6.1/100 000 population (5.9/100 000 in 2006), whereas Queensland, South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia all observed increasing rates, from 3.5, 2.0, 4.5 and 2.4/100 000 in 2002 to 4.0, 4.1, 5.6 and 3.5/100 000 population, respectively, in 2006.5 A NSW HIV Think Tank, held in mid 2007, brought experts in HIV epidemiology, clinical and behavioural research together with leaders from the HIV community response, clinicians and NSW Health agencies to investigate the reasons for the differences in these state trends.1 The Think Tank used a second generation surveillance approach to compare trends in Queensland and Victoria with NSW. These jurisdictions showed the most marked differences and had the most comprehensive behavioural and clinical data available for comparison.