Building Damage Level Research Articles

Building Damage Estimates Using Slowness Change in Propagating Waves

AbstractThis paper presents a damage-evaluation method that estimates the damage level of buildings using ambient vibration measurement and a seismic interferometry technique. A new index, named sl...

Quantitative risk assessment of landslides triggered by earthquakes and rainfall based on direct costs of urban buildings

This paper outlines a framework for risk assessment of landslides triggered by earthquakes and rainfall in urban buildings in the city of Medellín - Colombia, applying a model that uses a geographic information system (GIS). We applied a computer model that includes topographic, geological, geotechnical and hydrological features of the study area to assess landslide hazards using the Newmark's pseudo-static method, together with a probabilistic approach based on the first order and second moment method (FOSM). The physical vulnerability assessment of buildings was conducted using structural fragility indexes, as well as the definition of damage level of buildings via decision trees and using Medellin's cadastral inventory data. The probability of occurrence of a landslide was calculated assuming that an earthquake produces horizontal ground acceleration (Ah) and considering the uncertainty of the geotechnical parameters and the soil saturation conditions of the ground. The probability of occurrence was multiplied by the structural fragility index values and by the replacement value of structures. The model implemented aims to quantify the risk caused by this kind of disaster in an area of the city of Medellín based on different values of Ah and an analysis of the damage costs of this disaster to buildings under different scenarios and structural conditions. Currently, 62% of “Valle de Aburra” where the study area is located is under very low condition of landslide hazard and 38% is under low condition. If all buildings in the study area fulfilled the requirements of the Colombian building code, the costs of a landslide would be reduced 63% compared with the current condition. An earthquake with a return period of 475years was used in this analysis according to the seismic microzonation study in 2002.

A Study on the Influential Factors on Building Damage in Sri Lanka During the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami damaged a number of buildings in many Asian countries. The research objective of this paper is to determine the significant predictor variables and the direction of their relationships regarding the building damage level. This quantitative study used data collected by Murao and Nakazato [“Recovery curves for housing reconstruction in Sri Lanka after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami,” J. Earthquake Tsunami 4(2), 51–60; “Vulnerability functions for buildings based on damage survey data in Sri Lanka after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami,” Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Sustainable Built Environment, Kandy, Sri Lanka, pp. 371–378] in Sri Lanka for analysis via the statistical approach. The tested explanatory parameters included the inundation depth, the structural materials, and the areas. This research is among the first pioneering efforts in applying the statistical analysis to investigate the influential parameters in tsunami damage areas. This work can contribute to the damage analysis research area in terms of providing the proved parameters as well as contributing to the practical understanding of urban planners, engineers, and related persons who are involved in building construction and disaster management.

Transect Survey as a Post-Disaster Global Rapid Damage Assessment Tool

Following a damaging earthquake, the immediate emergency response is focused on individual collapsed buildings or other “hotspots” rather than the overall state of damage. This lack of attention to the global damage condition of the affected region can lead to the reporting of misinformation and generate confusion, causing difficulties when attempting to determine the level of post-disaster resources required. A pre-planned building damage survey based on the transect method is recommended as a simple tool to generate an estimate of the overall level of building damage in a city or region. A methodology for such a transect survey is suggested, and an example of a similar survey conducted in Christchurch, New Zealand, following the 22 February 2011 earthquake is presented. The transect was found to give suitably accurate estimates of building damage at a time when information was keenly sought by government authorities and the general public.

Remaining service life estimation of reinforced concrete buildings based on fuzzy approach

The remaining service life (RSL) of buildings has been an important issue in the field of building and facility management, and its development is also one of the essential factors for achieving sustainable infrastructure. Since the estimation of RSL of buildings is heavily affected by the subjectivity of individual inspector or engineer, much effort has been placed in the development of a rational method that can estimate the RSL of existing buildings more quantitatively using objective measurement indices. Various uncertain factors contribute to the deterioration of the structural performance of buildings, and most of the common building structures are constructed not with a single structural member but with various types of structural components (e.g., beams, slabs, and columns) in multistory floors. Most existing RSL estimation methods, however, consider only an individual factor. In this study, an estimation method for RSL of concrete buildings is presented by utilizing a fuzzy theory to consider the effects of multiple influencing factors on the deterioration of durability (e.g., concrete carbonation, chloride attack, sulfate attack), as well as the current structural condition (or damage level) of buildings.

A Study on Influential Factors on Building Damage in Kesennuma, Japan from the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami

A number of buildings were damaged by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami in the Tohoku area. The research objective is to determine the significant predictor variables of the level of building damage. This paper used detailed data on damaged buildings in Kesennuma City, Japan, collected by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT). The tested explanatory parameters included the inundation depth, number of floors, volume of the building, debris flow, structural material, and function of the building. Through multinomial logistic regression, the results found that the number of floors was significantly associated with the damage level; the inundation depth, structural material (reinforced concrete and masonry), and function of the building (commercial facility, transportation/storage facility, and public facility) were partially associated with the damage level. This study can contribute to academic research by assessing the contribution of different variables to observed damage data by applying statistical analysis, as well as the practical contribution of providing an examination of the predominant factors driving tsunami damage to buildings.

Modeling the Potential Risk of Building Vulnerability towards Tsunami Hazard in Ulak Karang and Pasir Jambak Sub-District, Padang

Padang was destroyed by tsunamis generated by the earthquakes in the history of Padang. As an area located in a coastal region, its buildings in Padang face major vulnerability against a tsunami. The objectives of this study are to develop the potential impact model of building vulnerability toward tsunami hazard and to compare the building damage levels based on water inundation, internal, and external factors in Ulak Karang and Pasir Jambak sub-districts. The objective of this research is also to give recommendation to government in making planning strategies for reducing and managing the tsunami risk on building vulnerability. There are three stages of modeling; first stage in this study is simulating an eartquake model for two study areas to estimate the maximum inundation. The second stage of modeling is implementing the spatial analysis of building vulnerability based on the field surveys and GIS. The third stage to conlude is developing the Relative Vulnerability Index (RVI) scores of buildings by mapping the building vulnerability toward tsunami hazard and giving several alternatives to develop a risk management plan in a coastal community. The result shows that Ulak Karang sub-district is determined to be more vulnerable than Pasir Jambak sub-district because many buildings near the coastline of Ulak Karang sub-district are made of timber and are arranged close to each other. Moreover, many buildings in Ulak Karang sub-district, especially along the river, are made of traditional brick. Although near Pasir Jambak coastline many buildings are made of timber, but the buildings are not close to each other. There are several alternatives to increase resilience of buildings in a coastal zone, namely: 1) regulation for buildings that have RVI: 4 and 5; 2) building codes; 3) vertical evacuation structures; 4) land use zones; 5) sea walls along the coastlines; 6) natural barriers and 7) early warning system.

Assessment the Effective Ground Motion Parameters on Seismic Performance of R/C Buildings using Artificial Neural Network

Building damage level due to earthquake is widely related to the features of the record which consist of many parameters. Although it is difficult to realize the ground motion parameters that have high influence on building performance, the vital parameters that may cause building damage may be considered as PGA, PGV, PGD, PGA/PGV, PGA/PGD, PGV/PGD, frequency content, effective time duration, fault line distance of the earthquake. In this study, these parameters were selected in order to determine more effective parameter on the building performance. For this aim, a model of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm was used as an efficient tool consisting of the obtained results of nonlinear time history analysis of samples. The 200 records, produced by strike-slip fault mechanism, were selected for the soil type C (Z3) according to the Turkish Earthquake Code [1]. A six story R/C frame building, with three various spans were analyzed via IDARC-2D software. The Park and Ang damage index was used in order to evaluate the vulnerability of buildings. The results showed that the ANN can be able to determine the effective parameters of ground motions with sufficient correlation. Also the most and least significant parameters of earthquake are discussed based on the results of the analysis.

Assessment the Effective Ground Motion Parameters on Seismic Performance of R/C Buildings Using Artificial Neural Network

Building damage level due to earthquake is widely related to the features of the record which consist of many parameters. Although it is difficult to realize the ground motion parameters that have high influence on building performance, the vital parameters that may cause building damage may be considered as PGA, PGV, PGD, PGA/PGV, PGA/PGD, PGV/PGD, frequency content, effective time duration, fault line distance of the earthquake. In this study, these parameters were selected in order to determine more effective parameter on the building performance. For this aim, a model of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm was used as an efficient tool consisting of the obtained results of nonlinear time history analysis of samples. The 200 records, produced by strike-slip fault mechanism, were selected for the soil type C (Z3) according to the Turkish Earthquake Code [1]. A six story R/C frame building, with three various spans were analyzed via IDARC-2D software. The Park and Ang damage index was used in order to evaluate the vulnerability of buildings. The results showed that the ANN can be able to determine the effective parameters of ground motions with sufficient correlation. Also the most and least significant parameters of earthquake are discussed based on the results of the analysis.

A statistical analysis of reinforced concrete wall buildings damaged during the 2010, Chile earthquake

This research article investigates the correlation between a suite of global structural parameters and the observed earthquake responses in 43 reinforced concrete shear wall buildings, of which 36 underwent structural damage during the Mw 8.8, 2010, Maule earthquake. During the earthquake, some of these buildings suffered brittle damage in few reinforced concrete walls. Damage concentrated in the first two building stories and first basement, and most typically, in the vicinity of important vertical irregularities present in the resisting planes. This research consolidates in a single database information about these 36 damaged buildings for which global geometric and building design parameters are computed. Geometry related characteristics, material properties, dynamic and wall-related parameters, and irregularity indices are all defined and computed for the inventory of damaged buildings, and their values compared with those of other typical Chilean buildings. A more specific comparison analysis is performed with a small benchmark group of 7 undamaged buildings, which have almost identical characteristics to the damaged structures, except for the damage. A series of ordinal logistic regression models show that the most significant variables that correlate with the building damage level are the region where the building was located and the soil foundation type. Most of the damage took place in rather new medium-rise buildings, and was due in part to the use of increasingly thinner unconfined walls in taller buildings subjected to high axial stresses due to gravity loads, which in turn are increased by dynamic effects. Time–history analyses are performed in five damaged buildings to analyze in more detail the dynamic effect in these amplifications of the average axial load ratios. Finally, a simplified procedure to estimate this dynamic amplification of axial loads is proposed in these buildings as an intent to anticipate at early stages of the design the seismic vulnerability of these structures.

PENATAAN SISTEM DRAINASE DI PRONA 1 KELURAHAN PEMURUS BARU KOTA BANJARMASIN

Prona 1 is a residential area which consist of a series of traditional houses called “Rumah Panggung” in swamp area. Eventhough the houses have long and high form but in this swamp area flood and and puddle are happen a lot in Prona 1. This observation process initiated by spreading questionaire to find out about the people’s participation, identify and evaluate the current condition of drainage infrastructure in Prona 1, calculating how severe the damage in swamp area such as lot filling activity, lot hedging and blocking the water access toward water absorption under the high house (rumah panggung), based on those datas will be found out theswamp damage level and plan of drainage building in each sub system. After that we set the calculation of budget plan to build the drainage building. Next step is every variables on each sub system are being calculaterd by using AHP method with Criterium Decision Plus verse 3.0 to determine which sub system has highest priority to built its drainage system. The observation result shows that the participation of people in Prona 1 of drainage function and system is in quite high level. Prona 1 is lack of drainage building, most of it are water channel in various condition since there was no drainage system planning when the neighbourhood built. The damage level in swamp area like lot-filling can be considered as low, although there are many lot-filling, and most of them are for public facility. In the plan, it i needed to provide a channel in lot which have been hedged and blocked from water access and install the water channel in it. Sub system which its drainage system need to be built in prior is Sub System 3 next is SS2, SS5, SS1 and SS4.Keyword: drainage system, swamp area damage, rumah panggung

Building damage from the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami: quantitative assessment of influential factors

Based on the classification provided by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT), the damage level of buildings impacted by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami can be separated into six levels (from minor damage to washed away). The objective of this paper is to identify the significant predictor variables and the direction of their potential relationship to the damage level in order to create a predicting formula for damage level. This study used the detailed data of damaged buildings in Ishinomaki city, Miyagi prefecture, Japan, collected by MLIT. The explanatory variables tested included the inundation depth, number of floors, structural material, and function of the building. Ordinal regression was applied to model the relationship between the ordinal outcome variable (damage level) and the predictors. The findings indicated that inundation depth, structural material, and function of building were significantly associated with the damage level. In addition to this new type of model, this research provides a valuable insight into the relative influence of different factors on building damage and suggestions that may help to revise the classification of current standards. This study can contribute to academic tsunami research by assessing the contribution of different variables to the observed damage using new approaches based on statistical analysis and regression. Moreover, practical applications of these results include understanding of the predominant factors driving tsunami damage to structures, implementation of the relevant variables into the proposed, or alternative model in order to improve current damage predictions by taking into account not only inundation depth, but also variables such as structural material and function of building.

Design and behavior of recentering beam-to-CFT column connections with super-elastic shape memory alloy fasteners

This study investigates the performance of new composite (steel-concrete) moment connections through numerical simulations. The innovative aspects of this research lay in the use of end-plate connections between steel beams and concrete-filled tube (CFT) columns that utilize a combination of low-carbon steel and shape memory alloy (SMA) components. In these new connections, the intent is to use the recentering effect provided by super-elastic SMA tension bars to reduce the level of building damage and residual drift after a major earthquake. The low-carbon steel components provide excellent energy dissipation. The analysis and design of these structures is complicated because the connections cannot be modeled as being simply pins or full fixity ones; they are partial restraint (PR). A refined finite element (FE) model with sophisticated three dimensional (3D) solid elements was developed to perform numerical experiments on the PR-CFT joints with a view to obtaining the global behavior of the connection. Based on the behavioral information obtained from these FE tests, simplified connection models were formulated using 2D joint elements with nonlinear spring components. The behavior of entire connections under cyclic loads was examined. The results were compared with the connection behavior obtained from the 3D FE simulations and corresponding connection tests. Good agreement was found between the simple and sophisticated models, confirming the robustness of the approach.

TerraSAR-X強度画像の変化に着目した津波被災地の建物被害程度の把握

A rapid damage mapping with remote sensing and geoinformatics is essential for effective disaster response and recovery efforts. Among the remote sensorsSynthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is remarkable for its capability to observe the Earth's surface regardless of wheather conditioins. In this paperin order to acquire the mea- sure of building damage level in the tsunami-affected areasthe authors analyzed a set of pre- and post-event TerraSAR-X intensity images. Focusing on the difference (d) and correlation coefficient (r) between backscat- tering coefficients of pre- and post-event images yields good estimation of structural damage with a form of discriminant regression function of d and r, with the accuracy of more than 70 %.

Building damage characteristics based on surveyed data and fragility curves of the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami

A large amount of buildings was damaged or destroyed by the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami. Numerous field surveys were conducted in order to collect the tsunami inundation extents and building damage data in the affected areas. Therefore, this event provides us with one of the most complete data set among tsunami events in history. In this study, fragility functions are derived using data provided by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation of Japan, with more than 250,000 structures surveyed. The set of data has details on damage level, structural material, number of stories per building and location (town). This information is crucial to the understanding of the causes of building damage, as differences in structural characteristics and building location can be taken into account in the damage probability analysis. Using least squares regression, different sets of fragility curves are derived to demonstrate the influence of structural material, number of stories and coastal topography on building damage levels. The results show a better resistant performance of reinforced concrete and steel buildings over wood or masonry buildings. Also, buildings taller than two stories were confirmed to be much stronger than the buildings of one or two stories. The damage characteristic due to the coastal topography based on limited number of data in town locations is also shortly discussed here. At the same tsunami inundation depth, buildings along the Sanriku ria coast were much greater damaged than buildings from the plain coast in Sendai. The difference in damage states can be explained by the faster flow velocities in the ria coast at the same inundation depth. These findings are key to support better future building damage assessments, land use management and disaster planning.

Estimating shaking-induced casualties and building damage for global earthquake events: a proposed modelling approach

Recent earthquakes such as the Haiti earthquake of 12 January 2010 and the Qinghai earthquake on 14 April 2010 have highlighted the importance of rapid estimation of casualties after the event for humanitarian response. Both of these events resulted in surprisingly high death tolls, casualties and survivors made homeless. In the Mw = 7.0 Haiti earthquake, over 200,000 people perished with more than 300,000 reported injuries and 2 million made homeless. The Mw = 6.9 earthquake in Qinghai resulted in over 2,000 deaths with a further 11,000 people with serious or moderate injuries and 100,000 people have been left homeless in this mountainous region of China. In such events relief efforts can be significantly benefitted by the availability of rapid estimation and mapping of expected casualties. This paper contributes to ongoing global efforts to estimate probable earthquake casualties very rapidly after an earthquake has taken place. The analysis uses the assembled empirical damage and casualty data in the Cambridge Earthquake Impacts Database (CEQID) and explores data by event and across events to test the relationships of building and fatality distributions to the main explanatory variables of building type, building damage level and earthquake intensity. The prototype global casualty estimation model described here uses a semi-empirical approach that estimates damage rates for different classes of buildings present in the local building stock, and then relates fatality rates to the damage rates of each class of buildings. This approach accounts for the effect of the very different types of buildings (by climatic zone, urban or rural location, culture, income level etc), on casualties. The resulting casualty parameters were tested against the overall casualty data from several historical earthquakes in CEQID; a reasonable fit was found.

Assessment of Building Damage in 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake from Multi-Temporal SAR Images Using Getis Statistic

In this paper, the Getis statistic is applied to ALOS- PALSAR (Advanced Land Ovserving Satellite-Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar) images for assessing the building damage caused by the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008. As a proposed image analysis, a simulated building image using mapping and projection algorithm is first presented for analysis of the Getis statistic. The results show the high accuracy of the assessment of the proposed approach. The Getis statistic is then applied to two ALOS-PALSAR images acquired before and after the Wenchuan earthquake to assess the level of building damage. Results of the Getis statistic show that the damage level is approximately 81%.

Towards an improved seismic risk scenario for Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic

A risk scenario for Bishkek, capital of the Kyrgyz Republic, is evaluated by considering a magnitude 7.5 earthquake occurring over the Issyk-Ata fault. The intensity values predicted through the application of an attenuation relationship and a recently compiled vulnerability composition model are used as inputs for seismic risk assessment, carried out using the Cedim Risk Estimation Tool (CREST) code. Although the results of this study show a reduction by as much as a factor of two with respect to the results of earlier studies, the risk scenario evaluated in this paper confirms the large number of expected injuries and fatalities in Bishkek, as well as the severe level of building damage. Furthermore, the intensity map has also been evaluated by performing stochastic simulations. The spectral levels of the ground shaking are converted into intensity values by applying a previously derived conversion technique. The local site effects are empirically estimated considering the spectral ratios between the earthquakes recorded by a temporary network deployed in Bishkek and the recordings at two reference sites. Although the intensities computed via stochastic simulations are lower than those estimated with the attenuation relationship, the simulations showed that site effects, which can contribute to intensity increments as large as 2 units in the north part of the town, are playing an important role in altering the risk estimates for different parts of the town.

The Impact of Planimetric Configuration on Structurally Damaged Residential Buildings

This study was conducted to determine a significant relationship between planimetric configuration and vulnerability of hazardous buildings located in seismic zones by developing design and construction efficiency indicators. Case study examples were chosen from residential buildings in Bolu, Düzce and Kaynaşlı in Turkey, which were damaged by the 1999 earthquakes. Utilizing field survey drawings, efficiency quotients; compactness quotients; construction efficiency ratios; aspect ratios and height-to-base ratios were defined as planimetric configuration indicators. The significant relationship between these aspects and the damage level of buildings were determined through statistical analyses and scatter charts. Planimetric configuration—including building geometry, cantilever projections and layout of columns—was reviewed according to the Turkish Earthquake Code. Findings revealed certain dependencies for efficiency ratios, which would satisfactorily predict the seismic vulnerability of buildings based on planimetric configuration. Researchers in the field of architecture who are engaged in earthquake-resistant design may use the general methodology. In addition, architects and structural engineers can use this approach presented here to evaluate their design.

Land subsidence induced by groundwater extraction and building damage level assessment — a case study of Datun, China

As in many parts of the world, long-term excessive extraction of groundwater has caused significant land-surface subsidence in the residential areas of Datun coal mining district in East China. The recorded maximum level of subsidence in the area since 1976 to 2006 is 863 mm, and the area with an accumulative subsidence more than 200 mm has reached 33.1 km2 by the end of 2006. Over ten cases of building crack due to ground subsidence have already been observed. Spatial variation in ground subsidence often leads to a corresponding pattern of ground deformation. Buildings and underground infrastructures have been under a higher risk of damage in locations with greater differential ground deformation. Governmental guideline in China classifies building damages into four different levels, based on the observable measures such as the width of wall crack, the degree of door and window deformation, the degree of wall inclination and the degree of structural destruction. Building damage level (BDL) is estimated by means of ground deformation analysis in terms of variations in slope gradient and curvature. Ground deformation analysis in terms of variations in slope gradient has shown that the areas of BDL III and BDL II sites account for about 0.013 km2 and 0.284 km2 respectively in 2006, and the predicted areas of BDL (define this first) III and II sites will be about 0.029 km2 and 0.423 km2respectively by 2010. The situation is getting worse as subsidence continues. That calls for effective strategies for subsidence mitigation and damage reduction, in terms of sustainable groundwater extraction, enhanced monitoring and the establishment of early warning systems.