Building Integrated Wind Turbines Research Articles

Resilience-Oriented Planning of Urban Distribution System Source–Network–Load–Storage in the Context of High-Penetrated Building-Integrated Resources

Building-integrated flexible resources can offer economical availability to accommodate high-penetrated renewable energy sources (RESs), which can be potentially coordinated to achieve cost-effective supply. This paper proposes a resilience-oriented planning model of urban distribution system source–network–load–storage in the context of high-penetrated building-integrated resources. In this model, source–network–load–storage resources are cost-optimally planned, including the lines, soft open point (SOP), building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs), building-integrated wind turbine (BIWT), building-integrated energy storage system (ESS), etc. To enhance fault recovery capability during extreme faults, fault scenarios are incorporated into the distribution system operation via coupled multiple recovery stages. The resilience-oriented planning is a thorny problem due to its source–network–load–storage couplings, normal-fault couplings, etc. The original resilience-oriented planning is reformulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem, which can then be solved with a two-stage method and evaluated via a multi-dimensional evaluation metrics. The proposed planning methodology is benchmarked over a Portugal 54-node urban distribution system to verify the superiority and effectiveness on the system economy and resilience levels. Case studies show that the proposed methodology can exploit the optimal synergies of different source–network–load–storage components and enhance system dispatchability.

Optimum design parameters for a venturi-shaped roof to maximize the performance of building-integrated wind turbines

Venturi-shaped roofs provide advantageous wind conditions for efficiently operating building-integrated wind turbines without losing usable floor area. Despite these advantages, venturi-shaped roofs have been sparsely adopted for buildings due to the lack of understanding of their optimum designs to maximize the performance of building-integrated wind turbines. For the first time in literature, this study investigated four design parameters: support structure, corner modification, tunnel shape, and wind turbine arrangement to estimate the optimum venturi-shaped roof design by conducting Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The results revealed the advantages of shorter support structures with convex and concave shapes at upwind and downwind ends, creating high wind speeds with low turbulence intensities. Corner modifications to the tunnel's entrance and exit are vital to suppress flow separation at the tunnel's entrance and uniform distributions of wind speed and pressure. This study recommends aerodynamic tunnel shapes that follow a non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) to accelerate wind without increasing turbulence intensities. The optimum design parameters performed better in normal and oblique wind directions, confirming their universal applicability. This study proposes integrating all optimum design parameters into a venturi-shaped roof design to alleviate the adverse effects of support structures, which are essential for a stable roof design.

State-of-the-art review of micro to small-scale wind energy harvesting technologies for building integration

The utilisation of wind power in buildings has gained significant interest, but deploying wind turbines in built environments presents unique challenges due to highly turbulent wind patterns. Existing small wind turbines may not be as efficient in such complex conditions, and their transient loads and vibrations can compromise their durability. This study aims to assess the recent status, challenges, and limitations of building-integrated wind turbines and micro or small-scale wind-induced vibration technologies to enhance their performance, efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. The research evaluates advancements, applications, and technical features that optimise these technologies to function effectively in non-uniform wind flows and a wide range of wind speeds. Modeling conventional systems, including horizontal axis and vertical axis wind turbines, is well-established using computational fluid dynamics and blade element momentum methods. Micro or small-scale wind-induced vibration technologies have demonstrated power outputs ranging from milliwatts to kilowatts, making them suitable for powering actuators and low-powered sensors used in buildings. The study emphasises the importance of harnessing wind velocity acceleration induced by the building's roof shape when incorporating wind energy harvesting technologies. Nevertheless, research on wind-induced vibration harvesting primarily takes place in controlled environments, neglecting the influence of real buildings. This represents a significant research gap, considering the potential for wind-induced vibration technologies to provide power to off-grid communities and facilitate building integration. The lack of comprehensive analysis concerning the energy, economic, and environmental aspects of micro-energy harvesting technologies hinder their widespread adoption and a comprehensive understanding of their potential. Addressing these research gaps is essential to promote the implementation and efficacy of micro-scale wind energy harvesting technologies in various real-world scenarios.

Deployment of wind turbine in between cement silos for small power generation

This study provides an overview of Building-Integrated Wind Turbines, focusing on cement silos as wind concentrators, along with determining the amount of power that could be connected without regard to wind direction. The motivation of this research is the intermittency issue of wind stream in an open environment and non-exploration of wind turbines between cement silos. Building-Augmented Wind Turbines provide 717 W of aerodynamic power at 16 m/s, whereas Standalone Wind Turbines produce 562 W. This is due to the wind speed acceleration between buildings, which causes a concentration effect. Meanwhile, using the simulation software ANSYS, the turbine geometry is developed utilising a Computational Fluid Dynamics evaluation.

Performance Comparison of Different Building Shapes Using a Wind Tunnel and a Computational Model

A building-integrated wind turbine (BIWT) is an alternative way to assess renewable energy. BIWTs produces their own energy without relying on fossil fuels. However, only a few researchers have studied BIWTs. Greater wind velocity (V) results in greater potential energy (P). The aerodynamic design has an important role to play in increasing wind velocity and reducing turbulence intensity. CFD simulations taken from previous research have revealed that round-shaped buildings increase velocity up to 30%. This study focuses on the wind response of square and top-rounded-shaped building models, and their optimization based on variations in wind velocity. Wind tunnel studies were conducted to study wind flow around the building, followed by a computer simulation to verify the results. In a wind tunnel, three BIWT models (1:150 in scale) located in Seoul, South Korea (terrain B), were evaluated. The results of the study show that the streamline should be followed when installing wind turbines on rectangular rooves with flat surfaces. This method allows wind speed to be elevated significantly, when compared to a turbine at a higher height. In addition, round corners can produce wind velocity that is up to 34% greater than sharp corners beside a building. In summary, this paper presents a five-step analysis framework that can be used by researchers who wish to analyze BIWTs through wind tunnel experiments and CFD.

Penerapan Automatic Weather Station Dalam Pemetaan Kecepatan Angin dan Arah Angin Sebagai Dasar Perancangan Turbin Angin

The use of Small Wind Turbine (SWT) technology is currently being developed in residential and urban areas. The application of SWT can be directly integrated into a building called the Building Integrated Wind Turbine and the industrial area is one area that has the potential to develop the SWT concept as a Building Integrated Wind Turbine. Before designing and manufacturing a wind turbine for a Building Integrated Wind Turbine, data on wind density and direction is required. In areas where wind speed and direction have not been recorded, it is necessary to study wind velocity and direction data in real-time and in real conditions for a certain period. This study aims to map wind density and wind direction with real-time properties in the foundry industry area, Ceper District, Klaten Regency, so the potential value and value of wind density energy can be known. This research method includes data retrieval carried out in real time and in real conditions using the Automatic Weather Station instrument which was carried out from August 6 to September 6, 2021. The data obtained were random data and processed using weibull distribution statistics with Microsoft Excel software. The results of this study indicate an average wind speed of 2,038 m/s in stable conditions and sufficient wind gusts with a power density value of 6,994 Watt/m2. The wind direction tends to be south-east after the wind gusts are hampered by the building profil.

The Transition in Solar and Wind Energy Use in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries (GCCC)

The Gulf Cooperation Council Countries (GCCC) are largely engaged in renewable energy compared to other sources of energy for achieving sustainable development, i.e., maintaining balance between environmental, socio-economic and energy security and governance; this include mitigating climate change, reducing air pollution, improving energy access and enhancing energy security. According to IRENA report, by 2030, the GCCC could save 354 million barrels of oil equivalent (a 23% reduction), create more than 220,500 jobs, reduce the power sector's carbon dioxide emissions by 22%, and cut water withdrawal in the power sector by 17% based on the renewables targets already in place. The GCCC have been undertaking renewable energy projects for more than 30 years but recently a trend for increasingly ambitious projects is being witnessed. These are being supported by renewable energy targets, innovative research and development, and investments across the entire industry value chain. The renewable energy targets in GCCC are as follows: Bahrain; 5% by 2025 (250 MW) and 10% by 2035, UAE; 30% by 2030 (5000 MW), KSA; 30% by 2040 (5400 MW), Oman 10 by 2020 (600 MW), Kuwait; 15% by 2030 (11,000 MW) and Qatar; 20% by 2030 (1800 MW). The paper highlight on the vast investment and applications carried in GCCC which can be considered as a transition phase in solar and wind energy use in these countries. It also suggests advantageous investments in sustainability in GCCC like investing in Electric Vehicle, Building Integrated PV or Building Integrated Wind Turbine, Rooftop PV for small −scale installation, and Solar and Wind Water Desalination.

A nested multi-scale model for assessing urban wind conditions : Comparison of Large Eddy Simulation versus RANS turbulence models when operating at the finest scale of the nesting.

Good understanding of micro-scale urban-wind phenomena is needed for optimizing power generation capabilities of building-integrated wind turbines and for safety of futuristic urban transport involving drones. The current work involves development of a multiscale methodology for obtaining wind fields in an urban landscape. The multi-scale methodology involves coupling three models operating on different scales namely an operational meso-scale numerical weather prediction model HARMONIE, a micro-scale model that captures terrain- induced wind influence and a super-micro scale Computational Fluid Dynamics model using large eddy simulation and RANS model to capture the building-induced wind flow. Here, we present a comparison of the wind velocity predicted by two different turbulence models (LES and RANS) that are operating at the finest scale with the measured experiment data for a realistic case of flow in vicinity of the Oslo university hospital. The reasons behind the observed better prediction of LES model are outlined, and use of such models is advocated to improve accuracy.LES, multi-scale, wind, urban climate, drones, wind energy

Noise Emission from Building Integrated Wind Turbines: A Case Study of a Tall Building

Tall buildings have the ability to produce wind energy, having been exposed to relatively high airflow speeds at a far distance from ground levels. However, with the introduction of wind energy into urban areas, there are many concerns. These include especially environmental noise impacts since the wind turbines will be located in dense urban areas where tall buildings are mostly located. Therefore, this increasing use of wind energy in the built environment has led to the publication of up-to-date regulations that limit noise levels for wind farms in many European countries. At this point, the following three aspects should be considered for noise emission: the noise source, the distance from the source, and the sound pressure level of the noise source. The choice of wind turbines for urban environments should, therefore, be compatible with low noise levels. In addition, careful positioning of turbines is also important (avoid locations where wind conditions are unfavorable, avoid sensitive places, i.e. areas at which noise levels must be low). It was necessary to calculate the noise in strong winds because the noise from a wind turbine rises with wind velocity. For the measurement of noise emitted from the wind turbine, two potential solutions were proposed until now; either it could be measured in a wind tunnel or it could be measured in the natural wind outside. However, in the early design stage, these types of measurement methods are mostly not preferable due to high financial requirements and long measurement processes. Hence, in this study, wind turbine noise is simulated via software. A case study of a tall mixed-use tower is chosen and the environmental noise distribution due to the wind turbine located on the roof of the tower is simulated. The results may provide an important guideline for architects looking for an acoustically comfortable way to integrate wind turbines into their buildings in the early design stage.

Effect of building diffusers on aerodynamic performance for building augmented vertical axis wind turbine

Considering the fact that the architecture environment is rich in wind resources, the building integrated wind turbine (BIWT) has been widely applied to obtain the wind energy with high quality. In order to take advantage of the height of the building and the building diffuser's wind gathering effect, the building augmented vertical axis wind turbine (BA-VAWT), which is composed of a vertical axis wind turbine placed between different building diffusers, is put forward as a type of BIWT. The aerodynamic performance of the BA-VAWT with different building diffusers and their shape parameters is investigated through numerical simulation, which is calculated by Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes equations using the transition shear-stress transport SST k–ω turbulence model in this paper. In addition, the computational model and method are validated to be reasonable by comparing the experimental data with the numerically calculated value of the clean BA-building augmented wind turbine. The results show that the building diffusers have a great influence on the aerodynamic performance of BA-VAWT. The trapezium building diffuser has the most effective wind gathering effect with the result of the BA-VAWT presenting a power coefficient as high as 1.56 at the optimal tip-speed ratio of 4.62. Furthermore, the spacing and width of the trapezium building diffuser's effect on BA-VAWT appear more obvious with the increasing tip-speed ratio; meanwhile, the average torque coefficient and the load fluctuation also change significantly in the larger tip-speed ratios due to the existence of many large-scale vortex structures in the wake area.

The Impact of the Guide Vane on the BIWT System for the Distributed Wind Generation in the Urban Area

This paper reports a study on the impact of the guide vane on the Building Integrated Wind Turbine (BIWT) system for the distributed wind generation in the urban area. The guide vane is combined with the rotor to concentrate and accelerate the incoming wind to drive the turbine for power generation. The improved BIWT system has several advantages over the conventional BIWT system; it does not require the structural reinforcement of the building because it generates electricity based on the wind pressure acting on the building’s wall. Furthermore, the guide vane conceals the rotor from the view of pedestrians to maintain the aesthetic value of the building. The analysis focuses on the installation of the BIWT design at a high-rise building. The study evaluates the wind dynamics characteristic on the building’s wall using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. Consequently, the producible power output is estimated based on the wind dynamics characteristic. The effectiveness of the BIWT with the guide vane is evaluated on the actual wind data measured at Kota Kinabalu, Sandakan and Kudat. The result shows that the guide vane increases the producible power output by 129.09%.

Design and Testing of Building Integrated Hybrid Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Building integrated wind turbine are considered as part of a group of technologies that are suitable for domestic micro-energy generation. Darrieus and Savonius turbines work efficiently in the urban environment at low wind speed, the Savonius rotor is self-starting and creates high torque but has low efficiency, while the Darrieus rotor is very efficient but does not self-start easily. Thus, the combination of these rotors as hybrid system would help to improve the overall efficiency of the wind turbines. The aim of this paper was to design, fabricate and experimentally investigate the performance of hybrid Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) on residential buildings. A building model with gable rooftop was design and fabricated for use in testing of the hybrid VAWT. The height of the hybrid VAWT was paced at <I>Y</I> = 150 mm above the rooftop. The results obtained from the studies showed that the hybrid VAWT mounted on the building rooftop yield up to 63% more energy compared to the bare-hybrid VAWT (without building). Similar improvement in performance of the hybrid VAWT is also observed in the rotational speed, mechanical power and the coefficient of torque, where the building integrated hybrid VAWT outperformed the bare-hybrid VAWT. Thus the results indicate that urban buildings are suitable for the mounting of the hybrid VAWT.

Calibration of Reanalysis Data against Wind Measurements for Energy Production Estimation of Building Integrated Savonius-Type Wind Turbine

In this work, a cost-effective wind resource method specifically developed for the ROSEO-BIWT (Building Integrated Wind Turbine) and other Building Integrated Wind Turbines is presented. It predicts the wind speed and direction at the roof of an previously selected building for the past 10 years using reanalysis data and wind measurements taken over a year. To do so, the reanalysis wind speed data is calibrated against the measurements using different kinds of quantile mapping, and the wind direction is predicted using random forest. A mock-up of a building and a BIWT were used in a wind tunnel to perform a small-scale experiment presented here. It showed that energy production is possible and even enhanced over a wide range of attack angles. The energy production estimations made with the best performing kind of calibration achieved an overall relative error of 6.77% across different scenarios.

Photovoltaic and Wind Turbine: A Comparison as Building Integrated Renewable Energy in Indonesia

The research aimed to comprehensively review the systems related to Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) and Building Integrated Wind Turbine (BIWT). The review purposed to observe the advantages and disadvantages of the application. Designers could use that comparison for consideration of choosing the most suitable Building Integrated Renewable Energy (BIRE) concept for projects. The research presented a literature review of BIRE systems, particularly on BIPV and BIWT systems. The critical analysis focused on some parameters related to their main energy source, type, influencing factor, efficiency, and boundary. The observation about BIPV would be divided into subgroups according to photovoltaic (PV) materials, modules, efficiency, performance’s boundaries, and the general rule of thumb of its installation. The research finds that the BIPV application has advantages in terms of the building’s application scale. It can be applied from small-scale to large-scale. Furthermore, the BIPV application does not need extra space and could directly replace the conventional building envelope materials. The issues of non-uniformity and heat transfer in BIPV can be solved by installing PV in folding-concept and placed an air gap with fins inside. On the other hand, BIWT also has an abundant energy source, but the application limits to windy areas (rural areas or urban areas in high elevation). Aside from those limitations, the BIWT application also has issues of structure, noise, and aesthetical value.

Effect of Tilt Angle of Building-Integrated Wind Turbine and Photovoltaic Façade on Wind Pressure and Solar Radiation

This study investigated the potential impacts of wind pressure and incident solar radiation on a building tilted façade installed with micro wind turbine and photovoltaic panels as a second skin façade for generating electricity. The wind pressure will affect wind turbine rotation, and solar radiation will affect the energy produced by the photovoltaic. The study used simulation modeling software to analyze the wind pressure and solar radiation received on the tilted façade. The research found that the force received by the tilted façade is more significant than that received by the 90° tilted fagade. The smaller the tilted-angle of the fagade, the more radiation received by the PV panel. Conversely, the larger tilted-angle of the building façade, the less radiation received by the photovoltaic, despite the wind pressure received by the wind turbine being higher than that received by the 90° tilt façade. However, the more radiation received by the fagade, the more heat received by the building.

Aerodynamic Performance Analysis of a Building-Integrated Savonius Turbine

The building-integrated wind turbine is a new technology for the utilization of wind energy in cities. Previous studies mainly focused on the wind turbines mounted on the roofs of buildings. This paper discusses the performance of Savonius wind turbines which are mounted on the edges of a high-rise building. A transient CFD method is used to investigate the performance of the turbine and the interaction flows between the turbine and the building. The influence of three main parameters, including the turbine gap, wind angle, and adjacent turbines, are considered. The variations of the turbine torque and power under different operating conditions are evaluated and explained in depth. It is found that the edge-mounted Savonius turbine has a higher coefficient of power than that operating in uniform flows; the average Cp of the turbine under 360-degree wind angles is 92.5% higher than the turbine operating in uniform flows. It is also found that the flow around the building has a great impact on turbine performance, especially when the turbine is located downwind of the building.

An Energy Potential Estimation Methodology and Novel Prototype Design for Building-Integrated Wind Turbines

ROSEO-BIWT is a new Building-Integrated Wind Turbine (BIWT) intended for installation on the edge of buildings. It consists of a Savonius wind turbine and guiding vanes to accelerate the usual horizontal wind, together with the vertical upward air stream on the wall. This edge effect improves the performance of the wind turbine, and its architectural integration is also beneficial. The hypothetical performance and design configuration were studied for a university building in Eibar city using wind data from the ERA5 reanalysis (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts’ reanalysis), an anemometer to calibrate the data, and the actual small-scale behavior in a wind tunnel. The data acquired by the anemometer show high correlations with the ERA5 data in the direction parallel to the valley, and the calibration is therefore valid. According to the results, a wind speed augmentation factor of three due to the edge effect and concentration vanes would lead to a increase in working hours at the rated power, resulting annually in more than 2000 h.

Study of building integrated wind turbines operation on the example of Center of Energy AGH

The worldwide growing demand for energy from renewable sources is observed. This fact is related to a number of factors, especially environmental ones. The renewable energy sector, which can be seen in the most dynamic development is wind energy. This is due to the construction of huge wind turbines, whose power exceeds one megawatts. The main problem that should be solved is to find a proper location for such turbines. Generally, wind turbines are located off-shore and on-shore. The most favourable are off-shore because of better wind condition what relates to power generation. Notwithstanding, it is possible to install smaller turbines in urban areas: so-called wind turbines in built-up areas or integrate wind turbines with buildings (BIWT). However, it is needed to be aware of many problems of above mentioned installations. The article presents an overview and data related to operation of wind turbines integrated with the Center of Energy AGH building.

Investigation on aerodynamic characteristics of building augmented vertical axis wind turbine

In response to the requirement of sustainable buildings, there is growing interest in building integrated wind turbines (BIWTs). In this paper, a building augmented straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbine (BASB-VAWT), as a kind of BIWT, was designed and it was numerically investigated by using unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) in ANSYS FLUENT with a Realizable k−ε turbulence model and a non-equilibrium wall function. Compared to the data of experiment, the computational model of clean SB-VAWT was validated to be reasonable. In order to comprehensively seek for the best design parameters and the best operation parameters, the aerodynamic coefficients (power coefficient and torque coefficient), vorticity field around the blades of BASB-VAWTs, and power output are obtained. The results show that the aerodynamic performance of BASB-VAWTs is sensitive to the wind direction. The BASB-VAWTs are hard to start and generate power at the large included angle between the wind direction and flow channel direction. When included angle between the wind direction and flow channel direction is large, the BASB-VAWTs are hardly to start itself and generate power. It is also shown that different airfoils, solidities, and architectural configurations have a great influence on the aerodynamic performance of BASB-VAWTs. Generally, the BASB-VAWTs with a larger thickness of blades and larger solidity have priority to select. Angulate building diffusers lead to a large-scale vortex in the flow channel, resulting in the influence of the operation stability of BASB-VAWT.

State-of-the-art in development of diffuser augmented wind turbines (DAWT) for sustainable buildings

In this paper, a review of the development of Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbines (DAWT’s) into the Built Environment has been presented. DAWT’s offer a lot of potential as electricity providers in areas where it is needed, such as in the built environment. Research into DAWT’s has revealed that flow along a building significantly affects inlet conditions to the rotor due to flow separation at the leading edge. Adjusting the area ratio, length/diameter ratio as well as diffuser design can improve the performance of the free-standing DAWT significantly. Placing the turbine at the centre of a roof is found to allow the best wind conditions to the wind turbine. It was found that a turbine can be placed at a height 1.3 times the height of a small building for the best results. It has been found that vaulted roof’s encourage acceleration of air flow better than other topologies. Furthermore, a recent approach to building-integrated wind turbines involves a flow-enhancing architectural design for buildings to improve favourable inlet conditions to a DAWT.