Temple Building Research Articles

Assessing the Fire Properties of Various Surface Treatments on Timber Components in Ancient Chinese Buildings: A Case Study from the Xianqing Temple in Changzhi, Shanxi, China

Traditional and modern coatings play a key role in enhancing the fire resistance of ancient Chinese buildings. However, further comparative analysis is needed on the fire properties of the two coatings and their effects on different timber structural components. This study focuses on the main hall of the Shanxi Changzhi Xianqing Temple, a typical traditional column and beam construction built between the Song and Jin periods. Firstly, the combustion characteristics of various timber structural component samples with different surface treatments (traditional “Yi-ma-wu-hui” and modern flame retardants) were analyzed using cone calorimeter. Secondly, the fire development process of the Xianqing Temple building model was analyzed by a fire dynamics simulator (FDS), and the effect mechanism of different surface treatments on the burning process was further studied. The results show that the fire resistance of timber structural components is significantly improved after modern and traditional surface treatments. The traditional method is more effective in delaying the peak heat release rate and reducing the surface temperature during combustion, while the modern surface treatment significantly prolongs the ignition time of the timber structural components. The FDS results confirm that modern and traditional surface treatments significantly improve the fire resistance of the building, delaying the flashover time by about 300 s, with no collapse occurring within 800 s. In addition, the fire resistance of buildings after traditional surface treatment is better compared to traditional methods. The above research results can provide direct data support for the selection and optimization of fireproof coatings and treatment methods for ancient buildings.

Exploration of the Landscape Gene Characteristics of Traditional Villages along the Jinzhong Section of the Wanli Tea Road from the Perspective of the Village Temple System

Traditional villages along the Jinzhong section of the Wanli Tea Road possess unique geographical locations and cultural heritage, showcasing a rich variety of cultural landscapes. Among these, village temple buildings play a crucial role as the core of spiritual and belief life in traditional villages. In the context of rapid urbanization and modernization, a new perspective is needed to thoroughly explore the deeper connotations of cultural landscape characteristics in traditional villages along the Wanli Tea Road, particularly by examining the composition and inherent features of their landscape genes. This study employs landscape gene theory, using the village temple system as a lens to identify and analyze the landscape genes of traditional villages along the Jinzhong section of the Wanli Tea Road. Based on the results, a genealogy and a map of landscape genes are constructed to clearly and effectively present the typical characteristics and expressions of these genes in a logical and visual manner. The findings indicate the following: (1) The village temple system in traditional villages along the Jinzhong section of the Wanli Tea Road is closely related to the formation and expression of their landscape genes and can play a critical role in the protection and transmission of cultural landscapes. (2) As important nodes along the historical trade route, the landscape gene characteristics of these villages reflect their unique natural environments and historical development trajectories, illustrating the deep intertwining of commercial activities and local cultural landscapes. (3) This study establishes a replicable research framework that is not only applicable to local studies but also provides valuable references for broader cultural landscape research.

Multi-analytical study of Ming Dynasty Xianying Temple building mortar in Shaanxi, China

Multi-analytical study of Ming Dynasty Xianying Temple building mortar in Shaanxi, China

Vyazma’s Merchant Savva Timofeev Son Altukhov: the Problem of Determining the Personality and Motivation of the Temple-Builder of the 18th Century

The article deals with the little-studied problem of merchant temple building in a provincial Russian city of the 18th century using the example of Vyazma. The author applied anthropological, systemic and critical approaches. In the 18th century, donations for the construction of churches became a characteristic feature of the daily life of the merchant elite. The focus of the study is the history of the Vyazma merchant-temple builder S.T. Altukhov. The example of this merchant shows what problems a historian may encounter in the process of research. A critical approach to the publications of the 19th century made it possible to make a more plausible assumption about the date of construction of the Vyazma temple, for which the merchant Altukhov donated his capital. Establishing the identity of the merchant, determining the approximate date of his birth, the composition of the merchant family were studied on the basis of a comprehensive study of the materials of the first and second revisions, as well as parish registers. The problem of motivation for the temple-building activity of the merchant S.T. Altukhova is considered on the basis of the study of archival documents from the fund of the Chief Magistrate. When working on the article, the funds of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts and the State Archive of the Smolensk Region were used. This article develops the topic of articles about the Vyazma merchant-temple builders of the 18th century, published by the author earlier.

Bidirectional Transmission Mapping of Architectural Styles of Tibetan Buddhist Temples in China from the 7th to the 18th Century

Architecture is the stone book of history, and the evolution of architectural styles showcases a non-verbal history constructed through images. As an important part of China’s historical and cultural heritage, the architectural forms and styles of Tibetan Buddhist temples were initially modeled on Tang dynasty temple architecture and gradually evolved into the most significant architectural types in regions such as Tibet and Qinghai in China. Religious architecture has also played a significant role in shaping regional cultural landscapes. Existing research on Tibetan Buddhist temples is primarily focused on qualitative studies of individual temple buildings. This research takes the spatiotemporal evolution of architectural styles of Tibetan Buddhist temples as an entry point and, for the first time, employs ArcGIS technology to visualize the spatial and geographical distribution of Tibetan Buddhist temples from the 7th to the 18th century, establishing a comprehensive academic vision that encompasses both historical stratification and cross-regional spatial correlations. By analyzing the cultural symbolic features embodied in the construction styles of Tibetan Buddhist temples and the visual characteristics reflected in their decorative arts, we propose two spatiotemporal dimensions for the formation and transmission of Tibetan Buddhist temple architectural styles: “Westward Transmission” and “Eastward Diffusion”. Firstly, from the 7th to the 9th centuries, the architectural style and construction techniques of Tang dynasty Buddhist temples were transmitted westward along the Tang–Tibet ancient road, integrating with local Tibetan elements to form the Tubo architectural style, which was further refined into the “Sino–Tibetan Combined Style” with strong visual characteristics around the 13th century. Subsequently, along with the spread of Tibetan Buddhism, this temple architectural style underwent an eastward diffusion from the 13th to the 18th century, reaching regions, such as Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, and Beijing, presenting a spatial gradient from west to east in the geographical dimension. On this basis, in this research, we construct a historical evolution mapping of Tibetan Buddhist temple architectural styles based on bidirectional transmission, attempting to elucidate that the intrinsic driving forces are religious and the cultural identity that guided the bidirectional transmission mechanism of these architectural styles under the historical context of the formation and dissemination of Tibetan Buddhism from the 7th to the 18th century.

Stylistic and architectural art trends of worldwide experience in designing orthodox churches and complexes

Currently, in the scientific and practical space of Ukraine, there is no substantiated and systematized concept of the sacred architecture of the Balkan countries and the countries of the near abroad. Many countries have experienced a number of important changes and transformations over the last fifty years, which undoubtedly influenced the development of sacred architecture. In this study, the author proposes to consider the modern development of Orthodox churches and complexes of the specified countries of world Orthodoxy. In order to solve the tasks, literary sources were analyzed, highlighting the peculiarities of the analysis of sacred architecture. The fundamental researchers of the analysis of modern architecture include: C. Jenks, O. E. Gutnov, V. L. Hight, A. V. Ikonnikov and others. Modern researchers in the field of design and analysis of sacred objects include the works of O. S. Sleptsova, Yu. I. Kryvoruchko, M. Yu. Kesler. Taking into account the diversity and multifacetedness of the studied sacred objects, this analysis helped establish the directions and criteria for the analysis of Orthodox churches. The article presents the results of the analysis of the practice of sacred design of temple buildings of the countries that are included in the list of Orthodox autocephalous churches of the World Orthodoxy, in particular the temple architecture of the countries: Poland, Serbia, Albania, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Cyprus, Georgia, Armenia, Russia, Belarus. Most of the general finishing has close ties with historical prototypes and stylistic polyphony of development, primarily Byzantine architecture, South Balkan and other architectural schools of a certain region. Also, isolated cases of modern and innovative searches for the modern image of the national temple have been established. As illustrative material, the article is supplemented with images with an analysis of the influence of historical prototypes on modern samples, as well as a table indicating general trends.

SYNTHESIS OF NATIONAL AND WESTERN TRADITION IN EARLY EXAMPLES OF JAPANESE MODERNISM (THE CASE OF WORLD PEACE MEMORIAL CATHEDRAL IN HIROSHIMA)

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the existing influences of traditional Japanese architecture in the modernist World Peace Memorial Cathedral in Hiroshima built after the atomic bombing in Hiroshima on the site of the Noboricho Catholic Church destroyed by the explosion, designed by the architect Togo Murano (using some of the competition ideas of the Kenzo Tange project). According to the results of the study, it was found that the architecture of the World Peace Memorial Cathedral in Hiroshima in Hiroshima represents a synthesis of the traditions of European Romanesque, the Japanese tradition of temple building, and the actual style of modernism, transformed through the prism of the creative manner of the talented architect of Japan of his time, Togo Murano, who had a huge experience in creating architecture with reminiscences of various , both Japanese and European styles of the past and present. In particular, it was established that the general planning and composition of the cathedral is close to the style of basilica churches of European Romanesque, taking into account the simplified global forms of modernism. At the same time, the appearance on the facade of the cathedral of its frame structure and a number of decoration elements refers to the tradition of ancient Japanese architecture, which is especially noticeable in the decoration of the main facade in the form of Japanese carved partitions, which, however, in accordance with the ideas of modernism, are made of concrete. From the results of the work, it is generally clear that Japanese modernism, from the very beginning of its spread in Japan, fundamentally differed from Europe, as it did not accept the idea manifested by European modernism of a complete rejection of traditional form-making. On the contrary, modernism in Japan actively used the national tradition as a basis for ideas.

Exploration of Plane and Solid Figures in Four Umpak Buildings at Penataran Temple

Cultural exploration is an activity of extracting data related to a regional culture until a new understanding is obtained. One study that explores culture is ethnomathematics. Ethnomathematics is a study that explains the relationship between culture and mathematical concepts . Plane figures are material that is taught in stages at the elementary school level and strengthened at the junior high school level, while solid figures are material that is taught at the junior high school level. Penataran Temple is a historical relic of three kingdoms namely Kediri, Singasari, and Majapahit. Penataran Temple is located in Penataran Village, Nglegok District, Blitar Regency, East Java Province. One of the buildings in Penataran Temple is the Four Umpak. In ancient times, Empat Umpak in Penataran Temple was used as a place to gather, discuss and rest for the previous kings. This research aims to explore and describe the concept of plane and solid figures in the Empak Umpak building. The research method used is qualitative research with an ethnographic approach. The object of research is the Four Umpak building and its ornaments. The data collection techniques used are observation, measurement, documentation, literature study and interviews. Data analysis techniques used are data collection, data reduction, data presentation, conclusions and verification. Checking the validity of the data using observation persistence and peer checking. The results showed that there are mathematical concepts in the Four Umpak building, namely the concept of plane and solid figures. The concept of plane figures found in the Four Umpak building are rectangles, isosceles trapezoids, and rhombus. While the concept of solid figures contained in the Penataran Temple building is a truncated rectangular pyramid and a rhombic prism.

Signifikansi Budaya Pada Restorasi Arsitektur Dan Interior Pemedal Agung Dan Penyengker Pura Desa Dan Pura Puseh Desa Adat Denpasar

Many temples in Bali have been renovated without regard to their historical value, resulting in many new forms, ornaments, and materials even though the temple as a cultural heritage has cultural, social, and religious values. This research aimed to examine the reasons and process of restoring Pemedal Agung and Penyengker in the Pura Desa (Village Temple) and Pura Puseh (Puseh Temple) of Denpasar Traditional Village and analyze the restoration implementation implications of Pemedal Agung and Penyengker in the Pura Desa and Pura Puseh of Denpasar Traditional Village. This research used qualitative methods through a case study and ethnographic approach. The results showed that the causal factors in Denpasar Traditional Village restoring Pemedal Agung and Penyengker in the Pura Desa and Pura Puseh were due to a shared understanding of the importance of the traces and historical values in the temple building. It was outlined in the Perarem (rules) regarding the procedures for the temple repair process, and the community understands the importance of Denpasar’s identity value. The restoration stages and process of Pemedal Agung and Penyengker in the Pura Desa and Pura Puseh of Denpasar Traditional Village began with the planning process, identification of building form and damage, technical document preparations, procurement of construction workers, restoration implementation, and periodic supervision. The restoration process was accompanied by a series of Balinese Hindu ritual processes, namely Nuntun, Ngeruak, Mendem Pedagingan, Ngingsirang Pretime, and Ngeteg Linggih ceremonies. The restoration implications of Pemedal Agung and Penyengker in the Pura Desa and Pura Puseh of Denpasar Traditional Village could provide cultural significance, such as aesthetic, social, and religious values, with substantial cultural and symbolic capital.

Фольклорная версия «библейской» истории о Соломоне в аду и ее русские сибирские записи

The main theme of folk stories about the biblical King Solomon is his wisdom, which allows him to solve difficult problems and find a way out of difficult situations. Such stories include stories about Solomon in hell: left in hell during the descent of Christ into hell, for the liberation of the souls of the Old Testament righteous languishing there, Solomon, thanks to his wisdom, finds a way to get out of there – he threatens the devils to build a church, for which he is expelled from hell and so freed; they are the subject of consideration in the article. Neither the Holy Scriptures nor the apocryphal narratives known in ancient Russian literature about the descent of Christ into hell contain an episode about Solomon being left in hell, therefore they could not be the only source of folk legends. But similar stories are noted in the indexes of plots of folklore prose: AaТh 804В The Church in Hill; SUS 804В=AA 804* Solomon (soldier, blacksmith) in hell. For analysis, along with records of the European territory of historical Russia, Russian Siberian texts containing the indicated plot were involved in the work. The identified Siberian variants of the stories about Solomon in Hell expand our knowledge about the plot “repertoire” of Russian folklore prose in Siberia, and against the background of the fact that the Siberian fixations of this plot are not taken into account in the SUS, they clarify ideas about the geography of the existence of plot type 804B. Along with this, they replenish the general East Slavic fund of records of narrative folklore with new materials, which expands the source base for research. The results of the examination of folklore narratives about Solomon in hell, including their Siberian records, allow us to assert that not only the wisdom of King Solomon, but also the book motif of the biblical Solomon the temple builder, which was considered not represented in oral legend, was reflected in folk narratives based on folklore plot fund.

용문사의 역사적 변화와 풍수환경

This study aims to discuss historical changes and geographical environments of Yongmunsa Temple based on perspectives of Feng Shui. In particular, this study is to examine characteristics of Feng Shui, reflected in Yongmunsa Temple, focusing on Jijangjeon Hall, which is a main building of Yongmunsa Temple, and a ginkgo tree which is placed at Hyeolcheo. Spatial constitution and distinctive features of arrangement of the temple buildings in Yongmunsa Temple, which is a central temple in Yangpyeong of Gyeonggi Province, consist of a central axis parallel with Daeungjeon Hall and Jijangjeon Hall. This remains not in a practically central role but in a symbolic significance and role. The true center of Yongmunsa Temple is located at not only Jijangjeon but the ginkgo tree.

MEDIUM SHIFT AND EXISTENCE OF ORNAMENTS ON PELINGGIH OF SACRED BUILDINGS (TEMPLES) DUE TO THE VOLCANIC IMPACT OF MOUNT AGUNG

The study of the existence of ornaments on the pelinggih (temple) buildings that utilise the black stone material of Mount Agung is considered to be only a tiny part of the ornamental manifestations applied to the black stone pelinggih building of Mount Agung when compared to the application of pelinggih ornaments using solid stone materials in general. It is done as an economic production that needs to be sold to the public, especially for Hindus in Bali. To explore this, the researcher uses socio-cultural and aesthetic approaches. The presentation of this article aims to describe (1) The form of the pelinggih temple building that has been used in the community as a place of worship. (2) The existence of ornaments, which are applied to the parts of the pelinggih building, according to the existing parts, such as the feet, the body and the top. (3) Factors influencing the creation of pelinggih with black stone material of Mount Agung, featuring ornaments with minimalist patterns. It is hoped that this research can also be used as a basis for future research to find solutions in developing techniques for sculpting or carving ornaments that utilise the black stone material of Mount Agung, using modern tools. The research approach used was descriptive qualitative. Data were collected through field surveys, literature studies, observations and interviews. Data can be collected, processed, classified and reduced, then analysed using textual and contextual analysis and interpretation. Descriptive qualitative research method that describes situations or events to make a description systematically, factually, and accurately about the facts and the characteristics of the population or sample of a particular area (Suryabrata, 2005: 76). Data in verbal form is often contained in different words with the same meaning and long and wide sentences. In conclusion, the description of ornaments on pelinggih (temple) buildings that use the black stone material of Mount Agung is related to the dominant factors that influence the embodiment of decorations. Although the structure and form of the pelinggih in the preparation have followed the ethics or the existing rules, the application of ornaments in detail is minimal, only in the form of basic patterns, both at the bottom feet, body or middle and head or top. There is still a lack of reliable and professional Gunung Agung black stone carvers

Perkembangan Arsitektur dan Fungsi Kelenteng Tjo Soe Kong di Tanjung Kait Tahun 1959-2018

This study aims to explain the history, development building form, and explain the function of Tjo Soe Kong Temple in Tanjung Kait. Historical methods used in research consisting heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The results showed that the establishment of the Tjo Soe Kong Temple was related Kongco Tjo Soe Kong to the expansion of sugarcane land. The construction was carried out by residents of Chinese descent were immigrants from Anxi district, in early decades of the 18th century to be precise in 1792, and has undergone several physical changes the building with addition of modern construction. First renovation in 1959, condition the building was made of wood, bamboo and blocks were replaced with bricks and cement to strengthen the building. Second renovation in 2018, namely repairing the roof, walls, poles, fences, and ornaments. As well as the structure of the wall construction is coated with granite which serves to add to the impression of beauty of the building without losing its original shape. Establishment of the Tjo Soe Kong Temple follows general rules of feng shui but not completely. The function of the temple building is use as a place of worship for Buddhists, center for social activities and assimilation of arts, historical marker of development of Chinese community, a place where spiritual teachings also used for recreation because it’s crowded with visitors and open to public. Addition of red bridge building with fish pond to enjoy the beautiful scenery at the Tjo Soe Kong Temple.

History of the Study of Chinese Traditional Architecture in the 20th Century : Specificity of Tang Dynasty Cult Objects

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to study Chinese religious buildings in order to identify the specifics of the construction of temple complexes, to reveal the features inherent in ancient temple buildings. The experience of studying temple complexes of the Tang dynasty in the context of historical research in China in the 20th century is analyzed. The monument of Buddhist Tang architecture — Foguang temple is considered. The socio-economic situation in China in the 20th century formed special conditions for the development of institutes, faculties for the study of temple building. The process of adaptation of architects to the new conditions after the Cultural Revolution was not unequivocal, as most of the temple buildings were destroyed. Only a small part of China's history remained imprinted in cult architecture, which had to be studied. As a result of historical research, new sources appear, and previously unstudied temples are introduced into scientific circulation. Among the Chinese architects of the 20th century were real connoisseurs of Chinese culture, who collected unique objects of ancient architecture, which became part of the world cultural heritage. It is concluded that in each historical epoch of temple building had its own distinctive features; temple architecture became a standard of power and might of emperors of this or that period, allowing us today to judge the achievements and knowledge of ancient architects.

THINKING (WITH) THE BODY OF VITRUVIUS’ HOMO BENE FIGURATUS

Vitruvius’ famous description of the homo bene figuratus possesses a slightly paradoxical nature. The description is meant to illuminate a fundamental but very abstract principle underlying the building of temples: symmetry or proportion. For the purpose of illumination, an analogy is drawn between temples and the human body. But even though the description serves an illustrative purpose, it does not at first sight appear to have a specifically illustrative nature since it largely consists of numerical fractions and proportional relations. Additionally, it seems quite difficult to tell what the homo bene figuratus actually looks like because the figure hardly possesses any individual features. And yet, the description inspired a rich reception of drawings during the Renaissance and later (of which Leonardo's version is certainly the most famous). The passage even seems to have taken on a life of its own since in those drawings the homo bene figuratus is usually treated independently of its original purpose and remains unconnected with temples or other buildings. Apparently, the passage—somehow—has an easily comprehensible or even perhaps vivid quality, despite the fact that it mainly lists abstract numerical details.

Pengenalan Bangunan Bersejarah Pura dengan Menggunakan Local Binary Pattern dan Support Vector Machine

One area that has a rich cultural heritage is Bali. Bali is very well known as a very beautiful place and is often visited by tourists in Indonesia and outside Indonesia. Temple buildings in Bali have unique characteristics that reflect the richness of Indonesian culture. So many tourists are interested in vacationing there. However, due to the uniqueness of each temple building there, there is a lack of knowledge about the buildings being seen, so the main aim of this design is to develop a system for recognizing historical temple buildings in Indonesia through building images. More broadly, this design contribution can be applied in the development of similar systems for other historical regions in Indonesia, enriching efforts to preserve and promote cultural heritage nationally. Thus, this design not only paves the way for innovation in the field of image recognition, but also has a positive impact in preserving valuable cultural property. The method used for recognition is Local Binary Pattern as texture feature extraction from temple building images, while Support Vector Machine with a polynomial kernel is used to recognize temple buildings. It is hoped that the combination of these two methods can provide good results in recognizing temple buildings with the correct classification level. The accuracy of this design model using 90 percent training data and 10 percent test data was 45.93 percent, while when using 80 percent training data and 20 percent test data, the accuracy dropped slightly to 43.96 percent. When using 90 percent training data, the recognition of historical buildings produces a precision of 59 percent, a recall value of 71 percent, and an f1-score of 57 percent. On the other hand, with 80 percent training data, the recognition of historical buildings produces 62 percent precision, 72 percent recall value, and 57 percent f1-score.

Representasi Konsep Transformasi Geometri Melalui Pembelajaran Etnomatematika Menggunakan Sumber Objek Budaya Klenteng Sam Poo Kong

The low mathematical understanding and reasoning skills of students along with abstract mathematical concepts make it difficult for students to understand mathematical concepts. So, new development innovations are needed in presenting mathematics learning to improve students' basic math skills. This research aims to explore the buildings in the Sam Poo Kong temple in finding mathematical concepts. This research is exploratory, the research method used is descriptive-qualitative, and the approach is ethnography because it studies cultural phenomena in society. The results of this study show that in the Sam Poo Kong temple there are ethnomathematics concepts related to geometric transformation material including 1) translation on the roof, pillars, and statues; 2) reflection on the overall structure of the temple building, ornaments, and the entrance gate of Sam Poo Kong; 3) rotation on lanterns and walls of hope; and 4) dilation on the structure of the roof and lanterns. From the research, it can be concluded that Sam Poo Kong temple presents the concept of geometry transformation, namely translation, reflection, rotation, and dilation.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМОТВОРЕННЯ ХРАМОВИХ БУДІВЕЛЬ В ПУБЛІКАЦІЯХ ТА ПЕРІОДИЦІ (суть, значення та проблеми предмету дослідження)

The article analyzes studies and publications on the subject of church architecture, which focus on the planning, volume-spatial features, traditions of the formation and development of wooden and stone church architecture, as well as light, color, material, compositional techniques, and symbolism in the formative vision of the development of Ukrainian church building. Therefore, the problems of the relationship between function and form, architectural form and technique, the problem of the image and the means of its realization, which the architectural form provides, remain relevant to this day. The integral form of an architectural work expresses the peculiarities of its organization and the way it exists in the context of the environment and culture. The form acts as a material embodiment of essential information for the practical activity and spiritual life of people, and as a carrier of aesthetic value and ideological and artistic content of architectural works. Forms are used as a means of communication and expression of relationships between people, and in the case of sacred, temple buildings, as a relationship between people and the Creator. The subordination of the form to certain trends in style creation makes it possible to personally feel the connection of one's object-spatial environment with a wide range of environment and culture. All of this connects the problems of form and form-making with the broadest intentions of reproducing society. Tectonics is also defined as the organization of an expedient and at the same time expressive constructive structure, which is included in the list of means of forming an image. The subject of tectonics is the morphology of a structure that turns into a means of expression. And the ways of expanding this concept at the expense of the regularities of space organization leads to the fact that tectonics loses the specificity of content and is practically superimposed on such a concept as composition. The tectonicity of an architectural form is determined by the use of structural properties as a means of expression, but not the expression of the structural structure itself. The construction as such is a means of realizing the function of architecture, at the same time the function of expressiveness, but not the content that the architectural image should reveal. Therefore, a work of architecture embodies a certain image, an image that contains socially significant content, as a necessary part of its function. But the image also serves as a necessary tool to give the architectural work integrity to an organized, harmonious form. The organization of space and its structuring determine the fundamental basis of architectural composition at any level of environmental systems. The article considers the architecture of the space of church buildings as a category of form that creates a tectonic and volumetric-planning structure in church building. The article shows the peculiarities of forming in the architecture of church buildings and the compositional structure, which is determined through mass, space and surface and through such creative components as idea-form-function-value-sign (symbol).

Analisis Makna Pesan Yang Terkandung Di Dalam Relief Ukiran Bangunan Pura Umat Hindu

This research was conducted to analyze the meaning of the message contained in the carved reliefs of the Hindu temple building at the Dharma Yatra temple, Rama Agung village. The research method uses qualitative research methods to analyze the meaning of the messages contained in the relief carvings of Hindu temple buildings in the village of Rama Agung using hermeneutic theory. The results of the study show that the meaning of the messages contained in the relief carvings of Hindu temples at the Dharma Yatra temple have meanings that mostly contain religious meanings and social messages and norms that apply in society in the village of Rama Agung. The religious meaning is in the form of the meaning of religious values ​​and religious teachings, especially Hinduism, the meaning of social messages, namely social rules and regulations that apply in the community in the village of Rama Agung and norms or rules have the meaning of traditional law or customary law of Hindus in the Rama Agung village.

Храмовые здания из быстровозводимых блок-модулей в сейсмически активных районах Сибири и Дальнего Востока на примере Забайкальского региона

Purpose: To investigate the issues of the spread of Orthodox churches in remote areas of Siberia and the Far East. Questions of the use of block-modular structures in religious buildings in the conditions of seismic activity of the regions of Transbaikalia and the Far East, in particular, in the Trans-Baikal region. Methods: To analyze the canonical types of temples, their planning and volumetric-compositional solutions that have become widespread in the modern Orthodox architecture of the Russian Federation. To analyze the architectural features of modern Orthodox churches built at the beginning of the XXI century in different cities of the Russian Federation, which form the image of modern Orthodox domestic architecture by using non-traditional elements. To consider the influence of various factors on the formation of the image of modern Russian Orthodox churches. To analyze the role of traditions in the modern architecture of religious buildings. To determine the main directions of development of the construction of religious buildings. To conduct a study of the features of earthquakes in the designated region over the past 70 years. To analyze the current seismic conditions of the Trans-Baikal region. To conduct a study of the typology of temples that are possible for use in the Trans-Baikal region. To analyze the possibility of application and features of block-modular buildings made of various materials. To assess the degree of their possible modern implementation in the studied remote areas of Siberia and the Far East, especially in the territory of the Trans-Baikal region. Results: The main types of temples that are historically and climatically preferable for these areas are identified; various materials for the construction of temple buildings are presented, types of blocks made of logs are proposed, as well as types of blocks in frame design as the main standard block-modular structures for prefabricated religious buildings. Practical significance: It is shown that the use of block-modular structures as the main ones for the construction of buildings in areas remote from the centers allows solving the problem of the lack of Orthodox religious buildings in the region, significantly reducing the construction time of religious buildings and ensuring their seismic stability.