Building Owners Research Articles

Energy optimization mechanism using metastable-smart grid (MSSG)

The Smart Grid model uses energy from renewable sources and utilities to manage energy in a way that ensures uninterrupted power supply for users. In order to operate independently from the main power grid, a DC micro grid is a small power system that generates and uses its own DC electricity. Solar panels, fuel cells, and wind turbines are the most typical power sources for DC micro grids, with batteries used to store any extra energy. The independence of the power grid is one feature of a DC micro grid that promotes increased lifetime. Building owners have more latitude to pursue their sustainability goals since they have control over the production, delivery, and consumption of power. Super-twisting provides a dependable method and an effective instrument for the control of uncertain nonlinear systems by addressing the basic flaws of conventional sliding mode control, notably large control effort and chattering. Fractional order controllers provide greater design freedom than conventional integer order controllers. The purpose of this work was to create a metastable-smart grid(MSSG) user end model that could dynamically manage and optimize energy produced by renewable energy sources and the utility to ensure that customers always have access to electricity. Controlling these many power sources using MSSG and delivering energy in accordance with each user’s unique power plan is the responsibility of the central control unit of the distribution grid. The supply is only switched to solar by the central control unit if a user’s power consumption falls below a predetermined threshold. Giving consumers with less purchasing power more clout as a result.

Konsultasi Publik Kegiatan Revitalisasi Gedung Cagar Budaya

The Wharen Huis Building is a building protected by Law Number 11 of 2010 and the Mayor of Medan Decree Number 433/28.K/X/2021. As a preservation and protection effort that will create an optimal function while protecting or maintaining the authenticity of the Wharen Huis Building as a Cultural Heritage of Medan City, the Government of Medan City through the Housing, Residential Areas and Spatial Planning Office of Medan City plans to revitalize the Wharen Huis Cultural Heritage Building by not violating the applicable theories and regulations related to historic building conservation efforts. The Wharen Huis Heritage Building Revitalization/Restoration Activity Plan consists of 3 (three) stages of activity, namely the pre-construction stage, the construction stage, and the operational stage. Each stage of these activities is predicted to have an impact on the environment. Based on the Regulation of the Minister of State for the Environment No. 4 of 2021, the Revitalization of the Wharen Huis Cultural Heritage Building must have a Type C Environmental Impact Analysis (AMDAL). Referring to Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021, those in charge of businesses and/or activities in preparing an EIA must go through the stages of public consultation. The results of the public consultation obtained input related to building ownership, transportation circulation and support for the preservation of cultural heritage. Public consultation activities obtained several important issues that became input in public consultation activities, including the following 1. Regarding the revitalization of the Wharen Huis Cultural Heritage Building, the Medan City Government should be able to coordinate or communicate with the building owner in terms of managing the building, 2. In its construction, there will be an impact that the circulation of transportation passing through the building must be disturbed, it should be necessary to place parking bags to the west of the building that still exists and 3. we are very enthusiastic and supportive in revitalizing this building as an example for the public interest and become something different in terms of learning historical buildings in Medan City.

Analysis and Study of credits for IGBC Green New Building

The green building movement in India has gained significant momentum with over 8,669 registered projects under the Indian Green Building Council. The LEED standards influence the design and construction of environmentally sustainable structures with a focus on resource conservation, waste reduction, and creating healthy spaces. The IGBC criteria encompasses aspects such as sustainable architecture and design, site selection, energy and water conservation, building materials, indoor environmental quality, and innovation. Energy efficiency and water conservation are emphasized through eco-friendly refrigerants, renewable energy sources, and water-wise practices. The use of certified green building materials, products, and equipment helps reduce environmental impact. Indoor environmental quality is maintained through adequate ventilation, low-emitting materials, and indoor air quality testing. Building owners and contractors can employ various strategies to improve the well-being of occupants. Key Words: Green building, Sustainable, Conservation, Environment, Eco-friendly, Renewable

Study of Damage to Residential Buildings, Soil Geophysics and The Relationship Between the Epicentrum Distance and the Level of Damage Caused by Earthquake

The earthquake that occurred on September 26 2019 caused considerable damage to residential buildings in Ambon City, Central Maluku District and West Seram. This research was carried out in the villages of Liang, Tulehu and Waai, Salahutu District, Central Maluku Regency, which experienced the most damage, namely 5,406 houses were lightly damaged, 1,483 were moderately damaged, and 866 were heavily damaged. This study examines the characteristics of residential buildings, and analyzes the relationship between the level of damage to residential buildings and the distance from the epicenter. Coordinates and data on the level of damage to residential buildings (slight, moderate, very heavy) were obtained from BPBD Maluku Province, data on building characteristics including building construction, basic building conditions, building materials, building age were collected through field surveys and interviews with building owners based on damage level data building. The results showed that the level of damage to residential buildings was related to age/length, structure/construction, and materials used for building walls. The damage is even more severe if the building is old (> 20 years), the construction is boneless and unbuttoned (only the bricks are stacked), and the brick material is made of sea sand. Meanwhile, houses built with plastered masonry walls are more resistant to earthquakes. There is a relationship between the level of damage to residential buildings and the epicenter, the closer to the epicenter the damage is more severe, while the farther from the epicenter the level of damage is mild to moderate.

Retrofitting for Improving Indoor Air Quality and Energy Efficiency in the Hospital Building

A growing body of research shows that retrofitting practices can potentially reduce energy demand in hospital buildings and enhance indoor air quality. Yet, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews associated with green retrofitting practices in hospital buildings. This study aimed to undertake a systematic review of the past literature on retrofitting techniques used to improve indoor air quality and energy efficiency in hospital buildings, to identify barriers to its uptake, and to recommend solutions to identified challenges. For this reason, a systematic review was conducted for the published research from various academic databases. Findings showed a growing uptake of various retrofitting strategies for indoor air quality in hospital buildings. As a result, hospital management or building owners might consider addressing these challenges to facilitate the uptake and implementation of retrofitting practices in their facilities.

A two-stage optimization method for Vehicle to Grid coordination considering building and Electric Vehicle user expectations

The formulation of the Vehicle to Grid (V2G) scheme should ideally consider both Electric Vehicle (EV) and building owners’ viewpoints. From the building owner’s viewpoint, the EVs should be present in the building and participate consistently to deliver the required power. From the EV owners’ viewpoint, participating in the V2G scheme should provide economic incentives while not compromising their travel needs. However, those proposed V2G algorithms up to this point in time had not considered any corrections required in response to unplanned changes in the EV travel plan. In this paper, a Two-stage optimization technique is proposed to determine the charging and discharging schedule for EVs participating in a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) programme at an office building. The EV owners’ travel convenience is focused with more attention in the proposed model by giving them two V2G options. Firstly, day-ahead optimization (DAO) is applied, based on the expected building load profile and EV behaviour, the optimal charging or discharging control of the EVs is obtained in order to save electricity bills by minimizing the maximum demand of the building. Subsequently, a real-time optimization (RTO) is performed to adjust the V2G operation based on actual vehicle behaviours which usually deviate from their estimations. Simulations are conducted and the preliminary results show that the proposed technique is able to adjust the EV charging or discharging in real-time with the aid of the day-ahead stage. The proposed model manages to capture a new ideal optimal maximum demand point and maintain the EV SOC profile as planned from the DAO stage in real-time when prediction deviation occurs. In addition, a comprehensive cost–benefit analysis in utilizing V2G in peak load reduction is also performed to gain insight into the potential savings and discharging rewards attributable to the building and EV owner respectively.

Energy Cost Driven Heating Control with Reinforcement Learning

The current energy crisis raised concern about the lack of electricity during the wintertime, especially that consumption should be cut at peak consumption hours. For the building owners, this is visible as rising electricity prices. Availability of near real-time data on energy performance is opening new opportunities to optimize energy flexibility capabilities of buildings. This paper presents a reinforcement learning (RL)-based method to control the heating for minimizing the heating electricity cost and shifting the electricity usage away from peak demand hours. Simulations are carried out with electrically heated single-family houses. The results indicate that with RL, in the case of varying electricity prices, it is possible to save money and keep the indoor thermal comfort at an appropriate level.

Portable ultrasonic air-leak detectors can help to ensure fire door compartmentation

Owners of multi-occupancy buildings in the UK now need to ensure that all flat-entrance doors and fire doors provide the required compartmentation. Bernard Hornung of Coltraco, formerly an experienced fire fighter with the British Army, says ultrasonic air-leak detectors could help.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI RAKYAT PENGGUNA TEMPAT USAHA DI PASAR TRADISIONAL DALAM RANGKA MENDAPATKAN SUMBER DANA

Certificate of Right to Use a Business Place (SHPTU) is proof of ownership of a right to use a business place (stall) in a market owned by market traders. SHPTU has a fairly high economic value. Therefore it is expected that SHPTU can be used as collateral for credit. SHPTU have something in common elements by leasing as in article 1548 of the Civil Code. This study aims to examine how legal protection for users of business premises in traditional markets can be applied and implemented for the ownership of business premises. The research method used in this study is normative juridical research method by adding empirical elements, with qualitative data analysis. Exploring and analyzing data in the form of documents complemented by factual data in the field so that appropriate conclusions can be drawn. The research findings show that SHPTU is not a material right, but considering that SHPTU has economic value and can be transferred. SHPTU of this valuable stall allows it to be used as collateral for credit by referring to the methods contained in Articles 48-49 concerning the Law on Flats by issuing Certificates of Ownership of Buildings and Buildings (SKBG), where the issuance of certificates is the same between Regional Governments in this case Public Works and Housing Services. SKBG is a way out for proof of stall ownership, because the value is very expensive, legal certainty is needed regarding material rights.
 Keywords: SHPTU; Legal Protection; UMKM.

Tipologi Arsitektur Vernakular Melayu Uma Kabuong Limo di Kampung Pulau Belimbing, Kabupaten Kampar

Title: Typology of Malay Vernacular Architecture Uma Kabuong Limo in Pulau Belimbing Village, Kampar District One form of residential culture can be seen in the architecture as a residence for the people of Belimbing Island Village, Kampar regency. The house as a residential function always develops according to the needs and image of the owner, so changes in the Uma Kabuong Limo building are found. Uma Kabuong Limo can be categorized as vernacular architecture because Uma Kabuong Limo is a product and name that has existed for several generations with a development process that adapts the socio-cultural and cultural of the Malay community. The nature of this simplicity is not only a residential building but also becomes the identity of the community. Through the study of the architectural typology of Uma Kabuong Limo was studied through the approach of the computational model of heritage building information modeling (HBIM). This modeling is expected to get an in-depth and precise analysis to describe the typology process more accurately. This assessment process begins with field data observation, modeling, and discussion of building typologies. The Uma Kabuong Limo buildings observed are six buildings representing the distribution of facilities in The Belimbing Island Village. The findings were the existence of a slightly different basic shape equation in the kitchen. One of the buildings changed the shape of the roof, called the paranginan roof, a multi-storey roof. The more engravings and tidiness of home making depict, the higher the level of the social status of the building owner.

Determining the optimal visible light transmittance of semi-transparent photovoltaic considering energy performance and occupants’ satisfaction

With the increasing use of front windows such as curtain walls, the application of semi-transparent photovoltaic (STPV) systems is effective in producing renewable energy, reducing cooling load via solar radiation control, and improving visual comfort. However, in STPV, the visibility of the view from a window decreases, and this can have a negative impact on the occupants' satisfaction (i.e., psychological satisfaction, task performance, and task load). Therefore, this study sought to present the optimal visible light transmittance (VLT) of STPV that simultaneously considers energy performance and the occupants' satisfaction according to the azimuth of a building. To this end, a residential building in South Korea was selected, and energy performance according to the VLT of STPV (amorphous Si thin film PV) was analyzed using DesignBuilder and EnergyPlus for STPV with three VLTs (i.e., 10%, 20%, and 30%). In order to analyze the occupants' satisfaction according to the VLT of STPV, 31 participants were recruited, and an experiment using virtual reality (VR) was carried out. Multi-objective optimization was performed using the energy performance, psychological satisfaction, and task load. The results showed that as the weight of energy performance was adjusted to 0.33, 0.5, and 0.6, the optimal VLT of STPV was 25.53%, 22.65%, and 20.85% on average, respectively. It is expected that the findings of this study can allow the building owner or building designer to predict the energy performance, the occupants’ psychological satisfaction and task load according to the VLT of STPV.

Grid Parity of Residential Building Rooftop Solar PV in India

Rooftop solar photovoltaic(PV) installation in India have increased in lastdecade because of the flat 40 percent subsidy extended for rooftop solarPV systems (3 kWp and below) by the Indian government under the solarrooftop scheme. From the residential building owner’s perspective, solar PVis competitive when it can produce electricity at a cost less than or equalgrid electricity price, a condition referred as “grid parity”. For assessing gridparity of 3 kWp and 2 kWp residential solar PV system, 15 states capitaland 19 major cities were considered for the RET screen simulation by usingsolar isolation, utility grid tariff, system cost and other economic parameters.3 kWp and 2 kWp rooftop solar PV with and without subsidy scenarioswere considered for simulation using RETscreen software. We estimate thatwithout subsidy no state could achieve grid parity for 2kWp rooftop solarPV plant. However with 3 kWp rooftop solar PV plant only 5 states couldachieve grid parity without subsidy and with government subsidy number ofstates increased to 7, yet wide spread parity for residential rooftop solar PV isstill not achieved. We find that high installation costs, subsidized utility grid supply to low energy consumer and financing rates are major barriers to gridparity

ASSESSMENT OF DEFECTS IN MASONRY WALLS FOR THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN LITHUANIA

This paper presents the assessment of masonry wall defects in residential buildings in Lithuania. The created model is based on a multi-attribute evaluation of wall defects in residential buildings in Lithuania, the determination of their optimality criterion values calculated according to Laplace’o rule. The developed defect assessment algorithm has advantages to be used by repair contractors and people or companies performing building maintenance. First, the model allows planning the course of repair works properly. When carrying out repair work in a building with recurring defects that mainly occur at the building site, proper workflow and its planning are essential. The proposed model could be applied further to a building owner to select the most damaged walls. A background and a description of the proposed model are provided, and several key findings from the data analyses are presented.

НОВАЯ НАХОДКА АРХИВНЫХ ДОКУМЕНТОВ СТАВИТ ПОД СОМНЕНИЕ НАЗВАНИЕ И ВОЗРАСТ ПАМЯТНИКА АРХИТЕКТУРЫ В БАРНАУЛЕ

On the ground of the newly attracted documents from the State Archive of the Altai Krai, the author considers the history and current use of the cultural heritage site. The well-established view about the first owner and constructor of the building on Petropavlovskaya Street in Barnaul - Barnaul 1st guild merchant A.G. Morozov, in connection with the documents and drawings discovered in the archive, had to be changed. Since 1900, the building owner was the Barnaul 1st guild merchant M.A. Strakhov, who lived in Barnaul since 1885 and was engaged in purchasing butter and bread. From 1908 to 1910, M.A. Strakhov was elected mayor. The map of Barnaul in 1907 indicates that Morozov’s shops were located in the building. The last owner’s name was used to name the object of cultural heritage, and the building was dated to 1907, which does not correspond to archival documents.

Assembly cell for the manufacturing of flexible solar modules in building integrated photovoltaics

The current use of photovoltaics is often limited to the utilization of roof surfaces or ground-mounted systems. In particular, building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) have enormous potential to make energy production more sustainable, because the energy is generated where it is used. However, most of these modules either do not meet the aesthetic requirements of the architects as well as the building owner or are uneconomical, since visually appealing building-integrated PV modules cost several times more than standard modules. In this article, an approach for a (semi) automated assembly line that allows geometry- and material-flexible manufacturing of PV modules is presented. The challenges in automating the flexible manufacturing processes include mainly the handling of limp components and the complexity of geometry variability. Appropriate gripper systems are required to ensure safe and reliable handling of the components. A gripper developed in this article offers the ability to flexibly deposit solar strings. Preliminary tests show that 66% of all conducted trials meet the accuracy requirements.

An integrated approach to energy saving of buildings with wear

The specific costs of thermal energy approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 306 in buildings with wear and tear do not cover the actual costs. Building owners resist the installation of meters, preferring to pay according to the standard. In the North, the state is forced to reimburse the actual costs of heat supply organizations for fuel. The regulator requires automated systems for rationing the consumption of thermal energy for each heat consumer object in accordance with the thermal characteristics of this object in this area. The relevance of the work is associated with significant subsidies from the regional budget for heating and the need for a regulator to monitor each heated object. The article substantiates a new increased standard of thermal energy consumption for use in buildings with high wear. As well as automation of regulation of heating costs for each individual object.

A Methodology for Multi-criteria Assessment of Chiller Plants for Building Setup Utilising Waste Heat and Solar Energy

Incorporating a central chilled water hub within an eco-industrial park may boost cost-cutting and carbon reductions. Yet, there are various ways to power it, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages in respect of cost, environmental impact, and technological feasibility. Consequently, it might be challenging to negotiate a settlement with other members in an eco-industrial park because of their conflicting interests. A multi-criteria optimization method is used in this study to compare several centralized chiller systems that are powered by varying compositions of energy forms, to reduce total yearly expenditures for the whole complete building setup. An electric-driven chiller, multi-effect absorption chillers with several effects, and adsorption chillers are installed in the centrally located chilled water system. These components were chosen so that the system could use a wide range of fuels, such as electricity, fossil fuels, chillers, and even solar energy. Afterwards, the TOPSIS is employed to do a multiple criterion ranking on all plans, relying not only on the interests of the building but also on the priorities of individual chiller plants. The conceptual approach assures that cost reduction and user comfort are considered throughout the development of a chilled water system for the building setup. Among the nine criterions selected for the study, The weightage calculated were as follows: Actual capacity- 18%, Total Input power-13%, Speed of Compressor- 5%, EER- 13%, Running current -6%, Max Starting current-6%, Flow rate- 6%, Input power- 19% and Operating Weight- 14%. While ranking chillers AC Screw 355 TR VFD achieved highest performance score of 0.54 followed by AC Screw 355 TR STAR-DELTA with a performance score of 0.51. The novel study will aid the building owners in selecting the best design for chillers while maintaining a sustainable aspect in chillers which is important in building to attain green structure model.

Multi-objective building energy system optimization considering EV infrastructure

With increasing concerns over carbon dioxide emissions, the concept of Zero Energy Building (ZEB) has emerged. Electric Vehicles (EVs) are also considered environmentally friendly since they reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with a rapidly growing market. With these global trends of increasing EV amount and infrastructure, building energy systems should incorporate the ZEB concept and the increasing electricity requirements for EV charging. However, it is unclear how EV charging demand can affect building energy system design while aligning with ZEB requirements. Therefore, this paper develops a new framework to find the optimal energy system design that meets EV charging demand and ZEB requirements. The charging demand for EVs is predicted by the machine learning model, which combines the building energy demand from EnergyPlus. Ultimately, the Genetic Algorithm and PROBID method are applied to optimize the Total Annual Cost (TAC) and Self-Energy Sufficiency Ratio. EV charging demand has been found to affect energy system design, especially in small-size buildings. Using the proposed method, the building owner can determine the optimal capacity of an energy system based on economic and ZEB conditions, contributing to the future net ZEB and transportation systems.

The buried giant: Construction materials shape the environmental footprint of buildings

The environmental impacts, including those related to greenhouse gas emissions, of the construction and deconstruction of buildings come more and more into focus of governments and professional building owners. In new constructions these so-called embodied impacts are often more important than the environmental impacts during 50 years use phase. How did the environmental impacts caused by construction materials and building technologies and their supply chains change during the past three decades? What might be expected in the future? How did LCA contribute to the past development and how did LCA practice evolve during this period? Finally, are current LCA practices suited to support the transformation of the building stock towards net zero greenhouse gas emissions?In a first part, the past as well as the potential future development of the environmental impacts caused by the manufacture of selected key construction materials and their supply chains will be presented. The main measures which lead to lower impacts in the past and which will be needed to further reduce environmental impacts in the future will be named. Current trends will be assessed against their effectiveness to reach net zero greenhouse gas emissions of buildings and the built environment.In a second part the history and evolution of LCI data collection and data management will be discussed. Several aspects will be covered such as information sources, modelling and methodology, environmental impacts (pollutants and resources) covered in the LCIs, IT resources and solutions, and information policies.

Green Roofs as an Approach to Enhance Urban Sustainability: A Study of Public Perception in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

This study focuses on highlighting the major effects and challenges being faced in the implementation of the green roof technique in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Green roofs have proven to be energy efficient, environment friendly, and economical in a long run. Due to the increasing global environment temperature, it has become necessary to implement such sustainable methods that help in the achievement of urban sustainability. Saudi Arabia has seen some reluctance in the implementation of green roofs in buildings. The reasons for not adopting this system have not been reported as yet. To study the level of awareness among the public and the challenges they are facing regarding green roofs, this study was taken up. A survey questionnaire was designed with a high level of flexibility covering the key issues, including the related areas that are affected in the daily life of a resident and also the challenges faced by the general public in the installation of such systems in their existing or new buildings. An extensive literature review and a reconnaissance survey were performed before shortlisting the major factors and challenges to be included in the survey questionnaire. An overwhelming response was received from the people of Riyadh City. Almost 94% of people agreed to the fact that green roofs enhance the aesthetics of the building, and the same number of people agreed that they play a role in controlling the air quality. On the other hand, 91% of the respondents identified the climate of the area as the biggest challenge in implementing green roofs on the buildings. The study concludes with strong recommendations for the local authorities to plan quick actions. The study shall help the building owners, city planners, and policy makers in identifying the major hurdles being faced by the residents in adopting green roofs and will help them to provide solutions to these issues.