Building Information Modeling Tools Research Articles

BIM Structural Project Applied in A Case Study: Interoperability Analyses, Reinforcement Detailing Drawings and Quantity Take-off

Background: The Building Information Modelling (BIM) methodology has been acquiring, worldwide, a growing acceptance in all sectors of the Construction industry, and the study intends to contribute to its implementation within the structural design. The fundamental concept of BIM is based on the generation of a centralized virtual model with all information concerning different specialties. This is supported in efficient interoperability, but within the structural design, this aspect is difficult to achieve completely, as currently, the interoperability of this system is still inefficient. Introduction: This study intends to analyze the degree of interoperability verified in the development of all the processes (modelling, transposition, structural analyses and reinforcement detailing) involved in a structural design using BIM tools. Methods: A structural project concerning a study case was performed in order to identify benefits and limitations, based on the consistency analysis of the transposed data between systems, Revit and Robot, in all steps required in a BIM process. This text describes the stages of modelling, checking the suitability of the analytical model, its transference to the analysis tool in order to proceed with the structural calculations and detailing drawings and, finally, the transfer of drawings to the main BIM model. Results: The limitations verified in the last stage were partially surpassed with complementary work enabling the automatic transfer of drawings and quantities of materials. In addition, the study explores new capacities of BIM, namely, the extraction of information allowing the presentation of specific drawings and maps of the geometry of the reinforcement rods. Conclusion: This study identifies a working strategy that leads to an appropriate use of BIM software contributing to the optimization of labor in a structural office.

Review of the Building Information Modelling (BIM) Implementation in the Context of Building Energy Assessment

In recent years, many researchers across the world have addressed the implementation of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in the energy assessment of the built environment. However, several potential issues still need to be resolved in order to utilise the benefits provided by BIM to a maximum degree. To fill this gap, a systematic literature review is conducted in this study to critically investigate the utilisation of BIM tools in energy assessment. To achieve the above-mentioned objective, after shortlisting the relevant papers published hitherto, using keyword searching, a systematic review was undertaken, including the application of BIM in the contexts of different countries, types of BIM tools, BIM and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) integration, energy affiliations, stakeholders’ involvement and their roles, uncertainty, and sensitivity analysis. The outcomes show the most widely used and effective BIM tools in different types of construction projects in various countries. The review of the literature clearly shows that BIM tools can effectively be used in the assessment of energy performance of buildings. The article gives insight to engineers, architecture, and decision makers to carefully select appropriate BIM tools in terms of energy assessment.

Seismic retrofitting of buildings using Building Information Modeling

Building Information Modeling (BIM), in the last couple of decades, has emerged as a technology that can be used in combination with different methodologies in the fields of architecture, engineering, and construction industry as a digital model to facilitate the planning and design process, construction and maintenance. Using the tools of BIM, the stakeholders generate the digital models that can help them to identify the problems. A total of 24 conference papers, referenced journal articles, and other academic sources were analyzed based on their relevance and research focus areas. This article provides a review on the integration of building information modeling with different methodologies for seismic retrofitting of both structural and non-structural components of buildings. Pre-seismic and post-seismic applications of Building Information Modeling with the integration of different methodologies have been reviewed overbuilding life cycles with a view of addressing the challenges and recommending the future research perspectives. In the end, by stating the possibilities of integration of BIM tools with different methodologies mainly using Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering as a paradigm which is fully probabilistic, this paper concludes that the implication of the Building Information Modeling with the integration of different methodologies isnt merely the inclusion of the certain conditions, but also of the numerical integration of all the possible uncertainties.

BIM-Based Methodology for the Management of Public Heritage. CASE Study: Algeciras Market Hall

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is modifying the workflow of the construction field, not only in design and construction stages but also for the management of the facilities. Most advances in academics and industry have focussed on the use of BIM for building. However, the possibilities of the use of three-dimensional information models for the construction and management of public works and civil engineering infrastructure projects (known as CIM) are still a matter of concern, being complex though offering a wider number of possibilities when compared with regular building industry. Moreover, the construction process in comparison with its lifespan represent only a small part of the investments for the use of public works. With this background, the possibilities based on BIM for the maintenance and rehabilitation of public heritage (HCIM) can greatly improve traditional management capabilities. Making best use of BIM and digitalisation for the management of public heritage (HCIM) requires creating tools for documentation, registering and data management to permit the adequate information transfer between the actors involved. Such actors may be experts or not and hold or not skills to use BIM tools. This study proposes the creation of a database to support the regular inspection during the lifespan of the infrastructure and connect it with the three-dimensional information model, serving the latter as an information repository of the whole life of the infrastructure. Such data include damage and causes as well as a description of the pathology and this information is referred to each element, showing all the historic measures taken. In addition, quantification and quotation of the repairs needed can be obtained. Lastly, the study has applied this methodology in Algeciras Market Hall, the notorious rationalist building designed by the engineer Eduardo Torroja and built in 1935. The results shown in this study can be of great interest for both researchers and practice, with an adaptation and innovation of the BIM and HCIM possibilities.

BIM-based Competitive Advantages and Competitive Strategies for Construction Consultancy SMEs: A Case Study in Vietnam

Building Information Modelling (BIM) has been proven as an innovative approach to bring values to construction projectsas well as stakeholders, including construction consultancy firms. BIM adoption could assist construction consultancy Small and Medium-sized Enterprise (SMEs) inenhancingtheir competitive capability. Using a case study with a pioneer BIM service providers whichis an SMEin Vietnam(the Consultant), the paper explores the core competences for deliveringBIM services in relation with potential competitive advantages. Fourtypical BIM market segments have been discovered, which include:i) BIM strategic services, (ii) BIM services, (iii) BIM-enabled services, and (iv) BIM tools development. Exploring six BIM cases, the realizedcore competences of the Consultant which are reported in the paper includethe BIM-related skillful human resources (both in-house and from external), BIM know-hows, reputation, and also the benefits from a BIM network that the Consultant established as an outcome of a granted BIM research project. Focusing on only the first three market segments, the Consultant has taken advantage of their core competences to deliver differentiation and focus strategies to compete and generate competitive advantages.Cost leadership strategies were not very successfulin the case study due to that the economies of scale could not be met; however, they can be considered withthe provisionof BIM-enabled services whenBIM services are delivered together with other consultancy and/or construction services.

BIM-Based Pavement Management Tool for Scheduling Urban Road Maintenance

The latest advancements in road asphalt materials and construction technologies have increased the difficulty for engineers to select the appropriate pavement design solution with consideration of proper timing for maintenance planning. On the other hand, Building Information Modeling (BIM) tools allow practitioners to efficiently store and manage large amounts of data, supporting decision making in road asphalt pavement design and management. The present work focused on the elaboration of a BIM-based maintenance analysis tool for the specific evaluation of several condition indicators and the selection of proper maintenance solutions designed to include alternative materials and advanced recycling technologies. A traditional BIM workflow was integrated with additional user-defined property sets to investigate the need for maintenance at the present date and predict the degradation curve of the condition indicators through the least square interpolation of time series of data. The analysis tool also provided the selection of available pavement alternatives from a library of designed solutions based on their compliance with project-specific constraints (maximum budget, minimum useful life, and availability of secondary raw materials and in-place recycling technologies). The proposed BIM tool aims to be a practical and dynamic way to integrate maintenance planning considerations into road pavement design, encouraging the use of digital tools in the road industry and ultimately supporting a pavement maintenance decision-making process oriented towards a circular economy.

How BIM Contributes to a Building’s Energy Efficiency throughout Its Whole Life Cycle: Systematic Mapping

This paper presents a systematic mapping (SM) study with the aim to determine how Building Information Modeling (BIM) methodologies and technologies contribute to energy-related analyses over the course of the entire building life cycle. The method adopted in the study is based on a set of seven research questions. We used a mixed technique combining co-citation analysis and bibliographic coupling in order to analyze the publications’ datasets for the period 2010–2020. The main advantage and novelty of this study are that the joint dataset from the Scopus and Web of Science databases was used to develop the keyword map. The main findings of this study indicate that many BIM-based applications can be used to analyze the building energy performance at all stages of the building life cycle. However, the applications of BIM in conjunction with other information technologies are limited and are still in the initial stage. In the future, the main improvements should be focused on process, model, system, tool, use and information modeling. The most promising long-term solution is an open BIM framework based on open standards, which allows the integration of BIM and energy simulation tools and satisfies specific data exchange requirements.

Mountain Rainfall Estimation and BIM Technology Site Safety Management Based on Internet of Things

Mountain rainfall estimation is a major source of information for determining the safety of a geographical (mountainous) area. It can be done easily by using a modeling and simulation application, BIM, which is a building information modeling tool. It helps in transforming the real-time scenarios into the construction and business models. Now, this whole process can be easily realized by the help of an evolving technology known as IoT (Internet of Things). Internet of Things is supposedly going to take over the world by the end of this decade. It will reshape the whole communication architecture. IoT is actually going to be a basis for D2D (Device to Device) communication. Here, the MTC (Machine Type Communications) are going to take place which have almost zero human involvement. Now, in order to overcome the problem that the traditional construction site safety management method is difficult to accurately estimate the rainfall, resulting in poor safety management effect, a mountain rainfall estimation and BIM technology site safety management methods based on Internet of things are proposed. Firstly, based on the Internet of Things data, the limit learning machine method is used to accurately estimate the mountain rainfall. Secondly, based on the rainfall estimation results and combined with BIM technology, the construction site safety and management model is constructed. In the end, experimental verification is carried out. The experimental results show that this method can precisely estimate the rainfall in mountainous areas, and the computational results of safety factor are basically consistent with the actual results, indicating that the safety management effect of this system is good. In this paper, I reveal the complications and drawbacks associated with the ongoing mechanisms used for mountain rainfall estimations and how to overcome them by using the new technology, i.e., Internet of Things.

Construction Project Management Based on Building Information Modeling (BIM)

In the construction industry, Building Information Modelling is primarily viewed as a catalyst for productivity and innovation. As projects have become more and more complex, there has been an increasing concern about the concept of project complexity. Understanding project complexity and managing contractors need to improve their management level as the rising building intricacy increases. In the construction industry, the contractors have faced many challenges, including workforce, increasing cost, inadequate risk management, unrealistic expectations/bad forecasting, limited skills, and delay problem. The project participants must coordinate and plan according to the project scope, including the construction process simulation, monitoring the construction quality, reducing rework, and improving economic benefits. Some of the main-contractor managements are trying to apply new modern technology. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a tool used to the design, construction, and maintenance process of the whole cycle of the construction project. This article aims to analyze the BIM tool and take its advantage to improve the construction project management efficiency. The case study research approach is utilized to analyze the BIM tools. It includes the BIM 3D/4D/5D tools as the new method to build visualization model, execute clash detection, take-off quantity, simulate the construction process, make the work schedule graphically, and ensure the project is complete on time. This study is to research construction project management through applying the BIM tool. The BIM platform optimizes the design quality and improves construction work efficiencies, such as clash detection, work schedule, quantity take-off, etc. The results are also helpful for the identification of research clusters and topics in the BIM community

Implementing BIM for conventional tunnels - a proposed methodology and case study

The topic of Building Information Modelling (BIM) adoption by public organizations has become a central subject of research, and a significant amount of BIM documents, guidelines, and standards have been created to meet different organizational purposes. Compared to the building industry, the application of BIM tools for tunnel project management is lagging far behind. This paper proposes a methodology for integrating BIM tools for conventional tunnelling. A fundamental distinction is made between the tunnel internal architectural domain and the external structural domain. For the former, BIM methodology can be applied similarly to the building industry. For the latter, it is suggested that a BIM model be built according to the essential information generated during tunnelling excavation. The proposed methodology was put to test for an actual tunneling project. A routine was established where the supervisor on behalf of the owner was responsible for gathering and reporting essential data in tabular form. Via REVIT's Application Programming Interface (API), a code was developed so that a BIM model was built and updated automatic to data insertion. Ultimately, the final BIM model allows managing up-to-date qualitative and quantitative information visually. Thus, human understanding and interpretation are enhanced for future uses, such as maintenance, future renovations and project post-analysis.

DfMA: Towards an Integrated Strategy for a More Productive and Sustainable Construction Industry in Australia

Design for manufacture and assembly (DfMA) is an important part of the future of the construction industry due to the promise of speed of project delivery, quality control, worker safety, and waste minimization onsite via the purposeful design for manufacture and assembly offsite. However, the adoption of DfMA in Australia has been slow. This paper investigates the barriers prohibiting widespread uptake and how digital construction will be a catalyst for improving use on commercial-scale projects. A total of six leading experts were interviewed to elicit their opinions, and seven recent case studies of high-rise modular apartment and hotel buildings constructed by Hickory were cross-referenced as evidence of DfMA capability. The experts suggested that the reasons for slow adoption in Australia were community mindset, government regulations and incentives, planning and building codes, unionization and business politics, finance, and supply chain management. The case studies suggest that compatible building type and transportation distance are also factors. These barriers can be addressed by the clever integration of building information modelling tools with lean construction processes as part of a proposed strategy leading to smarter (more productive) and better (more sustainable) outcomes predicated on growth in digital construction practices. The paper concludes with a proposed framework for change that conceptualizes the ‘ecosystem’ needed to support widespread DfMA in the Australian context, including the paradigm shift from building to manufacturing/assembly, the displacement of workers from onsite to offsite activity, and the expansion of interdisciplinary design and construct collaboration.

Competency Requirement for Effective BIM Modeller in Design Phase of a Construction Project

Building Information Modelling (BIM) technology has been well received by the Malaysian construction industry, yet the adoption is still in stage 2. Malaysian construction industry is still in implementation of CAD to BIM in design phase. The competency of BIM Modeller in fully utilising BIM is still lacking and this has curtailed the usage of BIM during design phase. According to CIDB, in order to adopt BIM, organisations need to invest in BIM tools such as BIM modeller course. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to identify the benefits of competency among BIM modeller during design phase, to determine the competency needed by BIM modeller and to propose recommendation to improve BIM modeller competency during design phase. The primary data were collected from interview with 4 BIM Modeller to achieve the first and third objectives and subsequently, the second objective was achieved based on 40 received questionnaires from BIM modeller. The data analysis method used are content analysis and descriptive analysis. The results show that all respondents agreed that growing awareness, improve design, shorten timescale and reduce cost are benefits of competency among BIM modeller. The competency that important are including ability to manipulate, navigate and review a 3D model and knowledge of BIM authoring tools. Meanwhile, a few recommendations including BIM training among worker, tactical development, enhance effective collaboration, capabilities of maintaining exchanged data and mobilizing client on importance of BIM are all agreed. The competency of BIM modeller are significant in a project to improve the project design quality. It is hoped that the findings of this study could be useful as a reference to give awareness of construction industry stakeholders towards the importance of BIM modeller competency. It also can be a guide for government and other parties to improve BIM competency level for BIM modeller.

Integration of Emergy Analysis with Building Information Modeling

Traditional energy analysis in Building Information Modeling (BIM) only accounts for the energy requirements of building operations during a portion of the occupancy phase of the building’s life cycle and as such is unable to quantify the true impact of buildings on the environment. Specifically, the typical energy analysis in BIM does not account for the energy associated with resource formation, recycling, and demolition. Therefore, a comprehensive method is required to analyze the true environmental impact of buildings. Emergy analysis can offer a holistic approach to account for the environmental cost of activities involved in building construction and operation in all its life cycle phases from resource formation to demolition. As such, the integration of emergy analysis with BIM can result in the development of a holistic sustainability performance tool. Therefore, this study aimed at developing a comprehensive framework for the integration of emergy analysis with existing Building Information Modeling tools. The proposed framework was validated using a case study involving a test building element of 8’ × 8’ composite wall. The case study demonstrated the successful integration of emergy analysis with Revit®2021 using the inbuilt features of Revit and external tools such as MS Excel. The framework developed in this study will help in accurately determining the environmental cost of the buildings, which will help in selecting environment-friendly building materials and systems. In addition, the integration of emergy into BIM will allow a comparison of various built environment alternatives enabling designers to make sustainable decisions during the design phase.

Building Information Modelling for performance-based Fire Safety Engineering analysis – A strategy for data sharing

The Hackitt Report into the tragic loss of 72 lives in the Grenfell Tower fire, identified failures and poor practices associated with the UK construction industry. To address these failures the report makes several recommendations, including the development of a “golden thread of information” to be embedded throughout the entire building lifecycle enabling the recording and preservation of information. This is to be achieved through Building Information Modelling (BIM). However, to create a “golden thread of information” in BIM from the Fire Safety Engineering (FSE) perspective particularly for the performance-based approach, many significant challenges and limitations must be resolved. These challenges include the fact that no FSE specific information exchange is available in BIM and that the results produced by fire and evacuation modelling tools are not explicitly captured in the BIM Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) Model. Of the FSE tools that support BIM, this is mainly limited to geometry extraction from an IFC file. In this paper, a practical conceptual strategy to pave the way to resolve these problems is proposed. A number of developments by the authors are discussed, forming part of an international collaboration project proposal administered by buildingSMART to enhance the IFC Model from the FSE perspective. Additionally, to evaluate and demonstrate the benefits of two-way data flow between BIM and FSE tools, a prototype system together with a preliminary FSE based analysis database have been developed. The work presented in this paper, provides a practical road map for creating a ‘golden thread of information’ in BIM for performance-based FSE analysis.

Framework for parametric assessment of operational and embodied energy impacts utilising BIM

In recent years advances in digital tools have been leading the way in the construction of cleaner, more energy-efficient buildings. Furthermore, improvements in Building Information Modelling (BIM) have resulted in various tools being used to assess building performance and overall Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). This work offers a unique insight into the development of a parametric LCA BIM tool, focusing on both operational and embodied energy perspectives through case study analysis of a commercial and a domestic building in the UK. A mixed research method was employed combining a literature review, qualitative and quantitative LCA case study analysis, and parametric modelling. The results indicate that embodied energy is much more critical in the early stages of the building's life, then is quickly overtaken by operational energy. In addition, many variations exist in energy outputs between domestic and commercial buildings. Operational energy takes a significant share in domestic buildings compared to commercial buildings. These variations are attributed to different design methods, construction materials, occupancy patterns and energy demands. The study proposes an LCA-BIM interactive user-led method of addressing energy hotspots for both operational and embodied elements, which can provide more instant identification of energy critical areas. Such an approach can offer real alternative BIM-based analysis tools during the design stages, compared to those currently being used, which focus mainly on either LCA of operational or embodied energy.

Building information Modelling (BIM) application for an existing road infrastructure

New technologies are changing the sector of infrastructures design and construction. One of the most important is the I-BIM (Infrastructure Building Information Modelling), that is a management information system of digital processes for infrastructures.In this study the I-BIM approach has been used for the upgrade of a section of the SS 245 road, in the north of Italy, in order to show its benefits applied on existing road infrastructure.The project involved the design of a new road segment and its connection with the existing road network and with a railway line. These last were respectively solved by a roundabout and by a jacked tunnel under the railroad with wing walls at each exit side of the structure.The steps carried out in this study were modelling the 3D digital terrain model from point cloud; creating the horizontal alignment, vertical profiles and editing cross-sections; modelling the jacked tunnel; creating the roundabout; generating the 3D parametric model of the complete road and visualizing the infrastructure in the real-world context. The real innovation consists in the creation of a plugin that allows extrapolating directly from the design program to the compute one, all the features need to be calculated.The BIM tools used were “Autodesk AutoCAD Civil 3D” and “Revit Structure”, used respectively for road geometrical design and for tunnel structural project.The obtained results have been showed that the I-BIM approach represents not only a powerful tool to optimize and validate the road project according to norms before its construction, but also to see how the infrastructure works with the 3D real environmental context.

Role of BIM and energy simulation tools in designing zero-net energy homes

Purpose The purpose of this study is to design a zero-energy home, which is known to be capable of balancing its own energy production and consumption close to zero. Development of low-energy homes and zero-net energy houses (ZEHs) is vital to move toward energy efficiency and sustainability in the built environment. To achieve zero or low energy targets in homes, it is essential to use the design process that minimizes the need for active mechanical systems. Design/methodology/approach The methodology discussed in this paper consists of an interfacing building information modeling (BIM) tool and a simulation software to determine the potential influence of phase change materials on designing zero-net energy homes. Findings BIM plays a key role in advancing methods for architects and designers to communicate through a common software platform, analyze energy performance through all stages of the design and construction process and make decisions for improving energy efficiency in the built environment. Originality/value This paper reviews the literature relevant to the role of BIM in helping energy simulation for the performance of residential homes to more advanced levels and in modeling the integrated design process of ZEHs.

BIM-based sensors technologies implemented in the construction site: protocol for a systematic review

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is used in construction projects to improve efficiency. In general, it improves project management and monitoring, reduces time and costs, strengthens collaboration among stakeholders, and reduces risks and injuries. Sensor technologies with various functionalities are being implemented in the construction site. Technologies such as tracking workers and transmitting real-time site inspections to support the BIM tools in various fields are being used. To evaluate sensor technologies’ usability and effectiveness in Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operations (AECO) sector, a literature review adapting PRISMA Statement is proposed. Consequently, this document represents a complementary manuscript as a PRISMA Protocol (PRISMA-P).
 Relevant articles are collected from top electronic databases in the construction field. This review aims to investigate the sensor connected BIM models and the technologies being utilised in the AECO sector, investigating the targeted groups, construction field, and the system architectures being used. Furthermore, the study will examine the case studies of the implemented sensors to evaluate each technology’s effectiveness. Finally, the reliability of the tools and future proposals is projected.

Dynamic thermal simulation based on building information modeling: A review

With the emergence of the fourth industrial revolution and extensive promotion of information communication tools, it is on the construction industry to reconsider the current linear design approach and adopt more integrated design approaches that encompass dynamic thermal simulation. Building information modeling (BIM), without a doubt, is a technology, which proposes an integrated practice for building design. Design team using BIM cooperatively work on each activity loop during the design procedure and present a three-dimensional (3D) design model with all data from various disciplines attached at the final stage. The inclusion of a data-rich 3D shape into the design procedure marks the dynamic thermal simulation as a simple, accessible, and, more importantly, decisive stage. This article aims to draw the role of BIM in facilitating the inclusion of dynamic thermal simulation in building design procedures. BIM in this article is introduced as an effective remedy for dealing with the linear nature of conventional building design that is the major impediment to the inclusion of dynamic thermal simulations in the design efforts. This article goes through the conventional method's deficiencies and challenges with the BIM-based method to portray each approach's advantages and disadvantages. Renowned BIM software, interoperable simulation tools, and their distinguishing characteristics are introduced in summary to give a better insight into the application of BIM for dynamic thermal simulation purposes. Additionally, a literature survey on applying the introduced tools is conducted to derive the possible BIM-based mechanisms for thermal performance and comfort analysis. This article concludes that, regardless of interoperability issues, BIM by coordination of building data and information in a consistent framework significantly facilitates data collection procedure for conducting dynamic thermal simulations. In combination with data collection and interoperable simulation tools, BIM tools provide novel mechanisms for dynamic thermal performance and comfort analysis. Highlights Traditional and BIM-based building design procedures have been reviewed. The role of iterative simulation in BIM-based simulation has been elaborated. A BIM-based framework for building design has been provided. BIM-based approaches for thermal performance and comfort analysis have been reviewed.

Understanding quality of analytics trade-offs in an end-to-end machine learning-based classification system for building information modeling

Optimizing quality trade-offs in an end-to-end big data science process is challenging, as not only do we need to deal with different types of software components, but also the domain knowledge has to be incorporated along the process. This paper focuses on methods for tackling quality trade-offs in a common data science process for classifying Building Information Modeling (BIM) elements, an important task in the architecture, engineering, and construction industry. Due to the diversity and richness of building elements, machine learning (ML) techniques have been increasingly investigated for classification tasks. However, ML-based classification faces many issues, w.r.t. vast amount of data with heterogeneous data quality, diverse underlying computing configurations, and complex integration with industrial BIM tools, in an end-to-end BIM data analysis. In this paper, we develop an end-to-end ML classification system in which quality of analytics is considered as the first-class feature across different phases, from data collection, feature processing, training to ML model serving. We present our method for studying the quality of analytics trade-offs and carry out experiments with BIM data extracted from Solibri to demonstrate the automation of several tasks in the end-to-end ML classification. Our results have demonstrated that the quality of data, data extraction techniques, and computing configurations must be carefully designed when applying ML classifications for BIM in order to balance constraints of time, cost, and prediction accuracy. Our quality of analytics methods presents generic steps and considerations for dealing with such designs, given the time, cost, and accuracy trade-offs required in specific contexts. Thus, the methods could be applied to the design of end-to-end BIM classification systems using other ML techniques and cloud services.