Life Cycle Of Bug Research Articles

Development, feeding, and sex shape the relative quantity of the nutritional obligatory symbiont Wolbachia in bed bugs.

The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, is a hemipteran insect that feeds only on blood, and whose bites cause public health issues. Due to globalization and resistance to insecticides, this pest has undergone a significant and global resurgence in recent decades. Blood is an unbalanced diet, lacking notably sufficient B vitamins. Like all strict hematophagous arthropods, bed bugs host a nutritional symbiont supplying B vitamins. In C. lectularius, this nutritional symbiont is the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia (wCle). It is located in specific symbiotic organs, the bacteriomes, as well as in ovaries. Experimental depletion of wCle has been shown to result in longer nymphal development and lower fecundity. These phenotypes were rescued by B vitamin supplementation. Understanding the interaction between wCle and the bed bug may help to develop new pest control methods targeting the disruption of this symbiotic interaction. The objective of this work was thus to quantify accurately the density of wCle over the life cycle of the host and to describe potential associated morphological changes in the bacteriome. We also sought to determine the impact of sex, feeding status, and aging on the bacterial population dynamics. We showed that the relative quantity of wCle continuously increases during bed bug development, while the relative size of the bacteriome remains stable. We also showed that adult females harbor more wCle than males and that wCle relative quantity decreases slightly in adults with age, except in weekly-fed males. These results are discussed in the context of bed bug ecology and will help to define critical points of the symbiotic interaction during the bed bug life cycle.

Reproductive Behavior and Development of the Global Insect Pest, Cotton Seed Bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis.

Understanding the fundamental life cycle and reproductive behavior of a pest insect is essential for developing efficient control strategies; however, much of this knowledge remains elusive for a multitude of insects, including the cotton seed bug, Oxycarenus hyalinipennis. Here, we report the results of our comprehensive study on the cotton seed bug's life cycle, including mating behavior, adult lifespan, and egg-to-adulthood development. Our findings showed that adult males and females began mating as early as three days after emerging (75%), and the frequency of mating increased to 100% by the fifth day. Mated females commenced oviposition on cotton seeds as early as two days after mating, with a cumulative mean number of 151 fertile eggs oviposited during the first oviposition cycle. Furthermore, around 10% of eggs from both mated and unmated females remained unfertilized. The first instar nymphs began emerging approximately seven days following oviposition. To track their development, we monitored the newly hatched nymphs daily until they reached adulthood. There were five nymphal stages, which cumulatively took roughly 28 to 30 days. Notably, mating positively influenced the survivorship and lifespan of adult O. hyalinipennis. Mated males and females exhibited median lifespans of 28 and 25 days, respectively. In contrast, unmated males and females only lived for a median lifespan of 9.5 days, about one-third that of the mated O. hyalinipennis. Our study provides key insights into the O. hyalinipennis life history for new IPM strategies.

Growth kinetics of endosymbiont Wolbachia in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius

The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius harbors the endosymbiotic microorganism, Wolbachia (wCle), in a gonad-associated bacteriome as an obligate nutritional mutualist. The obligatory nature of this association suggests that all individuals in C. lectularius populations would be infected with wCle. However, studies spanning the past several decades have reported variation in both infection frequency and relative abundance of wCle in field-collected samples of bed bugs. Since the growth kinetics of wCle is poorly understood, the objective of this study was to quantify wCle over the life cycle of two strains of C. lectularius. Our results highlight that wCle is dynamic during bed bug development, changing relative to life stage, intermolt stage, and blood-fed status. These results suggest new hypotheses about the coordination of Wolbachia growth and regression with its host’s physiology and endocrine events. The observed quantitative modulation of wCle during the bed bug life cycle and during periods of starvation may explain the disparities in wCle infections reported in field-collected C. lectularius.

English

The present study was carried out to trace the life cycle of mealy bug, Rhizoecus amorphophalli on three different hosts including elephant foot yam, taro and tannia tubers. Investigation revealed that the mealy bug reproduces sexually and the adult female secretes an egg sac of white waxy substance in which eggs were laid. Female nymph moult normally, but male instar produces a cottony puparium around its body and form a pupal stage from which adult males emerge. On tubers of elephant foot yam, average fecundity and incubation period were 68.30±6.22 and 7.80±0.88 days respectively. But, it was significantly lesser for those on the taro and tannia tubers. Nevertheless irrespective of hosts, the percentage of hatching maintained uniformity. The total life cycle of bug which includes three instars and a pupal stage took 27.10 days for females and 22.40 days for males on tubers of elephant foot yam. The larval stages of mealy bug did not show prominent morphometric changes among the hosts used for life cycle study.   Key words: Rhizoecus amorphophalli, elephant foot yam, taro, tannia, mealy bug, biology, life cycle.&nbsp

Methods of detection of program bugs in computer systems

A problem of information protection in computer systems, namely, protection from program bugs, is considered. The existing methods of detection of viruses, program bugs, and other destructive program means are considered. The stages of bug life cycle are shown. A safety filter is proposed, i.e., a protection system based on an on-line multiparameter check of program execution.

Planting time as a tactic to manage the small rice stink bug, Oebalus poecilus (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae), in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Field studies throughout the year focused on the life history of the small rice stink bug, Oebalus poecilus, in southern Brazil. In addition, laboratory experiments examined the bug's life cycle and photoperiodic responses. Adults remain dormant during most of the year. Although activity is restricted to the period between November and March, four generations can develop in each rice-growing season, and populations can reach economically harmful levels. Late-planted rice, however, escapes attack because diapause is induced during early March. The results indicate that delaying and restricting the time of rice planting can be an effective pest management tactic in Rio Grande do Sul, because it results in asynchrony between the pest and the crop.

Crested Wheatgrass Vigor as Affected by Black Grass Bug and Cattle Grazing

Crested Wheatgrass Vigor as Affected by Black Grass Bug and Cattle Grazing