Building Industry Research Articles

Investigation the Use of Waste Glass and Waste Paper as an Alternative Construction Binding Material: An Approach Towards Sustainable Environment

The idea of repurposing garbage as a resource within the building industry has drawn much attention in light of growing worldwide concerns about sustainable development and waste management. This thesis explores the intriguing idea of using waste materials as a practical and ecological replacement for construction materials and also carefully evaluates the technical, environmental and financial viability of incorporating various waste products, like household waste paper and waste glass into different construction applications. The results of this research project are incredibly insightful. Regarding waste paper as a cement replacement, the experiment demonstrated that substituting 10%, 20% or 30% of cement with waste paper is not a recommended practice. In all instances, the resulting concrete blocks exhibited a significant reduction in strength when compared to traditional concrete formulations. This outcome underscores the limitations of waste paper as a viable substitute for maintaining concrete strength. Conversely, findings regarding glass waste replacement in cement are particularly exciting. At just 7 days of curing, concrete blocks incorporating 10% and 20% glass waste replacements displayed higher strength than their conventional counterparts, showcasing an early strength advantage. By the 14-day mark, the strength of these glass waste-reinforced blocks closely approached that of standard concrete, highlighting their potential for use in sustainable construction practices. Even more impressively, at 21 days of curing, when conventional concrete reached its peak strength at 28.33 KN per square meter, the blocks with 10%, 20% and 30% glass waste replacement-maintained robustness, with strengths of 26.4, 25.26 and 19.44 KN per square meter respectively. This prolonged strength retention suggests that glass waste-reinforced concrete can serve as a sustainable alternative without compromising structural integrity, even in the long term.

Effects of Postmanufacture Conditioning on the Mechanical and Hygroscopic Properties of Extrusion Printed Wood–Sodium Silicate Composites

Abstract Additive manufacturing of wood–sodium silicate composites could aid in mitigating the carbon footprint of the building and construction industry. However, the effect of postmanufacture conditioning on the mechanical and physical properties of additively manufactured wood–sodium silicate composites is not well understood. This study investigated eight different postmanufacture drying processes, including: ambient indoor and outdoor conditions, oven-drying at two different temperatures, microwave drying, alcohol-induced dehydration using ethanol and denatured alcohol, and desiccant drying. Each postmanufacture conditioning treatment was assessed in terms of total moisture extraction and moisture extraction rate as well as the flexural strength, flexural stiffness, and hardness of the wood–sodium silicate samples after drying. In addition, the water absorption and volumetric swelling properties of the additively manufactured wood–sodium silicate samples were assessed via water submersion tests. The postmanufacture conditioning treatments were found to significantly affect the mechanical and physical properties of the samples. A universal ranking system was established based on cumulative rankings of each evaluated characteristic. Samples dried in ambient outdoor conditions achieved the best overall ranking and had the smallest carbon footprint. However, ovendried samples had the best flexural properties. Future studies investigating hybrid approaches in which composites are sequentially subjected to different drying methods will likely provide the most desirable mechanical and physical properties of wood–sodium silicate composites.

Retrofitting of the Italian precast industrial building stock. LCA analysis as decision-making tool

The challenging European goal concerns the achievement of a carbon-free economy by 2050 must necessarily consider the improvement of the construction sector along with the redevelopment of the existing buildings. In fact, according to a European report concerning existing buildings, 80% of the built environment will remain the same by 2050. Nowadays buildings are responsible for 30% of the global final energy consumption and 37% of global energy and process emissions. As regards industrial buildings, they account for 33% of global final energy demand. The research aims to define some effective retrofitting measures to be applied in the existing Italian industrial facilities to improve their both energy and environmental performance. Several redevelopment scenarios and their possible combinations related to external envelope technological solutions and systems are analysed. The different interventions are applied to an existing Italian industrial building chosen as a case study and are compared by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis considering different environmental indexes (GWP, AP, PERT and PENRT). The calculation of the primary energy demand is also performed. Phase B6 accounts for about 80% of the whole environmental impact calculated considering 20 years as building lifetime. The redevelopment scenarios that foresee the intervention on the external envelope are the most impactful ones in terms of the production phase (A1-A3). Those related to the existing roof are characterised by a significant impact due to the demolition, disposal and landfill of finishing panels made of asbestos. The configurations that include the substitution of the existing heating system with an air-to-air heat pump coupled with renewables to produce electrical energy on-site are the most advantageous ones. The latter make the industrial building carbon-zero thanks to the considerable amount of surplus electrical energy produced on-site. In this case, phase D mostly recovers the environmental impact of the whole life cycle considering the different indexes.

Promoting the Renewable Energy Zones by implementing the photovoltaic panels in an industrial building

Abstract Environmental protection depends on energy production and use, which are responsible for ∼94% of carbon emissions. The lack of sufficient energy resources has led EU countries to alternatives for Green Energy production. Albania’s national response to climate change has been limited to some small changes mainly in the sector of the integrated water and environmental management legislation. However, in terms of changing the energy law, no effort has been made to prioritize green energy production. Doing so it is expected to contribute to the overall goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions through the integration of clean energy solutions. The paper is referred to a specific case study focused on renewable energy using photovoltaic panels in an industrial building in Saranda, as the city with the most hours of sunshine per year in Albania. To support renewable energy initiatives, it is being emphasized with the help of statistical methods that Saranda has strong potential to invest in energy production through solar panels, which give rise to long-term renewable energy solutions. In summary, there are being identified three main factors that seemed to contribute to the results of national renewable energy solutions: 1) Creating renewable energy zones, 2) Installing solar panels for electricity generation 3) Enforcing regulations. In such conditions when energy of any kind is the most demanded product, green energy is the best way to manage it. It is being used in any country, but especially in Albania, which has a high average of sunny days, compared to other European countries, is an immediate requirement and, as such it should be stripped of it all useless bureaucracies to enable a higher production of it, even with state subsidies. But development will also have to overcome the above issue by adapting to energy production in small units where bureaucratic hurdles are even smaller.

Comparison of Spatial Perception Regarding the Re-functionalized Industrial Buildings: Abdullah Gül University Sümer Campus

Industrial buildings that conserve their authentic identities and provide cultural sustainability also appeal to the spatial perceptions of users through their old and new usage forms. It is thought that every generation will have different timeframes and experiencing forms in the spaces they are in, based on their own needs, and this is believed to reflect on their spatial perceptions. Accordingly, this study aims to reveal the effect of different generations’ characteristics on their perception of educational buildings converted from industrial buildings and to reflect users’ reactions to the relevant spaces. In this study, the evolving spatial perceptions regarding Abdullah Gül University Sümer Campus, which has been converted as an educational facility from Sümerbank Fabric Factory, were evaluated through the members of the Generation X and Z. This study which employed qualitative data collection and assessment methods was conducted as a particular case study. Furthermore, this study contained the holistic assessment of the physical, functional and psychological aspects of the re-functionalized campus considering the fact that these spaces whose functions were converted to be educational would include differences based on spatial perceptions. The results of this study indicated that Sümer Campus was considered by the Generation X as a location combining the old texture with the new, while the Generation Z assessed the campus as an esthetic formation where the old and new coexisted with contrasts.

Implementation Of Life Cycle Cost in The Bus Station Building

With the increase in existing development, of course, there must be consideration of careful cost planning to support planning, use, and the end of the building service period, particularly in the building industry. The use of the LCC method in estimation is one part of estimating the service life. Both qualitative and quantitative methodologies were used in this investigation.. The research refers to the terminal development project, and takes a sample of the building which is the focus of the research. The Budget Plan, containing each of its elements, is also the foundation of the research. The building's service life is then estimated and considered to be 25 years of operation., the resulting life cycle cost is Rp. 20,499,410,364, - The largest cost during the service life of the building is 25 years, which is found in operational costs Rp. 9,302,325,418 (40.86%), the initial cost is Rp. .7,769,441,715 (34.12%), maintenance costs Rp. 2,312,949,413 (10.16%), replacement cost Rp.2,249,032,308 (9.88%) and salvage value Rp.1,134,338,490 (4.98%).

Innovative Timber Upcycling: Digital Strategies for Prolonging Timber Lifespan and Promoting Reuse.

Abstract This paper explores the intersection of digital and ecological transitions, crucial for achieving the European Green Deal’s sustainability targets. The construction sector, traditionally reliant on a linear “take-make-dispose” model, is gradually integrating timber, favored for its lower environmental impact compared to steel and concrete. Our research enhances the reuse of timber from demolition sites, leveraging digital technologies to extend the lifespan of timber elements and improve its carbon sequestration capabilities. This research is part of a broader initiative, the DeDa research, at the School of Architecture and Design, University of Camerino, focusing on sustainable material management in post-disaster areas. These areas, seen as ‘material banks,’ pose unique challenges due to the abundance of materials that are difficult to manage. The research comprises three integrated phases: establishing a digital material bank of timber elements, design optimization with available elements and their automated assembly. This system is underpinned by an ecosystem of digital technologies, including photogrammetric surveying, computational design, and robotic manufacturing. Considering the currently low technological level of conventional building processes, this work maintains a highly experimental character. However, presenting this research provides an opportunity to explore how digital technologies might promote circular-based building processes and encourage a shift in perspective and practices within the building industry.

Evaluating the performance of six 1970s off-gas deep retrofit bungalows

This paper presents the energy and environmental performance of whole house energy systems implemented in six 1970s bungalows in South Wales, owned by Swansea Council. The objective was to reduce energy demand and carbon emissions, maximise renewable supply whilst ensuring a comfortable and affordable home for the residents. The whole house energy system for each home involved the installation of a combination of passive and active low carbon solutions. Detailed monitoring was carried out for a year before and for more than 2 years after the work, annual figures have been validated and normalised for weather. Analysis of monitored data confirms that Standard Assessment Performance ratings improved from 12 to 95. The average annual energy consumption across the six bungalows was reduced from 16,117 to 4560 kWh. 2418 kWh was provided by the PV panels and battery, with 1963 kWh of excess electricity that could be sold back to the grid. Real-life average Ground Source Heat Pump CoP was monitored at 3.3. Embodied carbon for retrofitting each house is estimated at 22,980 KgCO2e +/−20%, approximately 5-years carbon payback. Indoor conditions have been improved with internal temperature and relative humidity achieving standards with residents reporting levels of improved comfort satisfaction. Practical Application A whole house energy system demonstrates the benefits of a holistic, fabric and systems retrofit approach. The work informs how gathering data using appropriate methods assists modelling predictions and decisions throughout the retrofit stages. The study demonstrates extensive monitoring as a vital tool to evaluate the performance of the individual components and the whole system within the home, as used by the residents. Performance evaluation is critical in identifying issues, allowing resolutions to be made both immediately on-site as well for longer term, follow on retrofit programmes. Real-life performance evaluation and visualisation methods are transferable across global building industry.

Heritage Tourism Development Should Take Care of Industrial Heritage Protection: A Study on the Development Strategy of Industrial Heritage Tourism in Nanjing

The tourism development of industrial heritage is an effective way to activate cultural heritage and can provide new solutions for the renewal and protection of industrial heritage. This study focuses on the industrial heritage in Nanjing, aiming to explore its spatial distribution pattern, tourism development strategy, and sustainable development model. This study adopts a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods. First, relevant information on 93 sites of industrial heritage type historic buildings in Nanjing is collected. Secondly, ArcGIS was used to visualize the evolution of industrial buildings and the spatial distribution of industrial heritage type historic buildings. Finally, the spatial analysis tools of ArcGIS and the accessibility analysis method in space syntax theory are superimposed to comprehensively analyze the spatial distribution pattern and traffic accessibility characteristics of Nanjing’s industrial heritage. The research results propose a specific plan to promote the value transformation of industrial heritage through tourism: based on the spatial distribution characteristics of Nanjing’s industrial heritage along the water system and traffic arteries, a tourist route of “multi-point, two-axis, one-center” is planned; the tourism development strategy of “point protrusion, linear links, and surface darning” is implemented; and a sustainable development model under the guidance of low-carbon environmental protection goals is explored. This study provides a reference for the protective development of industrial heritage and the expansion of tourism and opens up a new perspective for the regeneration and planning of other urban heritage.

Flexural behaviour and post-cracking performance of polypropylene fibre-reinforced waste cardboard blended concrete

The requalification of recycled materials has become of significance owing to a global shift towards net zero emissions and the severe environmental impact of misused recyclable waste. Cardboard and polypropylene have evolved into significant waste products, and the purpose of the study was to focus on the repurposing of both waste materials in determining the structural behaviour of an eco-efficient fibre-reinforced waste concrete. The study extended upon the findings of a precursor study in the development of an eco-efficient fibre-reinforced waste concrete mix. Finely processed municipally collected waste cardboard and recycled polypropylene macro-fibres were incorporated into a concrete mix design for which an experimental program was realised. To achieve this, uniaxial compressive strength, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and indirect tensile strength of the waste and reference mixtures were determined for 7- and 28-day intervals. Crack mouth open displacement testing was achieved to assess the post-cracking response, and retaining wall beams were prepared and loaded to determine the efficacy of the concrete mixture for low load-bearing structures. Mechanical and post-cracking properties of the hybrid waste concrete underscored excellent performance in comparison to other waste fibre-reinforced concrete mixtures, and superior to those blended with similar kraft fibre volume fractions. Moreover, the structural performance of beams cast from the hybrid mixture closely matched those of the reference mixture, emphasising the viability of the mixture and the role waste materials have in the construction and building industry.

ПРО ОБЧИСЛЕННЯ ІНСОЛЯЦІЇ ПРИМІЩЕНЬ

Solar radiation has a significant both positive and negative impact on all processes of human life. The construction and operation of both residential and industrial buildings requires an analysis of the sun's influence. Among the areas of scientific research related to solar radiation, the following are particularly relevant: solar energy, the impact of the sun on building envelopes, achieving solar comfort in residential and industrial buildings, and ensuring sanitary and hygienic standards. Insolation is defined as the amount of solar radiation inflow calculated in calories per unit area of a horizontal surface per unit time. Methods for calculating insolation can be divided into two types: geometric and energy-based. The insolation level of residential premises is regulated by state construction legislation. According to the current standards, the duration of insolation of residential premises should be at least 2,5 hours between 22 March and 22 September. These standards define and recommend calculation methods. They are mainly geometric. Energy-based methods for calculating insolation are more dynamic and subject to change, as they take into account the properties of materials. And building materials are constantly being modernizedф and have different reactions to solar radiation. On the other hand, energy-based methods of calculating insolation are more accurate and take into account more factors directly related to a particular building or room. Therefore, a comparative analysis of indoor insolation calculated by different methods is an urgent scientific problem. The development of computer research methods opens up wide opportunities for modelling the insolation state of a dwelling at the design stage. In this paper, an object-oriented method for calculating insolation for residential and industrial premises is developed. This makes it possible to build a spatial picture of the room's irradiation and demonstrate the impact of changes in input parameters on this process.

Geological hazards when justifying the regulations of urban development

Relevance. Territorial planning of cities determines the reduction or prevention of possible or existing losses of the population, economic facilities and the environment from technoprirodnye hazards of different genesis. The effectiveness of planning regulations for urban development depends on the degree of validity of identification and forecasts of the occurrence and evolution of hazardous natural and technogenic processes in time and space. This, in its turn, is determined by the reliability of our ideas about the patterns of their formation and regional distribution. Aim. To identify geological hazards and propose the main engineering and geological constraints in urban planning on the example of Gomel. Objects. Natural and technical system "geological environment – technogenic impacts – hazardous natural and technoprirodnye processes". Methods. Systematic approach to the analysis of patterns of formation of hazardous natural and technoprirodic processes in the city; numerical modeling of geofiltration and geomigration processes based on the geofiltration model "GOMEL". Results. The most characteristic dangerous natural and technoprirodnye processes have been established on the example of the city of Gomel. Priority areas for the introduction of planning restrictions: tectonic situation; man-made flooding, were identified. Soil conditions are considered separately as one of the factors effecting the precipitation of natural and artificial bases under the influence of loads from civil and industrial buildings and structures. The authors have revealed the presence of disjunctive, as well as plicative in the form of flexures, age-varying and multi-scale dislocations forming the block structure of the upper part of the earth's crust of the city. It is shown that from the point of view of the stability of engineering structures, the absolute values of the velocities of long-period unidirectional block displacements are dangerous during long-term operation of structures located in interblock active zones. At the same time, short-period multidirectional movements in the active geodynamic zones of the articulation of blocks cause a change in the slope and bending of the foundations of structures. The paper introduces the engineering-geological features of the most common surface deposits: the terrigenous gray-colored formation of the Paleogene; glacial, periglacial and extraglacial formations of anthropogenic origin and their facies-genetic complexes. The authors identified the potential natural and technological hazards associated with the marked deposits. The paper demonstrates the causes and mechanisms of the formation of technogenic flooding of the city, as well as the genesis of the decrease in the deformation properties of moraine sandy loam with a technogenic increase in humidity. It is concluded that when establishing land use regulations for a city, as a rule, general measures cannot be taken, both for its entire territory and for certain stages of construction activity. The paper introduces the corresponding restrictions on the use of subsoil.

Peningkatan Produktivitas Karyawan PT. NBI melalui Pelatihan Microsoft Excel sebagai Strategi dalam Pengelolaan Data Perusahaan

PT Nusantara Building Industries (NBI) is one of the national private companies located in Central Java Province which is engaged in the building materials industry in the form of symmetrical corrugated cement chrysotile fiber sheets. PT NBI tries to meet the needs of consumers according to demand and make various innovations in producing its products. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a training to improve the soft skills of PT NBI employees in the form of Microsoft Excel training. Microsoft Excel is a software application used to carry out various activities, including data analysis, graph making, complex calculations, and various other tasks. Based on the purpose of implementing community service activities, namely increasing employee productivity. So that the implementation of this training is in accordance with the objectives, namely being able to assist PT NBI employees in finding effective ways to manage and analyze company data. In addition, it can increase understanding in the use of Microsoft Excel. The focus of Microsoft Excel training on the AND/OR function is used to perform logical evaluation of several conditions or criteria. This training is designed to introduce the use of AND/OR functions in the company. This method aims to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of work when encountering cases in several conditions or criteria. The evaluation results of the training implementation showed a good level of acceptance from PT NBI employees towards understanding and using the AND/OR formula. Keywords — Enterprise, Microsoft Excel, AND/OR Function, Data Analysis.

A limit state approach for considering greenhouse gas emissions in the structural design of buildings: Environmental Impact Limit State (EILS)

Recent reports underscore the growing significance of embodied greenhouse gas emissions in the building industry, necessitating sustainable structural designs to combat climate change. However, the current building and structural design codes require satisfying Ultimate and Serviceability Limit States (ULS and SLS) without setting limitations on embodied emissions in the design process of structural members. Thus, this study proposes an Environmental Impact Limit State (EILS), specifying allowable and design emissions for structural components, to be used alongside ULS and SLS. The EILS combines nominal emission intensities from parametric analysis with fuzzy-logic-based uncertainty factors, enabling standardized consideration of environmental impacts in sizing structural elements. The EILS calibration is demonstrated for flat slab and shear wall systems following Canadian codes. The calibration involved an extensive parametric study (450, 975, and 2160 configurations for flat slabs, columns, and shear walls) to evaluate the impact of design and loading parameters. A detailed numerical example is presented to showcase the incorporation of EILS in the design process, achieving emission reduction on magnitude of 25 % compared to non-EILS design process.

Proposal and parametric investigations of square steel tubes as post-tensioned connectors for linear-shaped precast concrete elements

Given the pivotal role of connections in the progress of the precast building industry, issues such as costs, chain collapse, and low robustness in all degrees of freedom are critical considerations. This study draws inspiration from Concrete Filled Steel Tube Elements to design and investigate using simple steel tubes as joints for precast linear-shaped elements. The study proposes and examines uncomplicated joints where two precast reinforced concrete beams are positioned within the tube. The encompassment of the beams by the tube, combined with the application of post-tensioning forces, creates a sturdy integrity between the beams, resembling a head-to-head joint. Through 48 experimental tests, various connection parameters such as beam and tube cross-section height, re-bar quantity, tube thickness, and length were systematically investigated. The experimental setup utilized a three-point bending-shear testing configuration, and the results were compared with monolithic references. The findings demonstrate that these adaptive and ductile connections rapidly exhibit a capacity similar to that of monolithic exact beams. All studied parameters exhibited their influences on the capacity of the connection; however, the primary determinant is the length of the tube. Within the discussed range, the tube length should be at least twice as long as the height of the beam. Failing to meet this criterion would prevent the complete manifestation of the desired failure mechanism.

Metabolic Engineering and Process Intensification for Muconic Acid Production Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The efficient production of biobased organic acids is crucial to move to a more sustainable and eco-friendly economy, where muconic acid is gaining interest as a versatile platform chemical to produce industrial building blocks, including adipic acid and terephthalic acid. In this study, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae platform strain able to convert glucose and xylose into cis,cis-muconic acid was further engineered to eliminate C2 dependency, improve muconic acid tolerance, enhance production and growth performance, and substantially reduce the side production of the intermediate protocatechuic acid. This was achieved by reintroducing the PDC5 gene and overexpression of QDR3 genes. The improved strain was integrated in low-pH fed-batch fermentations at bioreactor scale with integrated in situ product recovery. By adding a biocompatible organic phase consisting of CYTOP 503 and canola oil to the process, a continuous extraction of muconic acid was achieved, resulting in significant alleviation of product inhibition. Through this, the muconic acid titer and peak productivity were improved by 300% and 185%, respectively, reaching 9.3 g/L and 0.100 g/L/h in the in situ product recovery process as compared to 3.1 g/L and 0.054 g/L/h in the control process without ISPR.

Optimization of building thermal environment and VR industrial heritage landscape design enhanced by computer vision algorithms

With the acceleration of urbanization, the optimization of thermal environment of buildings has become an important topic to improve energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. This paper aims to enhance the optimization of building thermal environment through computer vision algorithm, and explore its application in VR industrial heritage landscape design, so as to achieve the dual goals of building energy conservation and cultural inheritance. In this study, advanced computer vision technology is used to monitor and analyze the thermal performance of buildings in real time. Through the construction of thermal environment model, combined with deep learning algorithm to extract building thermal energy data, and use VR technology for visual display, so as to provide scientific basis for design decisions. The research objects include several representative industrial heritage buildings, and analyze their thermal energy consumption characteristics and optimization potential. The results show that the application of the computer vision algorithm reduces the heat loss of the building and significantly improves the energy efficiency. At the same time, the VR visual model intuitively shows the design effect after thermal optimization, enhancing the communication and understanding between designers and stakeholders. Therefore, the combination of computer vision and VR technology can effectively improve the optimization ability of building thermal environment and promote the sustainable design and operation of traditional industrial heritage.

Evolving Trends in Smart Building Research: A Scientometric Analysis

Background: Smart building, as an emerging building concept, has been a key driving force for the transformation and upgrading of the building industry; Methods: To better understand the latest research progress and trends in the field of smart building, this study uses CiteSpace 6.2.R4 bibliometric software to visualize, analyze, and interpret the literature related to the field of “Smart Building” in the WoS database from 2014 to 2023; Results: As a cross-sectoral and multidisciplinary field, smart building has received significant attention in recent years, with a rapid growth in the number of publications. International cooperation is strong, with China, the United States, and South Korea leading in the number of publications, but there is still room for enhanced collaboration among institutions. Keyword analysis shows that technology and humanized design are both crucial, and emerging technology has become the current research hotspot. Conclusions: The field of smart building has gained global attention, and more breakthroughs will be made in improving building efficiency, reducing energy consumption, and enhancing the user experience. This development is moving towards a smarter and more sustainable direction that will bring greater benefits to human life and the environment.

Heat transfer mechanism of superabsorbent polymers phase change energy storage cold-formed steel wall under fire

The superabsorbent polymer phase change materials (SAP materials) exhibit exceptional water absorption and retention properties, offering substantial potential for fire protection in steel structures, thereby reducing the need for sheathing boards and fire-retardant coatings, while minimizing energy consumption. Understanding the heat-mass exchange theory of SAP materials is crucial for enhancing their application in the building industry. This study develops a comprehensive theoretical model for heat-mass exchange in cold-formed steel (CFS) walls incorporating SAP materials. An equilibrium phase change model and a simplified thermal radiation model were developed to capture the water loss and dynamic heat exchange processes in SAP materials. These models were integrated into a transient fluid-solid-thermal coupling model using Ansys Fluent and User Defined Functions. In the case study, the newly developed numerical models can accurately predict temperature field changes in CFS walls with SAP materials, demonstrating the heat transfer mechanisms of hot and cold flanges at different temperature rise stages. The developed numerical model was used to investigate the effects of factors such as the moisture content of the SAP material, web depth, and flange width on the fire resistance of the CFS wall. Results indicated that increasing the wall stud height improves fire resistance, while increasing flange width has little effect on hot flange temperature. These findings provide a theoretical foundation and practical guidelines for the application of SAP phase change insulation materials in the building industry, promoting energy reduction and supporting sustainable construction practices.

Life cycle carbon emission calculation model of energy system in public buildings: A case study in Shanghai

Energy consumption and carbon emissions (CE) in the building sector have grown in importance in relation to global climate change for China's sustainable development. Relatively few research have addressed the embodied CE, despite the fact that many have examined the operational CE from energy system operational use. In order to determine the CE of the energy production, transportation, construction, operation, and recycling stages, we therefore put up an integrated model. An inventory analysis of the energy system's life cycle CE, a scenario forecast of various combinations of building energy system equipment, and a case study of the building energy system of a typical office building in Shanghai's service industry. According to the results, the embodied CE emits 38.01 % of its energy, and the operational CE emits 61.99 %. However, we should not underestimate the significance of the impact of the embodied CE. Among all projection scenarios, the suggested CE share is highest (18.40 %) when the system combination of air-source heat pump units, LED lights, and ground-source heat pump units is implemented. In the end, based on the structural analysis of the embodied CE, low-carbon growth strategies and policy recommendations for Shanghai's service sector will be made.