Temple Building Research Articles

MENARA KUDUS: IS IT A MINARET OR A TEMPLE? A STUDY OF ARCHITECTURAL ACCULTURATION

Menara Kudus is a minaret building property of an old mosque in Kudus city, Indonesia. The shape of the minaret building is unique and different from the shape of the mosque minarets in general, both in Indonesia and in the Islamic world; The shape of the building is more similar to a Hindu / Buddhist temple building in Java. This paper aims to find answers to questions raised by some scientists about the status of the Menara Kudus building; Is it a temple building that has changed its function, or is it a mosque minaret building. How is the architectural acculturation of the Menara Kudus building? The method used was comparative descriptive to describe the Menara Kudus, the Hindu / Buddhist temples, and the minaret of the old mosque. The comparative method compares the Menara Kudus building with the temple and the mosque minaret to get similarities and differences. The result is that the Menara Kudus is thought to be a temple building that has changed its function. There has been architectural acculturation, a mixture of local and non-local elements.

A DIGITAL ARCHIVE OF BOROBUDUR BASED ON 3D POINT CLOUDS

Abstract. Three-dimensional point clouds are becoming popular representations for digital archives of cultural heritage sites. The Borobudur Temple, located in Central Java, Indonesia, was built in the 8th century. Borobudur is considered one of the greatest Buddhist monuments in the world and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site. We are developing a virtual reality system as a digital archive of the Borobudur Temple. This research is a collaboration between Ritsumeikan University, Japan, the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), and the Borobudur Conservation Office, Indonesia. In our VR system, the following three data sources are integrated to form a 3D point cloud: (1) a 3D point cloud of the overall shape of the temple acquired by photogrammetry using a camera carried by a UAV, (2) a 3D point cloud obtained from precise photogrammetric measurements of selected parts of the temple building, and (3) 3D data of the hidden relief panels recovered from the archived 2D monocular photos using deep learning. Our VR system supports both the first-person view and the bird’s eye view. The first-person view allows immersive observation and appreciation of the cultural heritage. The bird’s eye view is useful for understanding the whole picture. A user can easily switch between the two views by using a user-friendly VR user interface constructed by a 3D game engine.

Court building or palace of justice? (View from the standpoint of judicial symbolism)

Analysis of symbolic dimension of a court building in the general sense of its social vocation is carried out in the article. From the standpoint of judicial symbolism, the authors describe some well-known court buildings in various European countries, in particular, in Ukraine. The authors point out that since its inception, the court as one of the most important social institutions has been marked by a special attitude to the place or building where its sessions took place. In ancient Rome, in accordance with the notion of the need to sanctify space, where important actions and processes took place, the trial was held at a forum or in sacred premises, which often coincided with temples. In medieval Europe, trials were also held in the most privileged premises – palaces of rulers, temples, in the main squares. In the city magistrates, the courtrooms were one of the most solemn, and their interiors were decorated with works of art relating to justice. To this day, where possible, court buildings are erected with the intention of emphasizing the high social significance of justice. This is expressed in architectural forms (in particular, the imitation of classical examples of architecture, which were often common to public, temple and palace buildings as the most important in the local community or country). It is also expressed in modern conceptual solutions of architects, which successfully emphasize the dominant principles of justice – transparency, equality. The court buildings expressed in their appearance and interior design that the justice exercised here is one of the constituent foundations of society. The buildings of the courts, in addition to a purely utilitarian purpose and practicality, had a clear symbolic dimension, conveying the value of the category of justice. Some modern Ukrainian courts also fit into the general European tradition of emphasizing the importance of this institution with majestic buildings. At the same time, these buildings appear as architectural pearls of cities. A special role in the symbolism of the court building as a judicial symbol is played by stairs, which symbolically express the elevation of a person to the halls where justice is realized and the most important legal decisions are made.

Ethnomathematics: geometric analysis of historical buildings ngawen temple in Magelang

The analysis of historical buildings Ngawen Temple has a purpose of knowing the history and knowing the approach to the geometry. This type of research is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The data collection techniques used in this research are interviews and documentation (observation) directly. The interview was done with the temple officers who were around the building, and the documentation was taken directly. The data analysis technique is done by analyzing the buildings related to the geometry, such as the shape of the building on the Ngawen temple. The results of this study were obtained namely, Ngawen Temple set in Buddhism. The Ngawen temple complex consists of five temples that line the parallel from north to south. Temple building facing the east. From the south of Ngawen Temple I, II, III, IV, and V, with each temple to plan the square. One of the uniqueness of Ngawen temple is the existence of 4 lion statues in every corner of temple II and temple IV. The shape of the Ngawen temple resembles the geometry of the cuboid, the rectangular pyramidal frustum, and the rectangular pyramid.

The Medallion Design on Gravestones in Palembang

The Islamic tombs in Palembang date from the 16th-20th century AD. Some of the tombs in Palembang are plain and some have decorations. Ornaments are affixed to the jirat and tombstones. The ornaments found on the headstones include medallions. The medallion ornaments vary in shape and are commonly found in temple buildings in Java in the 9th-16th centuries AD. The medallion decorative motifs in Palembang are found on Islamic tombs from the time of the Palembang Darussalam Sultanate. The medallion decorative motifs found are varied and interesting to study from the similarities and differences with those in Java, as well as the reasons for the emergence of these similarities and differences. Based on these two problems, this paper aims to identify the forms of medallion decoration, similarities, and differences, as well as the background to the similarities and differences in the medallion decorations in Palembang and Java. To answer these two problems, archaeological research methods were used by describing the ornamental variety and identifying its diversity. After that, it was analyzed qualitatively using symbolic theory. The results of the study show that the similarities in the decorations are due to the historical relationship between Palembang and the Majapahit and Demak kingdoms in Java. The difference in the medallion decoration is caused by the creativity factor of Palembang artists.

FEATURES AND COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF SACRED BUILDINGS OF THE END OF 20 – EARLY 21 CENTURY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CHURCH OF ST. PETER IN TERNOPIL)

The article examines some problems of temples of the late 20th - early 21st centuries, in which modern architectural ideas, modern design components appeared together with new design solutions. The study uses a set of general scientific (empirical and theoretical) and special research methods (method of visual and instrumental surveys, historical and comparative analysis, art analysis, method of thermal monitoring and calculation). A comprehensive study was conducted on the example of St. Peter's Church in Ternopil (architect Serhiy Hora, designer Józef Simels). It is established that its modern stylistic image, modern formative components are combined with the traditional plan, which has historically developed in church construction. The facilitation of the main load-bearing structures was made possible by the use of exceptional metal curved trusses and a reinforced concrete belt. A comprehensive analysis of the condition of the church building revealed a number of problems typical for churches of this period of construction: the progressive spread of efflorescence, mycological damage to the plaster, premature destruction of building materials and destruction of structures; loss of insulative properties of structures and increase in energy consumption, deterioration of acoustic characteristics in the church space, loss of uniformity of sound distribution over its area. The dependence of these problems on changes in temperature and humidity in the temple building has been established. According to the results of instrumental research, a correlation analysis was performed to assess the degree of relationship between the distribution of moisture and temperature with the peculiarities of operation, the nature of operation and the level of thermal insulation of enclosing structures. The consequences of further moistening of the inner surfaces of the fences have been established: consequences for the interior; microclimatic (hygienic) consequence; constructive consequences; effects on energy consumption and acoustic effects. As a result of the calculations, recommendations for troubleshooting were provided. Using in this context a systematic interpretation of case studies, the study of actions that would help increase the level of comfort in churches and their preservation, the authors propose a reconstruction with an assessment of the quality of intervention at each stage.

Ecological considerations for the placement of the “Candi Negeri Baru” site in 14 AD in Ketapang, West Kalimantan

The site of “Candi Negeri Baru” in Ketapang, West Kalimantan is a Hindhu temple and by the research team of the Archaeological Center of South Kalimantan it is included as one of the relics of the Majapahit Kingdom. The supporting data, namely the Negeri Baru toponymy, is related to the Tanjungpuri toponymy which is recorded in the Kitab Nāgarake˘rtagama, Canto 14 --- 1, so that the temple is thought to have originated from the 14th AD. The existence of the temple on the site of “Candi Negeri Baru” today, is the only Hindhu temple building found in the West Kalimantan region. In the context of building a temple, based on the provisions of the Kitab Mānasāra-Śilpaśāstra, the placement of a temple building is based on ecological considerations. One of them is based on considerations of land where sacred buildings can be built and land where sacred buildings are not allowed. Land where sacred buildings are permitted are the types of “Brahmana land” and “Ksatrya”, while the types of land where sacred buildings are not permitted are “Waisya land” and “Sudra”. The “Sudra land” type is a type of soil that contains a lot of mud, is dark in color and has a bad smell. Based on the location of the location, the site of “Candi Negeri Baru” at this time, is in a swampy and watery environment, this type of land can be categorized as “Sudra land”. Based on this problem, it is necessary to study the ecological considerations of the placement of the “Candi Negeri Baru” site in the context of the physical environment in Ketapang, West Kalimantan. The placement of the sacred building “Candi Negeri Baru” in Ketapang, West Kalimantan still takes into account the standard rules in the Kitab Mānasāra-Śilpaśāstra, namely in the “Ksatrya” land environment. Does the placement of the sacred building “Candi Negeri Baru” still take into account the ecological provisions that are taught in the “Kitab Mānasāra-Śilpaśāstra”?

The Function Of Ngenteg Linggih Ceremony In Pejaten Tabanan

The Dewa Yajña Ceremony is a ceremony addressed to Ida Sang Hyang Widhi with all of His manifestations as a form of devotion because He has created the universe and everything in it. This gratitude was manifested by the people of Pejaten Village by holding a ceremony to instill the Creator to rest in the sacred temple building. The Ngenteg Linggih ceremony has functions such as religious, ethics, aesthetics, and social. Each of these functions is related to one another which of course will play a role in the ceremony. Such as a religious function in which the ceremony provides a basis for belief in the community through the rites and ritual equipment to convince the public that through the ceremony carried out, religious emotions will grow. The function of ethics is to provide guidance in living through the Ngenteg Linggih ceremony to always live life by thinking, saying, and doing good according to what you are doing in your ceremony. The aesthetic function provides beauty as well as truth and sanctity so that people feel the beauty in regulating life practices as outlined in the means and implementation of the ceremony. The social function is shown by the community who work together hand in hand to load the ceremony and carry it out with the concept of ngayah.

Art and Archaeology

I am no doubt showing my prejudice, but I didn't expect a book on Greek acroteria to make for such exciting lockdown reading. Because of their position high up on temple buildings, extant sculpted materials tend to be fragmentary – and hence pushed to the literal and metaphorical corners of modern-day museums. Look to scholarly publications, moreover, and there is a tendency towards classificatory catalogues, markedly less in the way of theoretical discussion (whether about architectural and cultic framing, for example, historical aesthetics, or the intersection between ‘ornamental’ and ‘figurative’ representational modes).

ETNOMATEMATIKA PADA KELENTENG TJOE TIK KIONG PASURUAN SEBAGAI BAHAN PAKET TES SISWA SMP KELAS VIII

The purpose of this study was to determine what ethnomatematics in the Tjoe Tik Kiong Temple and produce a test package related to ethnomatematics in the Tjoe Tik Kiong Temple. This temple is a place of worship for the Tri Dharma people in Pasuruan City. This type of research is qualitative research with an ethnographic approach. The subjects of this study were one religious leader and one handyman. Data collection methods used are observation and interviews. In this study focused on several objects of building and carving shapes. Mathematical concepts that emerged in the Tjoe Tik Kiong Temple building were geometric, congruent, similarity and geometric transformation. The product made is a test package related to ethnomatematics at the Tjoe Tik Kiong Temple in Pasuruan. This test package is intended for junior high school grade VIII

Особенности барокко на территории Верхнекамья

Статья посвящена выявлению особенностей барокко в архитектуре на территории Верхнекамья. Авторы предлага­ют рассматривать регион как отдельный ареал с присущими особенностями. Пристальное внимание уделено Усольскому и Чердынскому районам Пермского края, поскольку (в отли­чие от аналогичных объектов в центральной России) история строительства и особенности декора барочных памятников архитектуры указанного ареала недостаточно изучены. Де­тальный анализ истории строительства храмовых построек городов Усолья, Чердыни, посёлка Ныробы позволил вы­явить типичные черты в их пространственной композиции и особенности декоративных элементов, которые позволяют считать архитектуру Верхнекамья отдельным ответвлением барокко. На формирование стилистики барокко в Прикамье оказали влияние местные зодческие традиции, мастерство пришлых артельных мастеров и культурные предпочтения заказчиков храмов. Удалённость от столицы позволила задержаться стилю и продолжить развитие, несмотря на официальный переход к классицизму, хотя стилистиче­ские особенности Москвы и Петербурга находят отклики и в провинциальной архитектуре. Региональные черты особенно ярко проявляются в постройках, возведённых местными артелями каменщиков. Строгановские постройки в Верхнекамье некорректно выделять в отдельный стиль, поскольку их объединяет лишь фамилия заказчиков, а не общность стилистических приёмов и декор фасадов. К общим региональным чертам рассмотренных в настоящей статье памятников архитектуры можем отнести следующие декоративные элементы: жучковый орнамент, кубические пояски, зубчатый карниз из лекального кирпича. Среди объёмно-пространственных решений наиболее характерным было соседство богато декорированных храмов с отдельно стоящими предельно аскетичными колокольнями.

"Temple complexes" in the religious life of the trypillia community

In the period 4800-3600 BC. in the eastern part of the Trypillia area arose "giant settlements" or "megasites" / "mega-settlements" (working term of modern archaeologists) with thousands of buildings. In the central parts of these living conglomerates, scientists found special buildings that were recognized as sanctuaries, sacred complexes or temples. In the late period of the Trypillia culture they disappeared. These religious buildings were built with a focus visible processes of celestial bodies and the laws of cyclic rotation of the Earth in space, and included in their internal filling usually cruciform altars, ritual utensils, troughs with graters for the preparation of ritual bread and numerous other ceremonial and religious artifacts. There were also unique finds, such as gold jewelry (an element of prestige) and a perforated clay disk with tockins to it from the space of the Nebelivka Temple. The interior and exterior walls of the Trypillia sacral centers were painted with natural colors with a predominance of red. The wood carving for decoration of elements of a skeleton of a construction was investigated also. The first Temples on the European continent show that even at that time there was a cult of architecture. In general, it is clear that such Trypillia objects of religious worship carried encoded astronomical information in symbolic form. The building itself was oriented with regard to worldsides and designed relative to visible celestial bodies. This indicates that the people of Trypillia had a fairly clear worldview, which allowed them to reach the level of understanding the structure and mechanisms of many natural cyclical processes on Earth. Trypillia cosmology united the celestial and terrestrial spheres, and the Temple was the point of contact of the earth with the visible Universe.
 In his work, the author traces the existing analogies in the structure of construction of Trypillia and sacred complexes of the ancient Middle East and biblical ideas about the Tabernacle and the House of the Lord in the ancient Jews, given the fact, that the Trypillia temple building is known from 4,000 years BC. and several thousand years older than the Middle Eastern counterparts. There are also significant parallels in the construction of temples in the context of Indo-European religious heritage.
 It is noted that the Temple was not only a metaphysical reflection of the annual cycle with a focus on the points of the equinoxes and solstices, but also had a higher religious function, which consisted in the combination of the terrestrial sphere with the celestial, the connection of man with the mystery of the cosmos.

Subduing the demons of Tibet: geomantic magic during the Yarlung dynasty: a landscape archaeology assessment

ABSTRACT Historic documents indicate that during the Yarlung Dynasty (AD 620–AD 842), Tibetan emperors employed geomantic and magical practices in the design and siting of important religious structures. Geomantic magic was used to control indigenous demons that inhabited the land thereby obstructing the introduction of Buddhism and the building of temples and monasteries. In the present article, the Jokhang and Tradruk temples and Samye Monastery are assessed from a landscape archaeology perspective to identify geomantic and magical practices in their design and layout. New findings are presented to include sitings relative to dragon veins, the use of deadly feng shui arrows, and the suppression of demons using ritual phurbas, vajras, and magical mandalas. The demon suppressing methods discussed represent a blend of indigenous Tibetan magic combined with beliefs and practices from China and India. The result was a unique and powerful magico-religious tradition that endures even today.

The Activities of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich and Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna in Temple Building in Russia and in the Holy Land in 1884—1907

The article considers the activities of Grand Duke Sergei Aleksandrovich and his spouse Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna in temple building in 1884—1907. There are such subjects in the article as the Grand Ducal pair’s management of Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society and construction of temples in the Holy Land, participation of Grand Duke and Grand Duchess in construction of temples in St.-Petersburg and Moscow. The theme of perpetuating the memory of the Grand Duke after his death is particularly explored: the activities of Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna in the construction of the Cross-Monument in the Kremlin, the creation of the Temple-Burial Vault in the Chudov Monastery and the construction of the Church in name of Icon of Our Lady of Vatopedion on Khodynka Field. The author makes an attempt to show the world of spiritual life and traditions of the august personalities through the prism of their temple-building activities.

Formation of the urban environment in Kostanay city at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries: analysis of cult architecture based on photo documents

The article deals with the issue of «temple building» in the city of Kostanay in the pre-revolutionary period. Temple architecture is a category that encompasses not only the construction of temples but also their functioning and influence on the processes and events taking place in the city. In the conditions of temple construction, the task was set not so much of buildings of religious structures, but of the habitat as a whole. The main purpose of the study is to identify the features and factors of the influence of temple construction, the activities of priests on the change in the urban environment, to study the architectural styles and ideological compositions of the cult architecture of Kostanay. The work used a wide range of historiographic (works of Kazakh and foreign, Russian researchers) and source material (archival, museum sources). The methodological basis of the research was made by interdisciplinary, cross-cultural theoretical positions (concepts of K. Lynch and K. Norberg-Schulz, environmental approach) and specific methods (architectural analysis, historical and cultural reconstruction, methods of system-holistic analysis, critical research, and generalization of source material). Based on the results of the study, we came to the conclusion that temple architecture and priests had positive changes on the city and townspeople, a lot of educational, moral, charitable work was carried out, registers of births were kept. An active activity attitude influenced the architecture and style of temples. All of them were built according to certain patterns, but they all had their own unique characteristics. You can trace the interconnection and mutual influence of the West and the East, the interweaving of Russian, Tatar, European, Middle Eastern architectural styles.

МИФОЛОГИЯ РУССКОГО ПРАВОСЛАВИЯ И АРХИТЕКТУРА ДЕРЕВЯННОГО ХРАМА

This research topic is the initial stage of new work. The influence of the mythopoetic worldview of Russians and Orthodoxy on the architectural structure and symbolism in the concept of wooden temple building in the northern and arctic territories is considered an integrative scientific field in the article. This is founding a confirmation in the organization of the cultural and sacred landscape, in historical traditions and legends about the choosing of a place for the building of a temple (chapel). As well as the special status of «sacred» and «roadside» groves of trees, the selection of these trees for construction in a sacred meaning and using of individual parts of these temples as a community center and place for ancient rituals. The lexis, connected with the folk architecture, indicates the anthropomorphic nature of the architectural space of the temple. The construction, as it were, is assembled from «large», qualitatively significant components of the human body: head, neck, face, eyes, kokoshnik, forehead, rib, human bust, etc. This tradition is preserved and strengthened by the circumstance that since ancient times, the proportions of the human body acted as a tectonic (building) model of the entire architectural structure. The research substantiates an algorithm for the interactionof the mythopoetic worldview and the Orthodoxy on the architectural structure, and the significance of church architecture. The temple occupied a central place in the sacred space of the northern peasant world. The conducted research made it possible to convincingly prove that wooden churches are a symbolic heritage of the Russian North and the Arctic. The pinnacle of the development of wooden architecture, embodied in the northern temple architecture, was a natural result of ancient Russian architectural – constructional traditions and a reflection of the talent of the Russian people, which allows us to translate the concept of «Russian carpenter» into the category of «Russian architect».

Халхын Түмэнхэн хөндлөн цөөхүр ноёны асуудалд (= Об изучении биографии халхаского Тумэнхэн Сайн-нойон-хана)

The article reveals the Khalkha history of the XVI–XVII centuries, describes the events where one of the prominent state and religious leaders Tumenkhen Sain-noyon (1558–1640) took an active part. It is noted that this was a historic period related to the third wave of the spread of Buddhism among Mongols. This also was the time of significant changes in the political history, economics and religious life of the countries and nations of Central Asia. During this period Tumenkhen Sain-noyon with his elder brother Avatai made great efforts to spread the teaching of Geluk, organize the building of Buddhist temples and translate sacred books.

Reconstructing the Temple: The Royal Rhetoric of Temple Renovation in the Ancient Near East and Israel

Reconstructing the Temple: The Royal Rhetoric of Temple Renovation in the Ancient Near East and Israel

ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL BUILDINGS NGAWEN TEMPLE IN MAGELANG

The analysis of historical buildings Ngawen Temple has a purpose of knowing the history of Ngawen Temple and knowing the approach to the Ngawen Temple's geometry. This research type is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The subject of this research is the historical building of Ngawen Temple. The data collection techniques used in this research are interviews and documentation (observation) directly. The interview was done with the temple officers around the building, and the documentation was taken directly. The data analysis technique is done by analyzing the buildings related to the geometry, such as the building's shape on the Ngawen Temple. The results of this study were obtained; namely, Ngawen Temple set in Buddhism. The Ngawen Temple complex consists of 5 (five) temples that line the parallel from north to south. Temple building facing the east. From the south of Ngawen Temple I, II, III, IV, and V, each temple plans the square. One of Ngawen Temple's uniqueness is the existence of 4 lion statues in every corner of temple II and Candi IV. Another uniqueness is the temple's architecture, found in a lion's statue that supports the four sides of the temple building reconstructed from the five buildings. The lion statue's carved style resembles the lion symbol of Singapore's country and serves the rainwater that comes out through the statue's mouth. The Ngawen Temple's shape resembles the cuboid's geometry, the rectangular pyramidal frustum, and the rectangular pyramid

ACTIVITIES OF THE “COMMISSIONER FOR THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH AND RELIGIOUS CULTS AT THE COUNCIL OF PEOPLE’S COMMISSARS OF THE USSR IN ODESSA” IN 1944-1965 (by materials of the State archives of Odessa region)

The article analyzes the activities of the "Commissioner for the Russian Orthodox Church" and "Correspondence on Religious Cults" at the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in Odessa region in 1944-1958, found unique photos from both Odessa and Odessa region destroyed, converted and rebuilt churches, chapels, houses of worship.The mechanism of repressive pressure on worshipers and religious communities in the issue of renovation and re-registration of churches, etc. has been studied. The principle of identification and accounting of temple buildings and communities is shown.