Building Maintenance Research Articles

REAL TIME INVESTIGATION ON REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Now days it has become a major challenge to select right techniques, materials, and procedures for the repair of a building structure.Repair and Maintenance of Residential Building have gained in importance around the world.Despite the authorities in charge of building maintenance, the residents are also a factor contributing to poor maintenance on building.The use of poor quality material by the maintenance department, improper maintenance strategy often cause maintenance to achieve a result less than expected.The first duty of every Civil engineer is to give emphasis on the durability aspect during construction as well as maintenance. The emergence of maintenance application can improve the efficiency of quality and duration of the work.Lack of management in maintenance is one of the factors which is the reason for poor building condition.

IMPACT OF ECONOMIC FACTORS ON DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES IN ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION

The influence of economic factors on the design and construction processes in the architecture and construction industry is under consideration and theoretically underpinned. The following aspects (factors of influence) were found to be among the economic problems faced by Ukrainian architects, developers and urban planners. Design and construction costs are the first problematic and applied area. The general classification of design and construction costs has been presented. It is noted that a project can be made more affordable and efficient through effective project cost management and finding ways to optimise costs. The economic feasibility of using the latest technologies is the second area of concern and application. The authors argue that the introduction of modern technologies such as BIM (Building Information Modelling), 3D printing in architecture and intelligent systems in buildings often faces economic barriers. However, by increasing process efficiency and reducing time and financial costs, they believe these technologies can be cost effective in the long term. Another problematic, applied area is energy efficiency. It has been noted that energy efficiency in construction requires up-front investment that can significantly reduce future building maintenance costs. Both the long-term savings and the improvement in the quality of operation of the facilities should be taken into account when assessing the profitability of such investments. It has been found that there are a number of ways to optimise the activities of a construction company. One of these ways is to implement an energy saving strategy in the company. This strategy consists of several stages. The first stage, based on the parameters of the company’s energy status, is to formulate a set of objectives. This means calculating and setting targets for reducing the energy consumed and improving energy efficiency. The second stage is the planning and implementation of a series of measures to save energy in the building. These may include the installation of energy-saving equipment, the modernisation of heating and air-conditioning systems, the introduction of energy-efficient technologies in the construction process, the integration of energy-saving management systems, etc. The third step is to monitor the energy-saving processes. This includes systematic analysis and evaluation of the results of the implemented measures, monitoring energy consumption, identifying and eliminating potential problems. According to the authors, intensifying the introduction of new energy-saving technologies is the innovative component of a construction company’s energy-saving activities. It is also important to develop scientifically based means of organising and managing the energy saving process in construction. The fourth problematic and applied area is the development and implementation of cost-effective norms and standards. It should be noted that improving the quality of design and construction, as well as improving economic performance by optimising the use of resources, can be achieved by updating the regulations and standards governing construction and architectural processes through the integration of new knowledge and technologies. In particular, the cost of running construction projects can be optimised by considering economic parameters in the development of norms and standards.

Current Situation Analysis of Low-carbon Community Based on BIM Technology and Related Problem Solving Measures

In the low-carbon construction target system, low-carbon buildings play a crucial role in achieving the goal of reducing carbon emissions. As China's urbanization development continues to deepen, communities have become the primary living environment for both urban and rural residents. Consequently, research on building carbon emissions has shifted from individual buildings to encompassing low-carbon community building facilities. Against the backdrop of digital intelligence and new quality productivity development, promoting the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology for low-carbon transformation in community buildings can effectively contribute to China's low-carbon goals. The utilization of BIM technology enhances planning and construction efficiency across various types of communities while minimizing rework and energy consumption. Furthermore, applying BIM technology to equipment and materials management enables better control over carbon emissions during building operation and maintenance stages, thereby fostering harmonious development between urban energy consumption and the community’s ecological environment.

Resilient performance in building maintenance: A macro-cognition perspective during sudden breakdowns

Building maintenance encompasses multiple tightly inter-connected agents (e.g., technicians, occupants, supervisors, and equipment). Variable working conditions and limited resources may affect the safety and sustainability of the activities. Although recent studies have explored how complex systems can perform resilient behavior in facing the complexity of everyday activities, the factors that effectively contribute to resilient performance are still paired with limited empirical evidence. We studied the performance of the maintenance team during sudden breakdowns of air-conditioning devices in a large university campus, using the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM). A FRAM diagram containing 30 functions was organized including six macro-cognitive functions (expertise, sensemaking, communication, coordination, collaboration, and adaptation/improvisation), examining their role in anticipating, and responding to emergencies, and eight functional units that are directly impacted by disturbances were analyzed in more detail. Results indicate that macro-cognitive functions can greatly impact the functionality of the maintenance team in pursuit of their goals. Moreover, we noted those macro-cognitive functions here analyzed depend on each other to produce resilient performance.

Framework for BIM-Based Repair History Management for Architectural Heritage

This research addresses the challenges faced in collecting and managing repair history information for architectural heritage due to its distribution among different institutions. To overcome this problem, this study proposes a building information modeling (BIM)-based repair history management framework that links non-formal repair details of architectural heritage to BIM. This framework was applied to the case study of the Great Hero Hall of Sudeoksa Temple in Yesan, South Korea. A repair history database in the form of structured data adhering to the historic building information modeling standard was utilized. The proposed framework effectively syncs the repair history database with BIM to preserve architectural heritage and streamline repair history information updates as well as management. Integrated heritage BIM is anticipated to furnish a thorough knowledge base for architectural heritage, comprising non-geometric details and formal information models, thus enhancing building maintenance planning. Ultimately, the benefits and limitations of the suggested framework and methodologies are deliberated for further implementation.

Analysis of the Effectiveness and Contribution of Customs Tax Land Rights Building and Land Tax Building Maintenance and Improvement of the Indigenous People of South Aceh

This study aims to determine the effectiveness and contribution of Tax Customs acquisition of land and building rights (BPHTB) and Urban and rural land and Building Tax (PBB-P2) to the receipt of local revenue (PAD) from 2018-2022. This research method uses a qualitative method that uses a descriptive approach. The object of this study is the Office of the Financial Management Agency of South Aceh region, the source of data used is secondary and primary data, secondary data obtained from the realization of the effectiveness and contribution of tax revenues acquisition of land and building duty (BPHTB) and land tax and Urban and rural building (PBB-P2),and primary data obtained from interviews. Based on the results of the discussion, the level of effectiveness of BPHTB from 2018-2022 is very effective with a percentage level of 167.45%, while the level of contribution is in the good category with a percentage of 45%. For the level of effectiveness of PBB-P2 from 2018-2022, it is quite effective with a value of 80.36%. While the level of contribution is in the medium category with a percentage value of 23%.

Building Surface Defect Detection Using Machine Learning and 3D Scanning Techniques in the Construction Domain

The rapid growth of the real estate market has led to the appearance of more and more residential areas and large apartment buildings that need to be managed and maintained by a single real estate developer or company. This scientific article details the development of a novel method for inspecting buildings in a semi-automated manner, thereby reducing the time needed to assess the requirements for the maintenance of a building. This paper focuses on the development of an application which has the purpose of detecting imperfections in a range of building sections using a combination of machine learning techniques and 3D scanning methodologies. This research focuses on the design and development of a machine learning-based application that utilizes the Python programming language and the PyTorch library; it builds on the team′s previous study, in which they investigated the possibility of applying their expertise in creating construction-related applications for real-life situations. Using the Zed camera system, real-life pictures of various building components were used, along with stock images when needed, to train an artificial intelligence model that could identify surface damage or defects such as cracks and differentiate between naturally occurring elements such as shadows or stains. One of the goals is to develop an application that can identify defects in real time while using readily available tools in order to ensure a practical and affordable solution. The findings of this study have the potential to greatly enhance the availability of defect detection procedures in the construction sector, which will result in better building maintenance and structural integrity.

Strategy and Models of Buildings Maintenance – a Literature Survey

In the article comprehensive insights into the field of building maintenance, emphasizing the importance of keywords, collaborative efforts among authors, and the evolving research landscape are provided. The study conducts a thorough literature review using Scopus as a search engine, employing the full-counting method for authorship, and VOSviewer software for bibliometric analysis. The results reveal distinct data sets focusing on building maintenance from general to specific, with each set reflecting unique aspects and considerations. Bibliometric maps illustrate author collaboration and keyword connections within each set, highlighting evolving research trends and areas of focus. The study concludes with recommendations for future research, emphasizing the ongoing need for exploration and development in building maintenance.

The Influence of Visitors on Heritage Conservation: The Case of the Church of San Juan del Hospital, Valencia, Spain

One of the greatest challenges in heritage management is to find a balance between the demands of visitor access and heritage conservation. The income generated prevents decay and benefits the conservation of buildings. At the same time, cultural tourism can accelerate the deterioration of buildings from increased use and an increase in agents harmful to conservation. This unique research analyses the influence of building use at San Juan del Hospital, the oldest church in the city of Valencia. Its architectural characteristics and the climate of the city mean that visits to the building put the conservation of its heritage assets at risk. Monitoring data from the summer months were put into a digital twin generated from a heritage building information model (HBIM), and the modelling of visitor numbers and the impact on indoor environmental quality was conducted. Monitoring and simulations confirmed that visitor numbers need to be reduced or mechanical conditioning systems need to be installed to prevent damage to the heritage artefacts within the building. This research provides building managers with information to make informed decisions about the preventive maintenance of heritage buildings. This research also demonstrates for the first time the value of using monitoring and a digital twin for conservation management.

A STUDY ON COLD CHAIN MAINTENANCE AND VACCINE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF URBAN GOVERNMENT HEALTH FACILITIES IN JABALPUR DISTRICT, INDIA

Introduction: Efficient cold chain and vaccine logistics management are made possible by the health system's processes, practices, and policies, which are evaluated by Effective Vaccine Management, a diagnostic tool. A significant number of urban Jabalpur children receive vaccinations from a government health facility.The aim of the study wasto Assessthe cold chain maintenance and vaccine management practices at urban government Cold Chain Points of Jabalpur district.Methods:A cross-sectional study was carried out at all of 13 urban government ColdChain Points across Jabalpur district. Globally validated World Health Organization -United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund Effective Vaccine Management tool was used for this study. Criteria wise and Consolidated Effective Vaccine Management scores were calculated as per World Health Organization guidelines. Results: All the urban service point stores or cold chain points scored more than the target 80% in two criteria: storage capacity and building. The consolidated criteria score of all the cold chain points in urban Jabalpur, criteria like maintenance, stock management, management information system, and supportive functions, were lagging behind the 80% mark. Low scores in maintenance, stock management, and management information system and supportive functions criteria are somehow a setback for all the preparationand hard work done towards optimal vaccine management and supply chain in the area. Conclusion: The overall performance of the urban cold chain points in Jabalpur district was far better as compared to the state-level effective vaccine management assessment done in Madhya Pradesh in 2011 and 2016. Planned preventive maintenance for buildings and equipment needs to be strengthened. Issues like Lack of information for stock management, need for periodic refresher trainings are to be emphasized.

Optimization in Territorial Partitioning to Improve the Performance of a Common Building Maintenance Service Contract: A Case Study of a Public Agency in Paraná State, Brazil

All public administration contracts must be evaluated in order to improve their performance while respecting the limits established by laws and regulations. The purpose of this article is to apply an approach to improve the performance of a common building maintenance service contract for the Paraná State Court of Justice (PRCJ), which has a total built area of ​​544 283,79 m² in 224 buildings distributed over 161 counties, by optimizing the territorial partitioning of Paraná State. To partition the state into 14 regions, a binary integer linear programming (BILP) mathematical model is applied to the facilities location problem (FLP) in three scenarios. The results show that Scenario 3 (in which the location of the 14 maintenance offices and the configuration of their areas of activity were optimized) is the best in terms of minimizing the distances traveled by maintenance teams. In this scenario, the total distance traveled would be 9 775 km per day (instead of the current 11 150 km), achieving savings of around 12,3% when compared to the current solution. With this solution, in addition to the distance, the direct and indirect costs associated with the displacement of work teams and the time spent on their corresponding trips would be minimized. Furthermore, the users of maintenance services could be served more quickly, resulting in a higher number of services and greater satisfaction for the target audience of the contract.

A robust superhydrophobic coating of siloxane resin and hydrophobic calcium carbonate nanoparticles for limestone protection

Hydrophobic calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles (NPs), modified with dodecanoic acid (DA), are produced and dispersed in solutions of KSE 100, which is a silicic acid ester base product used for the conservation and maintenance of heritage and modern buildings. The dispersions are sprayed on limestone and marble specimens. By adjusting the relative concentrations of DA and NPs, the treated stones obtain superhydrophobic properties. Focusing on limestone it is reported that the treatment has negligible effects on the colour and vapour permeability of the original stone and offers protection against water capillary rise. Several studies are performed to test the durability of the composite (KSE + CaCO3-DA NPs) coating against rain impact, freezing and thawing, salt attack and UV radiation. Moreover, the mechanical, chemical and thermal durability of the coating is studied according to the tape peeling test, contact angles of drops which correspond to a vast range of pH, and heat treatment. The results of the aforementioned tests reveal the very good stability of the composite coating. In sum, it is reported that the wetting properties of the KSE 100 stone strengthener, which is used in building conservation, can be highly improved by adding a small amount of modified CaCO3 NPs. The latter are chemically compatible with calcareous stones.

HBIM STRUCTURAL MODEL TO EVALUATE BUILDING EVOLUTION AND CONSTRUCTION HYPOTHESES: PRELIMINARY RESULTS

Abstract. Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) is a technology that has proven to be very effective for the management, preservation, and maintenance of heritage buildings. HBIM allows a digital replica of the building, in which information can be stored, designs can be made, and future actions can be planned. To do this, it is obviously necessary to have a thorough knowledge of the building and its historical evolution. The HBIM model can therefore become the ideal place in which to develop and model construction hypotheses of building portions that no longer exist, or even record its development over time using different phases of work. Based on this context, the aim of this article is to use the HBIM approach for modelling different construction hypotheses and use the model to study the behaviour of different configurations with structural analysis. To do this, the case study of the church of San Michele Maggiore in Pavia was chosen, which in the 15th century underwent major restorations due to structural failures of the vaults of the central nave, which were replaced with the current cross vaults. In the literature there are different constructive hypotheses of the ancient vaults, which have been modelled in HBIM precisely to evaluate the different structural behaviours following the method presented. This article presents the historical analyses and geometric surveys that led to the HBIM modelling and the model itself. In the future, after careful selection of the most appropriate software, structural calculations will be made to study the structural behaviour of the building.

Honeymoon-hangover effect: Occupant workspace satisfaction decreases over time

This paper investigates the pattern of change in occupants’ satisfaction with the Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) of their workspace over time. Analyses were performed on a cumulative (2012–2023) database of responses to a Post-Occupancy Evaluation survey in Australia. 20,400 questionnaire responses from 226 office buildings were classified into five groups based on the length of time respondents had occupied their workspace. Associations between workspace satisfaction and the length of time respondents had occupied their workspace were also analysed for different gender and age cohorts. Our results show that occupant satisfaction generally decreased with the length of time they had been allocated to their present workspaces (the ‘honeymoon-hangover’ effect). People who have occupied their workspace for more than 5 years expressed lower overall satisfaction with their workspace than those who have been there for less than 6 months. The same pattern was observed for occupants’ satisfaction with other IEQ dimensions including building image and maintenance, indoor air quality, spatial comfort, and thermal comfort. This ‘honeymoon-hangover’ effect was evident across genders and age groups. Furthermore, there was negligible difference between the two genders on the ‘honeymoon-hangover’ effect, although thermal comfort and indoor air quality were generally less satisfactory for women than men. Respondents aged 30 yrs or less showed a larger decline in satisfaction over time compared to those over 50-yrs old. Within the 30-year-or-under age group, occupants who had spent more than 5 years at their workspaces consistently registered the lowest satisfaction score across all IEQ dimensions. Implications and impactsThe findings in this study have significant implications for the design of Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) surveys and for facility managers aiming to enhance occupants' satisfaction with their workspace and workplace.

Utilization of Colonial Buildings into Business Houses in Semarang

Colonial buildings that still survive today are the main attraction because they have high characteristics and historical value. Colonial buildings are one of the cultural heritage that need to be maintained. The existence of colonial residential buildings must be maintained and utilized commercially as one of the solutions to survive. Maintenance of old colonial buildings is not easy, it needs to be quite expensive due to the age of the building and the need for rejuvenation. Heirs or owners of colonial buildings must maximize the building commercially, one of which is on the building on Jalan Beringin Sekayu Semarang by making it a business house. This colonial building has not yet entered the cultural heritage building. Still, it has the potential to enter the cultural heritage building in the future judging from the history and appearance of the building's façade.
 The use of colonial residential buildings in business houses needs careful adjustment and arrangement because of the existence of 2 different functions. Residential houses are private zones that require the privacy of homeowners and their families, while business premises are public zones that can be accessed publicly and must reflect professionalism to be trusted by clients and must increase employee productivity. Comfort as a home and professionalism in a place of business are not easy to do without good planning. Planning must not change the total face of the building so that the historical value of the cultural heritage is not lost. Spatial adjustments must also be made by considering aspects of function, comfort, and professionalism. Without good planning, colonial buildings that have historical value, and cultural heritage characteristics will be lost and buildings cannot function properly with disruption of activities as residences and places of business. 
 The research was conducted with descriptive qualitative research methods through field observation, interviews, and literature studies. Research needs to be done so that colonial buildings can survive as cultural heritage and be used properly with adjustments due to their function as a residence as well as a place of business. The results of the study can describe the changes or adaptations that occur due to the use of colonial buildings of residential houses in places of business. These changes and adaptations include the appearance of the façade, zoning area, and circulation.

Implementability of BIM Technology in Light of Literature Studies and Analyses of the Construction Market

In 2014, the European Union Directive 2014/24/EU was issued, which has provisions including information about the use of electronic technology for modelling buildings, referred to as BIM. According to various sources in the literature, with the help of BIM technology building designs can be prepared more quickly, while avoiding errors; it is also possible to generate and control any amendments in a building blueprint, promptly estimate costs of the building works planned, and implement a variety of activities connected with the maintenance of a new building once it is erected. In some EU states, initiatives have been launched leading to the introduction of BIM technology in public procurement, and the technology itself is now gaining popularity. However, the adaptation of this new technology is not always met with enthusiasm, and its implementation is hindered by many obstacles. The aim of this article is to conduct a broader analysis of the possibilities of BIM development in the construction industry based on data obtained from companies operating in the construction industry. The research used analysis of source materials, surveys, and targeted interviews. The study has demonstrated several barriers, of which the most important ones proved to be of financial nature, formal and legal considerations, and mentality, namely the unwillingness to learn, adopt novel solutions, and switch to a new way of working. The research was supported by a SWOT analysis.

An integrated framework for sustainable and efficient building maintenance operations aligning with climate change, SDGs, and emerging technology

Improving the operation and maintenance of buildings can significantly reduce carbon emissions, energy consumption, and other environmental challenges while promoting sustainability. While existing literature offers various frameworks, they primarily focus on traditional building maintenance procedures and overlook the importance of integrating sustainability, climate change, environmental factors, and emerging technologies. To address this gap, this research has developed a comprehensive framework that caters to current needs, challenges, and future priorities. The integrated framework for building maintenance operations aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), climate change mitigation and adaptation, the adoption of emerging technology, energy conservation, as well as safety, resilience, and effectiveness. The development of the framework encompassed four phases: pre-development phases 1 and 2, development phase 3, and validation phase 4. During this process, current issues and challenges were identified, impacts were assessed, and strategies were developed. The framework serves as a roadmap to address these challenges and requirements in future building maintenance operations, making significant contributions to all three dimensions of sustainability: environmental, social, and economic. In summary, this study offers a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the current issues, challenges, and potential improvements and benefits in building maintenance operations, providing a practical guide for industry stakeholders and making a significant contribution to the existing body of knowledge.

Development of Architectural Object Automatic Classification Technology for Point Cloud-Based Remodeling of Aging Buildings

In this study, we address the challenge of efficiently handling the maintenance and remodeling of buildings constructed post-1960s, lacking architectural drawings. The conventional approach involves manual measurements and data recording, followed by digital drawing creation. However, we leverage Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies to develop a deep learning-based automatic object classification system using point cloud data. We employ the FCAF3D network with multiscale cells, optimizing its configuration for classifying building components such as walls, floors, roofs, and other objects. While classifying walls, floors, and roofs using bounding boxes led to some boundary-related errors, the model performed well for objects with distinct shapes. Our approach emphasizes efficiency in the remodeling process rather than precise numerical calculations, reducing labor and improving architectural planning quality. While our dataset labeling strategy involved bounding boxes with limitations in numerical precision, future research could explore polygon-based labeling, minimizing loss of space and potentially yielding more meaningful results in classification. In summary, our technology aligns with the initial research objectives, and further investigations could enhance the methodology for even more accurate building object classification.

Current Overview of CMMS Operationality: Brazilian Scenario

Currently, the impacts of Industry 4.0 are observed in the construction industry, commonly referred to as Construction 4.0, emerging linked to technological innovations. Construction 4.0 presents a standardized model for smart cities and buildings, with the existence of some important points being essential, such as the capacity for adaptation, improvement and efficiency of resources and connections for everyone involved. As a result, new technologies and applications have been emerging that directly impact building maintenance activities, enabling increased efficiency and productivity in this sector, which reduces the risk of errors, failures and defects by maintenance managers. One of these applications is the use of computerized maintenance management systems (CMMS), which is a software solution designed to simplify building maintenance processes, in addition to improving the management of organizations' assets. In this sense, the present work aims to evaluate the CMMS available in the Brazilian scenario, showing the current panorama in which this technology has been presented to the market. To this end, we carried out a survey of the CMMS used by Brazilian maintenance companies using the snowball method to list the CMMS to be analyzed. The research carried out in 16 maintenance companies identified 9 CMMS, which were evaluated using the method proposed by Roscoff; Costella; Pilz (2020), which evaluates CMMS functionalities and activities. As a result, the sample analyzed presents heterogeneity in the results linked to CMMS functionalities and activities. In short, the registration items, a basic function, were met by all CMMS analyzed. However, advanced functions that are linked to the principles of Industry 4.0, such as interoperability, virtualization, real-time and service orientation, present disparities in results. Because among the nine CMMS evaluated, only three reached the levels proposed in the methodology.

A contribution to preservation of salt-laden construction materials: An effective, eco-friendly and inexpensive system of renovation plasters

Prolongation of construction service-life is a crucial way of reducing maintenance costs and carbon footprint related to civil engineering industry. Salinity and dampness are recognized as the main factors affecting porous materials stability. Hence, it is essential to provide effective and easily accessible measures against them. The main goal of the presented manuscript is to satisfy this need by proposing a complex system of renovation plasters, which combines cost effectiveness with high quality. Five renders’ compositions, i.e., one base and four top plasters are designed and extensively studied. Apart from tests required by Association of Science and Technology of Building Maintenance and Monuments Preservation (ger. Wissenschaftlich-Technische Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Bauwerkserhaltung und Denkmalpflege, WTA), the experimental analysis also includes testing of resistance to corrosion factors, such as UV-aging, or cyclic frost action among others. The presented results confirm that the designed materials meet WTA requirements, but also maintain their properties for a long period of time. Since the proposed plasters consist solely of widely available and cheap components, the final price of a ready-to-use render is reduced by 90 % comparing to commercial mortars available in the market. Additionally, the life cycle analysis (LCA) proves that the proposed materials are eco-friendly solutions in comparison to conventional plasters.