Shading Devices In Buildings Research Articles

Integration of Photovoltaic Cells in Building Shading Devices:

This study focuses on the thermal performance simulation of the CSERS administrative building. It proposed the integration of shading elements on the south façade of the building to enhance thermal comfort for office occupants. These shading elements incorporate photovoltaic cells, displaying the potential of utilizing photovoltaic in external shading devices. The main objective of this approach is effectively address issues related to high internal temperatures and excessive solar radiation exposure. Furthermore, it ensures the preservation of key functions of the building envelope, such as thermal insulation, provision of natural lighting, and prevention of internal thermal glare. Comparative analysis is conducted between the building equipped with shading devices and the one without, with a focus on measuring the total electrical energy generated by the photovoltaic panels. Simulation programs such as SketchUp and EnergyPlus are utilized for this purpose. The results of the simulations reveal that strategically designed shading on south-facing windows leads to 17.15% reduction in annual heat gains transmitted to the building. In addition, the integration of photovoltaic shading devices demonstrates outstanding performance characteristics, contributing a productive capacity of around 5916.388 MW/h to the building. This integration effectively harnesses solar energy to improve the indoor environment of the building.

Analysis of the effects of shading screens on the microclimate of greenhouses and glass facade buildings

Shading devices are widely used in the Mediterranean area, since they reduce strong solar radiation effects in the closed environment. On the contrary, they have negative effects on the internal ventilation, especially if they have low porous texture limiting the air exchange with the external environment. This work aims to characterize by means of computational fluid dynamics the microclimate given by the use of shading devices in buildings with glass envelopes, such as greenhouses. The method is applied to a naturally ventilated glass greenhouse. Three commercial shading screens are compared, having typical porosity for the use in Mediterranean climate. The screens are modeled by means of porous materials, with the properties evaluated by experimental measurements of permeability. The numerical simulations are verified by a comparison with measurements of temperature and velocity within the greenhouse. In particular, the experimental setup is based on a novel and patented methodology which gives the exact position of the sensors within the greenhouse thanks to an acoustic referencing system. It is shown that screens with low permeability give optimal temperature distribution above the crops for the wind and air temperature conditions analyzed. The best screen position and permeability, for the environmental most frequent conditions in terms of solar radiation and wind directions with respect to orientation and position of the windows, were established. The methodology and the results shown in the work can be applied to different glass envelope buildings, to yield the best choice of shading screens in correspondence of given environmental characteristics.

Design Optimisation of Fixed and Adaptive Shading Devices on Four Façade Orientations of a High-Rise Office Building in the Tropics

Optimisation of shading devices in buildings is a broadly investigated topic; however, most studies only focus on a single façade orientation, since the observed buildings are typically located in high latitude regions. However, in tropical regions, optimisation of all façade orientations is required due to the relatively high solar radiation and long sunshine duration. While adaptive shading devices are a promising solution, they are not without disadvantages, and as such a combination of adaptive shading devices and a fixed shading device shall be considered. This research therefore aims to design the optimum internal shading devices on four façade orientations of a high-rise office building in a tropical city, considering fixed and adaptive shading design options, and to determine the impact on annual daylight performance using computational modelling and simulation. The simulation is carried out under: (1) fixed design option, focusing on the numbers and width of slats; and (2) adaptive design option, focusing on the slat angle on various conditions. It is found that both sDA300/50% and ASE1000,250 are only influenced by the orientation. Under the fixed design option, the sDA300/50% and ASE1000,250 targets can be achieved only on the north and south façades, and accordingly the adaptive design option shall be implemented on the east and west façades. Overall, this study contributes to knowledge regarding the optimisation of shading devices in high-rise buildings in the tropics, considering the daylight admission from the four cardinal orientations.

THERMAL-DAYLIGHTING BALANCE THROUGH BUILDING SHADING DEVICES: A REVIEW ON FACTORS AND METHODS

Daylighting is interpreted as natural sunlight allowed into an indoor space. Passive lighting strategies are considered fundamental in achieving a high performing sustainable building, which affects the visual and thermal comfort, and energy performance of a building. Many strategies in controlling daylighting are known, however, the wrong implementation can lead to a negative effect. The results obtained need to reach a balance between daylighting and thermal performance. This review is conducted to analyse the concept and factors that affect the balance through different research parameters. The performance factors include energy, comfort and perception or view. The different methods of achieving the balance are categorized into three, which are parameter relation, combination, and multi-objective optimization. Building shading devices are considered as one of the major solutions to reach thermal-daylighting balance. Through a comprehensive review, adjustable shading control is recommended as a better option for building shading device for buildings to achieve the optimum balance.

The Effect of Fixed External Shading Devices on Daylighting and Thermal Comfort in Residential Building

Building shading devices can improve the thermal comfort in indoor environment, and also reduce cooling and heating energy consumption in dry and hot climate. This study proposes the different kind of window’s fixed shading devices for energy consumption under near-extreme summer and winter conditions by conducting residential building energy simulations in Shiraz climate. Which fixed shading devices optimal configurations that give maximum energy consumption can be used in Shiraz climate. The study was based on modeling-simulation experiments where Ecotect models resented the actual building energy with and without shading devices to reducing heating and cooling load and peak consumption. The results obtained confirmed the accuracy of the model and the suitability of (horizontal, eggcrate and geometrical) of shading devices in reducing the solar gains in summer with reduced blocking of solar radiation in winter. In all cases it has been proven that excessive obstruction may yield an excessive reduction in a range of illuminances between 500 and 2000 lux, increasing lighting energy consumption. At the end results showed that horizontal, geometrical and eggcrate have the best function according to reduce energy and have enough day lighting in the zones in shiraz climate.

Energy savings and daylighting evaluation of dynamic venetian blinds and lighting through full-scale experimental testing

Commercial buildings consume around 20% of the total energy utilized in the U.S. The use of shading devices in buildings has the potential to reduce building energy consumption while also providing a more desirable indoor environment for building occupants. Similarly, lighting device controls help reduce lighting energy consumption as well as internal loads. However, there is lack of full-scale experimental testing of integrated dynamic shading and lighting controls. This study presents full-scale experimental testing data to quantify these energy and daylighting impacts. Testing was performed utilizing two different control strategies, in three different orientations under three different types of sky conditions. The shading device was also used in conjunction with two different types of glazing. An average of 25.4% cooling energy savings and 48.5% lighting energy savings was achieved. Visual discomfort evaluated using Simplified Daylight Glare Probability was prevented more than 85% of time during occupied hours. Improvement in daylight levels evaluated using Useful Daylight Illuminance was also achieved. Finally, analysis of the relationship between the illuminance level measured at the work plane and a ceiling illuminance sensor is performed to translate the real-world applicability of shading device controls.

A pixel counting based method for designing shading devices in buildings considering energy efficiency, daylight use and fading protection

Multi-criteria design techniques applied to the analysis of shading devices of buildings have arisen as useful tools for architects. Even though several techniques have been applied to shading devices with simple geometries, they usually require numerous simulations to suitably complete the analysis, making the optimization process time-consuming. Since shading devices should prevent damage to furnishings and materials, performance indicators may not be related exclusively to thermal comfort, energy consumption and daylight performance, but also to other important criteria, such as fading protection. To overcome these limitations, this study aims to present a multi-criteria method for the design of shading devices, including fading protection as an evaluation criterion, regardless of geometry complexity. The method is applied to perforated shading devices of a room office, considering as the design objectives the energy savings, daylight availability on the work plane and solar beam incidence on interior surfaces. As a novelty, a more practical approach is proposed based on two main steps: search process, for obtaining a set of non-dominated solutions, and physical programming method, in which the solutions are ranked according to the preferences of decision makers. Besides, the solar beam incidence on interior surfaces is evaluated by using a pixel counting based method, which was emerged as a powerful algorithm due its capacity to simulate any geometry with accuracy and low computational cost. The results have shown that the proposed method is an effective process in designing of the optimal shading devices to reduce energy consumption, and improve the daylight use and the fading protection, regardless of the geometry complexity.

Optimisation of outdoor shading devices with thermal comfort criteria: The case of the Venetian Port of Chania

While the optimisation of building shading devices is a frequently researched topic, few studies focus on optimising the form and location of devices that shade outdoor spaces. Consequently, there is no agreed consensus on the workflow that should govern the design of outdoor shading installations with respect to microclimate and human thermal comfort. The present study addresses this research gap by developing a flexible workflow that informs the architectural design process with parametric thermal comfort simulations. The proposed workflow acknowledges that although an environmentally optimal design may exist, the designer is often forced to select a sub-optimal solution that can satisfy non-comparable design objectives including practical on-site constraints and political pressure from stakeholders with often conflicting interests. Considering that outdoor shading devices are often found at the fringe of public and private spaces, the influence of the aforementioned non-environmental objectives on the design process becomes significant. For these reasons, the proposed workflow utilises state- of-the-art techniques such as ComfortCover in order to map the ‘usefulness’ of shade over a specified area and to explore alternative forms of shading devices. Thus, shading optimisation becomes a matter of weighting alternatives and choosing appropriate solutions from the examined parametric space, rather than a fully automated process. This ‘designer-first’ approach evolved through extensive pilot-testing at the Old Venetian Port of Chania, Greece as part of a series of urban regeneration interventions coordinated by the Municipal Port Fund of Chania. This design process resulted in a typology of shading devices that offer optimal annual thermal comfort conditions while satisfying the rest of the design objectives as well.

Multi-objective energy and daylight optimization of amorphous shading devices in buildings

As integrated components of the building envelopes, shading devices are the elements designed for stopping excessive amount of direct and indirect sunlight passing through and for avoiding undesirable admission of light into glazed buildings. Shading devices also reduce the operational cost of active systems, mostly heating and cooling, by providing considerable energy saving without completely blocking the daylight. However, the conventional shading device types in real world applications and even the ones presented in the literature stick to non-amorphous shapes providing limited improvement of the energy performance with negligible rates. Considering the lack of amorphous solutions in the literature, we propose novel design alternatives of energy-efficient shading device with panels in amorphous forms generated by parametric modeling and performance evaluation-based optimization in contrast with the conventionally designed structures. Initially, a performance evaluation-based optimization model was developed by employing evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithms to overcome the complexity of the design process. Moreover, minimization of TEC (Total Energy Consumption) and maximization of the UDI (Useful Daylight Illuminance) are defined as the main objective functions to be optimized by non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA II) and self-adaptive continuous genetic algorithm with differential evolution (JcGA-DE) in the shading model. According to the numerical results of the annual energy consumption, we managed to reach considerable energy saving up to 14%, while keeping the daylight availability above 50%.

Study on Optimum Tilt Angles of Photovoltaic Shading Systems in Different Climatic Regions of China

Photovoltaic shading systems which can act as power generators and external shading devices in buildings have been widely used in recent years. In order to obtain the optimum tilt angles of photovoltaic shading systems in China, this paper develops a simulation model for PV shading systems based on EnergyPlus. Five cities, viz. Harbin, Beijing, Changsha, Kunming, and Guangzhou, are selected as representative cities for different climatic regions in this study. The annual and monthly optimum tilt angles of PV shading systems are investigated and analyzed for maximizing electricity generation and minimizing net energy consumption. The results show that PV shading panels installed with monthly optimum tilt angles are superior to those installed with annual optimum tilt angles. Moreover, PV panels mounted in the south orientation have larger energy-saving potential than those mounted in the east and west for all climatic regions. The conclusions of this study provide a theoretical basis for PV shading systems’ design and installation.

Site Planning and Orientation for Energy Efficiency: A Comparative Analysis on Three Office Buildings in Kuala Lumpur to Determine a Location for Building Shading Device

A well-designed energy efficient building provide long term building optimisation while minimising the energy. Site planning and orientation of the building plays an important factor at the early stage of any development. Especially to determine the best location for the building opening and windows and also the suitable materials to enhance comfort to the occupants and reduce the energy consumption. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the site planning and orientation of the selected office building. The benchmark for the analysis will be based on the architectural and passive design component provided in MS 1525:2007 for the site planning and orientation through comparative analysis. Three energy efficient office building in Kuala Lumpur were selected in this research. This case study is important in helping to understand the relationship between site planning, building orientation, energy efficiency and cost effectiveness.

ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE AND SAVING BENEFIT OF EXTERNAL SHADING DEVICES VIA PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) ENERGY GENERATION

The aim of the study is to evaluate both environmental damage and saving benefit in selecting building shading devices. The environmental damage from the production and construction (P&C) of shading devices is evaluated. The saving benefit, i.e., decreasing building operation energy (OE), due to installing shading devices is evaluated. A simple office building module is used. The external shading devices are constructed from concrete-based external shading devices and aluminum-based light shelf devices. Energy design via Life Cycle Energy Assessment (LCEA) and environmental design via Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) are applied. Environmental design is performed when PV energy generation is used. It was found that in energy design, 40% of building OE saving benefit is required to compensate energy needed for the P&C of shading devices. In environmental design, 100% of the building OE saving benefit is required to compensate for environmental damage stemming from the P&C of shading devices. It was concluded that in energy design, in addition to OE, P&C energy should be evaluated. In environmental design, due to a major reduction in the OE saving benefit, the importance of the P&C environmental damage increased. Environmental design cannot be replaced with energy design when PV energy generation is assumed for building OE needs.

Typology of building shading elements on Jalan Sudirman corridor in Pekanbaru

In 2013, temperature in Pekanbaru was between 22.60°C and 34.6°C with humidity 79.14 percent. This condition has increase the concern of energy utilization to building comfort. Buildings have the biggest energy consuming due to the use of air conditioner in Pekanbaru. One effort to reduced energy is shading devices application. Application of air conditioner need huge energy, replaced natural circulation with architecture elements to reduced building thermal. This research study about system and building shading devices types that influence building thermal in Pekanbaru so that knowing characteristics and elements form. This study aims to determine and identify of systems and building elements types in Pekanbaru, which the element forms to conquer in climate condition. Qualitative method with rationalistic-paradigm has used to identify typology of building shading devices on Jalan Sudirman corridor. The research orientation on typology theory, thermal theory, and building shading device to identification of building shading device types on Jalan Sudirman corridor. Based on the survey result, there are 2 type of building shading devices on Jalan Sudirman Pekanbaru which is based on forms and quantity of shading. The types are building shading devices based on shading quantity and building shading devices based on shading forms.

Thermal Environment Dynamic Simulation of Double Skin Façade with Middle Shading Device in Summer

Double-skin facade (DSF) can be thermal insulation either in summer or winter. While building shading devices can reduce the solar radiation heat gain through windows effectively, save building energy consumption and improve indoor thermal environment quality in summer. Based on the dynamic simulation of the indoor environment, this paper puts the blinds inside the intermediate cavity, simulates the effect of different locations and inclinations, analysis their influence on ventilation effect, intermediate cavity temperature and indoor temperature. And finally, a relatively optimal design and utility plan is summarized to provide some references for middle shading device design and evaluation of this field.

Influence of selected solar positions for shading device calculations in building energy performance simulations

Control strategies of building shading devices can achieve important savings in the air conditioning and lighting energy consumption of a building. Calculation procedures of the different solar control devices (overhangs, side fins, etc.) are of special interest in annual energy performance simulation programs, which have to obtain solar gains in hourly time-steps and, more recently, in five minute time-steps. A common approach used to overcome this problem in the past was to select a representative day of a certain period of time and maintain the same results of shading calculations for the rest of the period. Nowadays, the new generation computers have drastically reduced computational costs, but some programs still use the former approach. The present paper assesses the error made by the use of it. Different overhang and side fin typologies and orientations, location latitudes and simulation time-steps have been analysed. 25% of the studied cases have shown annual average relative errors of 5% or greater in the incident solar radiation over the glazing surface. Common configurations, such as south oriented overhangs, show daily deviations of incident solar energy up to 0.48kWh/m2, with a relative error of 17%, having hourly errors as high as 26%.

건물 차양을 위한 RF제어 시스템 제작에 관한 연구

Abstract This paper is based on the fabrication of wireless control system for the building shading device. RF Module was controlled by UHF wireless CC1020 chip which has low electrical power and low electrical voltage. Also 447.8625∼447.9875 frequency, 4800Baud data rate and 12.5 kHz channel spacing was controlled by the use of SPDT switch and with Microcontroller program. Furthermore, the helical antenna was used. The starting production of 447.8625∼447.9875 kHz wireless electrical power was used. As the result, it did not exceed 10dBm which is the standard of low power wireless system. Shading efficiency was measured at 25%, 50%, 75% direction with controlling the interior temperature and the intensity of illumination at the rate of 1 hour. As the result, the intensity of illumination was lowered to 82~87% at 25% direction with 0.6~1.4℃ lowered temperature. At 50% direction, the intensity of illumination was lowered to 60~68% with 2.3~4.1℃ lowered temperature. And at 75% direction, the intensity of illumination was lowered to 41~47% with 3.4~5.1℃ lowered temperature.

Development of Testing Platform for Building Shading Device

In this paper a shading coefficient test platform using artificial light sources was developed to measure the shading coefficient of some typical shading products for building. The platform consists of three testing cases and a protective case. The results show that the detection period using this method was approximately 5-6 hours, and stability of repeating test was good. The experiment results of between-glass venetian blinds are compared with the simulation results to verify the scientific feasibility of the test method.

Viability of exterior shading devices for high-rise residential buildings: Case study for cooling energy saving and economic feasibility analysis

Proper use of building shading devices can only improve the thermal comfort in indoor environment, but also reduce cooling energy consumption effectively. Researches on this topic have been mostly conducted for office buildings, but were limited for exterior shading devices of high-rise buildings, where cooling is a major energy consumer. This paper presents an integrated approach for exterior shading design analysis about energy performance and economic feasibility in a high-rise residential building (Seoul, Korea) by both numerical simulations and field mock-up test for possibility of installing. The sun-shading/daylighting performance analysis of the 48 exterior shading devices was measured with 4.0m×3.2m window module size during the period of May–September. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of the cooling energy saving potential of solar radiation controls was conducted with DOE-2.1E simulation program. The cooling energy saving potential was about 20%, while the reducing of solar heat gain by the two exterior shading devices (the horizontal overhang and the vertical panel) would lead to a decrease of the cooling energy demand 19.7% and 17.3%, respectively. Cost benefit and economic feasibility was also analyzed, in consideration of the OPEX and CAPEX, depending on the shading type. The significance of this study lies in providing basic information for rational exterior shading planning, when designing high-rise residential buildings.