Ratio of an office building, considering energy and daylight performance. The integration of BIM software, visual programming tools, and Artificial Intelligence techniques (Genetic Algorithms and RBFOpt model-based optimization) allows architects to identify optimal solutions aligning with design objectives. The workflow was validated through a case study of a large office building, focusing on maximizing daylight performance using the Spatial Daylight Autonomy metric and minimizing energy consumption using the Energy Use Intensity metric. The GENIUS project equips architects with a methodology and toolset to improve their designs and identify optimal solutions for complex design challenges.

Super-resolution of three-dimensional temperature and velocity for building-resolving urban micrometeorology using physics-guided convolutional neural networks with image inpainting techniques

This study proposes a convolutional neural network (CNN) that enhances the resolution of instantaneous snapshots of three-dimensional air temperature and wind velocity fields around buildings in urban areas. The CNN not only increases the resolution of flow fields but also recovers the missing data associated with changes in resolution-dependent building shapes. The proposed CNN incorporates gated convolution, which is an image inpainting technique that infers missing pixels, to improve accuracy. The CNN performance has been verified via supervised learning utilizing building-resolving micrometeorological simulations around Tokyo Station in Japan. The CNN has successfully reconstructed the temperature and velocity fields around the high-resolution buildings, despite the missing data at lower altitudes due to the coarseness of the low-resolution buildings. This result implies that near-surface flows can be inferred from flows above buildings. This hypothesis has been assessed through numerical experiments in which all inputs below a certain height are set as missing values. This research suggests that airflows around buildings can be efficiently estimated by combining neural network inferences and low-resolution fluid simulations.

State of art on seismic comparison of different types (V, diagonal and X) of bracings on different shapes of buildings (L, H, T and rectangular) with response spectrum method

Multi-storey buildings were particularly affected by the earthquake and tsunami. The real problem with the multi-storey building system is that the buildings are usually horizontal and resist lateral forces to control the floating sides of buildings. Structural analysis is a branch where it involves modelling a building, assigning sequential loading and analysing structural behaviour, and estimating the seismic responses of all building components. This project “Seismic comparison of different types (V, Diagonal, and X) of bracing on different shapes of buildings (L, H, T, and Rectangular) with response spectrum analysis” is an effort to perform analysis and design the commercial structure using the software ETABS. The steel bracing is quite economical and is easy to install, taking up little space and with design flexibility to reach the desired strength parameters and durability. For the thesis, it has been considered a building model with different types of binding systems based on the journals I have encountered, so the project focuses on other design features such as lateral displacement of story, Drift, and stiffness. During the earthquake, the behaviour of the building depends on the following factors, durability, and sufficient strength in the lateral direction, ductility, and normal configuration. The buildings with normal geometrical features and size with even distribution and durability and height have very little damage in comparison with conventional suspensions. But at present the need for the next generation and the Population density have made architects or engineers inevitable in planning unusual designs. Earthquake engineering had therefore developed significant effects while understanding the purpose of architectural planning. Irregularity is a variety of types such as vertical irregularity, and horizontal irregularity. Vertical irregularity refers to an immediate change in stiffness, strength, geometrical features, and the effect of mass on the abnormal transfer of energy or flexibility over the length of the structure.

A Study on Building Shape for Multi-floor Factory

A Study on Building Shape for Multi-floor Factory