Building Information Modeling Method Research Articles

Integrating Digital Twins with BIM for Enhanced Building Control Strategies: A Systematic Literature Review Focusing on Daylight and Artificial Lighting Systems

In the architecture, engineering, and construction industries, the integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM) has become instrumental in shaping the design and commissioning of smart buildings. At the center of this development is the pursuit of more intelligent, efficient, and sustainable built environments. The emergence of smart buildings equipped with advanced sensor networks and automation systems increasingly requires the implementation of Digital Twins (DT) for the direct coupling of BIM methods for integral building planning, commissioning, and operational monitoring. While simulation tools and methods exist in the design phase of developing advanced controls, their mapping to construction or post-construction models is less well developed. Through systematic, keyword-based literature research on publisher-independent databases, this review paper gives a comprehensive overview of the state of the research on BIM integration of building control systems with a primary focus on combined controls for daylight and artificial lighting systems. The review, supported by a bibliometric literature analysis, highlights major development fields in HVAC controls, failure detection, and fire-detection systems, while the integration of daylight and artificial lighting controls in Digital Twins is still at an early stage of development. In addition to already existing reviews in the context of BIM and Digital planning methods, this review particularly intends to build the necessary knowledge base to further motivate research activities to integrate simulation-based control methods in the BIM planning process and to further close the gap between planning, implementation, and commissioning.

Digital transformation of the wood construction supply chain through building information modelling: current state of practice

PurposeThis study aims to present a state-of-the-art review of building information modelling (BIM) in the Swedish construction practice with a focus on wood construction. It focuses on examining the extent, maturity and actual practices of BIM in the Swedish wood construction industry, by analysing practitioners’ perspectives on the current state of BIM and its perceived benefits.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative approach was selected, given the study’s exploratory character. Initially, an extensive review was undertaken to examine the current state of BIM utilisation and its associated advantages within the construction industry. Subsequently, empirical data were acquired through semi-structured interviews featuring open-ended questions, aimed at comprehensively assessing the prevailing extent of BIM integration within the Swedish wood construction sector.FindingsThe research concluded that the wood construction industry in Sweden is shifting towards BIM on different levels, where in some cases, the level of implementation is still modest. It should be emphasised that the wood construction industry in Sweden is not realising the full potential of BIM. The industry is still using a combination of BIM and traditional methods, thus, limiting the benefits that full BIM implementation could offer the industry.Originality/valueThis study provided empirical evidence on the current perceptions and state of practice of the Swedish wood construction industry regarding BIM maturity.

Analisis Perbandingan Quantity Take Off (QTO) Beton Menggunakan Metode Building Information Modelling (BIM) dan Metode Konvensional (Studi Kasus : Proyek Kantor PNM Cabang Jember)

Along with the world of construction that is growing, the stakeholders involved in it are trying to find methods and technologies that can make the activities contained in construction projects more efficient. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is one of the most widely applied technological developments in the world of construction. One of the benefits of implementing BIM is that it can produce Quantity Take-Off (QTO) data output based on the 3 Dimensional model that has been created. This research examines the PT Permodalan Nasional Madani Branch Office Building Construction Project in Jember City which performs QTO calculations using 2 methods, namely the conventional method and the BIM method. The purpose of this study is to find out the results of the calculation of the QTO of the Conventional Method and the BIM Method, then to compare the results of the calculation of the QTO of the Conventional Method and the BIM Method, and to analyze the reasons for the differences in the results of QTO calculations on the Conventional Method and the BIM Method. The conventional method of performing calculations is using Ms.Excel software with reference to 2D drawings from AutoCAD. The BIM method uses Autodesk Revit software by performing 3D modeling which is directly integrated with the quantity calculation. The QTO calculation is carried out on the need for concrete materials in the superstructure (columns, beams and slabs) of the building. The results of QTO Concrete using the BIM method on column work 41.59 m³, beams 33.29 m³, and floor slabs 154.39 m³. The total QTO of concrete for the superstructure using the BIM method is 229.23 m³. The results of QTO Concrete using the Conventional method on column work 44.36 m³, beams 58.79 m³, and floor slabs 154.54 m³. The total QTO of concrete for the superstructure using the conventional method is 257.68 m³. The difference in the QTO results of the BIM and conventional methods for column work is 6.24%, beams are 43.37%, floor plans are 0.12%. The difference in the highest QTO value is in the beam structure item. The total difference in volume of concrete between the conventional method and the BIM method is 28.45 m³ or 11.04%. The reason for the difference in QTO results between the BIM and Conventional methods is due to the double calculations in the Conventional method at each intersection point between columns, beams and plates. Whereas with the BIM method every meeting will be calculated only on one of the elements with the order of domination of the calculation from the highest, namely plate, column, plate.

Studi Komparatif Pengendalian Mutu Perencanaan Proyek Konstruksi Antara Metode Building Information Modeling (BIM) Dengan Metode Konvensional (Studi Kasus PT. Bita Enarcon Engineering)

Drawing planning is a crucial activity in a construction development. There is a new breakthrough in drawing planning,namely the Building Information Modeling (BIM) method which is known to be more effective and efficient than conventional methods. Every process of planning working drawings requires quality control so that the quality of the output produced is well maintained. Likewise with the Building Information Modeling (BIM) method, although it is superior to conventional methods, quality control efforts must still be carried out. This study aims to determine the qualitycontrol activities at PT. Bita Enarcon Engineering and compares the level of risk that occurs in the planning of workingdrawings between conventional methods and the Building Information Modeling (BIM) method. The method used in thisresearch is the distribution of questionnaires based on AS/NZS 4360:2004, namely Management System Standards. The results of the analysis show that the drawing planning quality control activities with conventional methods and Building Information Modeling (BIM) have the same process, namely self check, check print, and internal audit which contains inter discipline check. The resulting risk levels fall into two level categories, namely low and medium. The conceptual design has a score of 9.932 for the conventional method and 5.365 for the BIM method. The schematic design of the conventional method has a figure of 8.257 while for BIM it is 5.975. Followed by the development design, the conventionalmethod has a risk level of 8,559 and the BIM method is 6,536. And lastly for technical design, the conventional method has a risk level of 8.860 and the BIM method is included in the low category, namely 4.981. Although the risk level of the BIM method is smaller, it requires a higher cost compared to the conventional method.

THE SUITABILITY OF EXISTING CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS FORMS FOR BIM CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

Numerous major construction projects suffer from cost and schedule overruns. In addition, the potential for conflict between project participants, for example due to changes in performance, additional services or ambiguities in the contract, has increased substantially in recent years, while at the same time the ability to resolve conflicts quickly has declined significantly. In the context of digitization, Building Information Modeling (BIM) represents a way of implementing projects more efficiently and satisfactorily for all parties involved. With the method, "risks can be significantly minimized, construction times considerably shortened and costs noticeably reduced". In order to make the most of the advantages of the BIM method, the choice of a suitable form of construction contract is of decisive importance. Within the research conducted at the University of Wuppertal, characteristic features of conventional and alternative forms of construction contracts as well as management concepts were examined and the respective advantages and disadvantages were compared with regard to the criteria identified. In addition, the construction contract forms and management concepts were also examined and evaluated for compatibility with the BIM method. The result of this investigation shows a scoring model. It includes both the nationally established construction contract forms of individual award with unit price contract as well as alternative forms such as the Framework Alliance Contract-1 with the concept of value engineering. The result of the study should encourage clients to consider alternative forms of construction contracts in order to be able to design construction projects more efficiently.

From Sustainability to Regeneration: a digital framework with BIM and computational design methods

Design methods, frameworks, and green building certifications have been developed to create a sustainable built environment. Despite sustainability advancements, urgent action remains necessary due to climate change and the high impact of the built environment. Regenerative Design represents a shift from current practices focused on reducing environmental impacts, as it aims to generate positive effects on both human and natural systems. Although digital design methods are commonly employed in sustainable design practice and research, there is presently no established framework to guide a digital regenerative design process. This study provides an analysis of existing literature on regenerative design and digital design methods and presents a framework based on building information modelling (BIM) methodology and computational design methods, that can be applied to both urban and building design. This framework identifies digital tools and organizes indicators based on the pillars of climate, people, and nature for regenerative design, drawing upon a comprehensive analysis of literature, including standards, sustainability frameworks and research studies. The framework is illustrated through a case study evaluation. The paper also highlights the potential and limitations of digital methods concerning regenerative design and suggests possibilities for future expansion by incorporating additional quantifiable indicators that reflect research developments, to achieve positive outcomes.

ANALYSIS OF THE CALCULATION OF REBAR BEAM STRUCTURE OF FLOOR 6 ZONE 1 INDIGO BANDUNG HOTEL PROJECT USING BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM)

This study aims to find out the results of calculating the requirements for rebar beam structures in the Hotel Indigo Bandung Development Project using the Building Information Modeling (BIM) method with the help of Autodesk Revit 2020 software, to be further studied against conventional methods. The type of research used in writing the review is quantitative research. The methods used in collecting data in this study are observation, interviews, and documentation studies. Data collection is used to find the truth and accuracy of the data obtained carefully and accurately so that the truth can be accounted for. The results showed that the total calculation of rebar requirements using the conventional method weighed 18843.211 kg, the total calculation of rebar requirements using the Building Information Modeling method with the help of Autodesk Revit 2020 software was 18272.58 kg, there was a difference of 570.628 kg or a difference of 3%.

Enhancing the level of confidence in the safe fire evacuation operation employing a combination of BIM and fuzzy TOPSIS method

PurposeThis research aims to provide optimization and route safety planning employing the fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) technique.Design/methodology/approachThis research combines the use of graphical, communication tools and simulated models based on building information modeling (BIM) technology and agent-based modeling (ABM) to identify a safe evacuation route. Adopting the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach, the proposed rescue plan can reduce potential hazards along the evacuation route by selecting a safe route for evacuating residents and entering firefighters to the scene of the incident.FindingsThe results show that the use of simulated models along with MCDM methods in the selection of safe routes improves the performance of safe evacuation operations for both relief groups and residents.Practical implicationsThe introduced model can improve the performance management of different groups at the time of the incident and reduce casualties and property losses using the information received from sensors at the scene. Moreover, the proposed rescue plan prevents group and individual reactivation at the time of the incident.Originality/valueDespite many advances in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry, the number of victims of fire incidents in buildings is increasing compared to other natural disasters. Improving decision management based on effective parameters at the time of incident reduces casualties of residents and rescue workers.

Sustainable construction by using novel frameworks using BIM, LEED, and Lean methods

Sustainable building projects gained momentum in the last decade, and the trend continues. It is important to explore the factors affecting the sustainable building delivery process for concentrating on these factors and pace up the sustainability approach. Building information modelling (BIM) has developed as the definitive technology for managing construction projects. BIM technology has features like accuracy and precision that helps in improving the quality of construction. Green building construction methods and Lean construction are the methods that help to improve sustainability and reduce waste generated during construction. In this article, the author would like to propose a methodological framework that comprises BIM, Green building methods, and Lean methods. After implementation author is hoping to optimize resource utilization, monitor, and measure the construction progress and construction payment procedures. The author is believing that after the implementation of the framework, a virtual environment is prepared which brings more accountability in resource usage and tracking of project progress. Work also highlights the differentiating aspects of sustainable building projects regarding project phases and makes recommendations about the timing of services, such as value engineering, constructability analysis, technology integration, and construction management. The author considers one case study of a residential building and prepared a 3D model using BIM. Further, the author put lean tools and LEED-based methodology to produce the standard operating procedure for the case study considered. Then, a virtual environment is prepared using the 3D model in BIM, and the methodology is considered. This environment was tested from time to time with the actual execution of the project to claim the validity of the proposed model.

BIM-paved roads around Visegrád : The implementation and scientific feedback/analysis of building information modelling in V4 countries

Construction economy faces new challenges in the 21st century. Sustainability has become an inevitable imperative. Digitalization has permeated every part of our lives. The digital transformation of the construction industry presents many benefits and opportunities, yet it also encounters various barriers that impede innovation and the implementation of new advancements. Due to the conscious management and change of attitude of the construction economy, the adoption and mandatory implementation of Building Information Modelling (BIM) has already become a well-established tradition in Western Europe, the United States, and even Singapore. In Hungary, using BIM methods in public works is not mandatory, but its gradual implementation is on the agenda. Due to the shared economic and political traditions and solutions of the V4 countries, it is worth reviewing the current prevalence of BIM in practice and the available scientific results. This overview study examines public procurements and scientific literature on BIM in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. It presents the current state of BIM and the degree of its implementation in public works. In doing so, it highlights some important similarities, differences, as well as potential issues, providing valuable insights for consideration in the implementation process.

Analysis of Building Information Modeling (BIM) 4D-5DMethod to Minimize the Occurrence of Variation Orders in Design and Build Contract Models

Reducing VO in the Design and Build contract model requires increased coordination, communication, and change management between the design team, project implementers, and service providers. This study aims to analyze the effect of BIM 4D and BIM 5D on the Order of Variations in the Design and Building contract model, as well as theeffect of their combinations. This study examines the effectiveness of applying the 4D and 5D BIM methods to mitigate work changes in projects. Data was collected through questionnaires and analyzed with SPSS for Windows. The results showed that the BIM 4D variable had a significant effect on the use of Variation Order to reduce post-construction changes. The X1 BIM 4D coefficient (β1) is 0.937 indicating that an increase in X1 BIM 4D by 1 increases the Y1 Variation Order by 0.937. Regression analysis showed a tcount of 4.343 which is significant at the 0.05 level (p<0.05). The 5D BIM variable has a significant effect on Variation Order in reducing post-construction-growth changes. The coefficient value of β2 X2 BIM 5D is 0.120 and is positive, which means that every 1-time increase in X2 BIM 5D will increase Y1 Financial Performance by 0.120. The results of the regression analysis showed a tcount value of 3.764 and a significance of 0.041. The results of data processing show anF-count value of 83.893 and a significance of 0.000. H0 and Ha are accepted. BIM 4D and BIM 5D have a significant effect on Variation Order as a tool for minimizing post-construction growth changes. The application of 4D and 5D BIM technologies helps mitigate construction project risksthrough simulating project steps, training project teams, visualizing changes/requests using BIM, and storing material specification information in BIM models. BIM technology reduces risks and increases the effectiveness of construction projects

Building Information Modeling (BIM) Basic Competency Training to improve Building Construction Service Design Products in Banyumas Regency

Background: Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a technology in the field of Architecture, Engineering and Construction that is capable of simulating all information in a development project into a three-dimensional (3D) model. One of the government's efforts in dealing with the Industrial Revolution 4.0 is implementing the use of BIM, and construction technology innovations in each project cycle. By applying the BIM method, both managers, consultants and contractors are able to save processing time, costs incurred and the required workforce. The application of BIM technology can minimize the impact of work delays, increased costs, and construction failures. Contribution: The results of the analysis of the needs of partners show that not all construction service businesses, especially in Banyumas, know and implement BIM. This community service activity is intended to provide basic training to construction service businesses regarding the operation of BIM using Tekla Structures. Method: The method used is a partner needs analysis survey, lectures, demonstrations, discussions, and mentoring. Results: The results of this dedication show that as many as 81% of participants understand the BIM concept after participating in this activity. Conclusion: The holding of this training will provide an overview, improve skills for construction services in Banyumas. Furthermore, it can be applied to the construction process (planning, implementation and maintenance), so that it will produce competitive construction service design products

BIM methods and CDE in professional education for sustainable Design and Production

Implementing Building Information Modelling (BIM) methods in education to support lecturing, consulting, and decision-making cooperates in shaping an environmentally conscious student’s design approach. Within KEA’s bachelor in Architectural Technology and Construction Management (ATCO), the didactic supports digitalisation for building design and production. About the design aspects, for instance, in the 4th semester, 3D virtual digital building models are developed via BIM software with engineered timber load-bearing structural system, parametric formulas for embodied CO2 volumes calculation, thermal requirements, envelope design, light transmittance, low energy consumption, adequate acoustic conditions, and good indoor climate conditions. These factors can play an essential role in actual and future carbon-neutral buildings. Regarding production, environmentally friendly buildings use sustainable materials and efficient operational solutions and handle the BIM data and metadata in the corresponding Common Data Environment (CDE). In this fashion, production, operation and maintenance phases can be run appropriately. As a study case, we bring the KEA ATCO’s 4th semester mandatory joint assignment based on a combination of students’ group and individual work. The assignment requires BIM methods and CDE to control sustainability parameters related to the manufacturing and the site operation.

Comparison of BIM and Conventional Method to Analyze Dimension and Volume of Abutment

The development of the industrial era 4.0 is rapid, one of which is the BIM (Building Information Modeling) method for surveying activities, namely 3D Scanning. The 3D Scanning method, which can obtain millions of points in point clouds in one scan, is expected to provide higher accuracy and more efficient and effective operating time than conventional methods. Conventional methods, which still apply human plotting, require more time and human resources because they have to move from one point to another, and their accuracy is highly dependent on the quality of human resources. This research was conducted at the Interchange Project of the Batang Industrial Estate, Central Java, and aimed to compare the dimensions, volume, and shop drawings of the 3D Scanning method with the conventional method and the advantages of the 3D Scanning and Modeling method. The results obtained in this study are that there is an average dimension difference of 0.007 m from the shop drawing image, then there is a difference in the average coordinate point of 0.028 m which causes the Abutment position to shift from the shop drawing image. BIM is one method for get the volume of structures on Interchange Project with careful results and faster process. The calculated volume is based on shop drawings. The results showed that the difference between the conventional BIM method in the volume of concrete was 1.156%, and in the granular heap, there was a difference of 1.292%. The advantages of these 2 BIM methods are how they operate, which has started to implement an automation system and requires less time than conventional methods.

Factors affecting BIM implementation: evidence from countries with different income levels

Purpose This study aims to empirically analyze the symmetries and asymmetries among the critical factors affecting building information modeling (BIM) implementation between countries with different income levels. To achieve that aim, the study objectives are to identify: critical factors affecting BIM implementation in low-, lower-middle-, upper-middle- and high-income countries; overlapping critical factors between countries with different income levels; and agreements on the critical factors between countries with different income levels. Design/methodology/approach This study identified potential BIM implementation factors using a systematic literature review and semi-structured interviews with architectural, engineering and construction (AEC) professionals. Then, the factors were inserted into a questionnaire survey and sent to AEC professionals in Afghanistan, India, Malaysia and Saudi Arabia. The collected data was analyzed using the following techniques and tests: mean, standard deviation, normalized value, Kruskal–Wallis, Dunn and Mann–Whitney. Findings Five critical factors overlap between all countries: “availability of guidelines for implementing BIM,” “cost-benefit of implementing BIM,” “stakeholders’ willingness to learn the BIM method,” “consistent views on BIM between stakeholders” and “existence of standard contracts on liability and risk allocation.” Also, the criticality of the factors often differs between income levels, especially between low- and high-income countries, suggesting a significant gap between low- and high-income countries in BIM implementation. Originality/value This study differs from prior works by empirically analyzing the symmetries and asymmetries in BIM implementation factors between countries with different income levels (i.e. low-, lower-middle-, upper-middle- and high-income countries).

The Application of Building Information Modelling Method for Carbon Emission Analysis: A Case Study of Housing in Peat Lands

The construction sector is the largest contributor to carbon emission, especially from housing development activities, which has been on high demand due to the continuous increase in the population. This study aims to analyze the amount of carbon emission produced from house building materials on peat soil, using the Building Information Modeling method. The construction of houses on peat land is different from that of hard soil, because it requires to strengthen the foundation and to minimize the load on the superstructure of the building which was performed by choosing the type of material that is suitable for the location, and is also environmentally friendly. The carbon emission was calculated using a quantitative approach, where the volume of the material used was multiplied by its emission coefficient. The volume of material was obtained using the Building Information Modeling method, while the emission coefficients were acquired by utilizing the inventory data from ICE University of Bath and several literature studies. The results showed that the types of materials that produced the largest emissions were cement, mild steel, and wood, which had 14,051.90 KgCO_2eq/house, 9,565.89 KgCO_2eq/house, and 7,865.75 KgCO_2eq/house, carbon value respectively. After redesigning the building and replacing light steel with wood, the emission reduction was 5.01% from a total of 42,523.33 KgCO_2eq/house or 2,109 KgCO_2eq/house with a saving of Rp. 154,397.04 or 10.87/house. Based on data from Central Bureau of Statistics of the City of Palangka Raya, the number of houses built in Palangka Raya City reached 918 units with an average building area of 45 - 70 m², it is estimated to save Rp. 141,397,482.72 or $ 9,978.66. It shows the importance of environmentally friendly innovations in designs and the selection of low-emission materials, which has a positive impact on finance and climate sustainability. This finding is expected to provide insights for the government in the implementation of housing construction policies that prioritize environmental factors which reduce the level of carbon produced during the construction process and its operation.

Parametric HBIM Procedure for the Structural Evaluation of Heritage Masonry Buildings

In the architecture, engineering and construction sectors, Building Information Modeling (BIM)-based procedures have become adopted more and more. In fact, the development of suitable BIM models facilitates the management of the design and construction phases and improves the efficiency of the maintenance policies during the life cycle of the building. Although the BIM method is mostly implemented in the building industry for new constructions, in recent years, the deployment of this technology has also attracted increasing attention for existing structures to rebuild their geometry and gather relevant data, especially for historical buildings; in this case, we refer to Heritage BIM (HBIM). A HBIM procedure requires a multidisciplinary approach involving not only historical, conservation, and restoration considerations but also suitable maintenance and repair plans, duly balancing the structural needs with the preservation of the historical value of the building and its content. Although the integration of the structural assessment in the HBIM process would be highly beneficial, its practical implementation is often in the early stages. In the paper, an original parametric procedure for the assessment of existing masonry buildings is proposed in the BIM environment. The procedure combines E-PUSH, a software program for the structural analysis of masonry structures under seismic and non-seismic actions with an appropriate BIM approach, so improving the management of gathered data through cognitive phases. The assessment process is, thus, simplified since data required for the structural analysis are directly retrieved from the BIM model, and the structural analyses and verifications are performed without using external programs. The proposed BIM workflow is finally illustrated and discussed referring to a relevant case study, the seismic vulnerability assessment of the “Bernardo Rucellai” school in Florence (Italy).

Integration of land survey data using aerial photogrammetry method on 3 dimensional bim (Building Information Modeling) Modeling

The use of UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) in land surveys and the implementation of BIM (Building Information Modeling) in the construction world has begun to be used frequently, both in the manufacture of infrastructure and building structures. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the use of UAV in land surveys with parameters of cost, quality and time, and to find out whether the land survey can be integrated with a 3-dimensional design with applications related to BIM. This study uses secondary data in the form of aerial photo data and 3-dimensional BIM design data, which produces some data such as 3-dimensional data from the layout of a land using UAV, with a fairly good level of effectiveness compared to previous studies. In addition, the results of the integration of a 3-dimensional map of a land survey using a UAV with a 3-dimensional design of the BIM method can provide a visualization of the design form with actual conditions in the field.

Технологии информационного моделирования (BIM) как основа бережливого строительства

Abstract. This article considers the problem of increasing the efficiency of construction companies by implementing new approaches to improving organizational structures and construction management methods, such as building information modelling (BIM) and lean construction (LC). A review of existing LC methods is carried out, describing such specific methodologies, as long-term planning, planning obligations, minimizing resource overruns, workflow reliability and project management. Strategies and supporting mechanisms for the implementation of efficient processes on construction sites for companies with the functions of general contractor are also considered. The application of lean construction, pull planning in particular, increases the efficiency of communication between the participants of the construction process. The concurrent use of LC and BIM methods allows construction costs to be reduced. The LC-based BIM technology can be applied in design, construction and project management throughout the entire life cycle of a construction project.

IFCTERRAIN – A FREE AND OPEN SOURCE TOOL TO CONVERT DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS (DTM) TO OPENBIM INDUSTRY FOUNDATION CLASSES (IFC)

Abstract. Digital Terrain Models (DTM) play an important role for digital twins of the built environment. However, if the Building Information Modeling method (BIM) is used, many engineers find it difficult to provide BIM-compliant terrain models. We present a small tool with which classic DTM, which have been created by landsurveyors or geospatial engineers, can be converted into the format Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) in order to be used in openBIM projects. This paper first clarifies the use cases and then goes into detail on possible configurations of the transformation process. With the presented software tool IfcTerrain the user may select different export options concerning IFC object type of the terrain, geometric representation, georeferencing or the annotation with metadata. IfcTerrain is free and open source and was developed in the context of an educational institution.