Budgetary Structure Research Articles

The Legal Foundations of the Budget System and the Differentiation of Revenues and Expenses in the Republic of China

The Republic of China was established in 1912. After the defeat in the Civil War, in December 1949, the state authorities were evacuated to the island of Taiwan that by that time had the status of a province. Conceptually, as in the case of tax law, the budget law of the Republic of China is in many ways identical to the analogues of other states, but the territory actually under the control of the authorities influenced the composition of the budget system and the tax system of the Republic of China. In 1994–1999, in the Republic of China, the local government reform was carried out, the functions of provincial governments were reduced and their level was lowered. The provinces themselves were not abolished and instructions about them are still contained in the legislation. However, the authorities of this administrative territorial unit do not accept budgets and there are no provincial taxes. The study of law of the Republic of China shows, in particular, that the provisions of the Basic Law (Constitution) of the State do not always allow us to come to reliable conclusions, for example, about the budgetary structure.

Gender-responsive budgeting implementation challenges: evidence from South Korea

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to further the understanding of how to implement gender-responsive budgeting (GRB) systems. The author explores whether GRB reforms might benefit from integration into a performance-oriented budgetary structure and whether GRB's equity orientation is linked to additional implementation challenges.Design/methodology/approachThis research follows a qualitative case study of South Korea guided by a predetermined research framework and built from extensive documentation, archival records and expert interviews.FindingsGRB’s integration into a performance framework can be burdensome, and the equity orientation of GRB results in additional implementation challenges, such as higher vulnerability to the political context and active resistance from public officials.Originality/valueThis research shows that integrating GRB with performance systems may require overcoming significant administrative obstacles. Also, GRB’s equity orientation is linked to a higher vulnerability to the political cycle and active resistance from civil servants.

Development of the budgeting system as a tool of management accounting in the budgetary institution

The study was conducted to develop a budgeting system based on the formation of financial management structure in the budget institution, contributing to the rational resource functioning, the achievement of established state goals and information objectivity. The objectives of the study included determining the degree of implementation of management accounting tool - budgeting - in the activities of institutions. In the course of the study the financial structure of organizations was developed, which is represented by budgetary institutions and commercial enterprises, where not only the form of ownership, but also the specifics of activity is taken into account. On the basis of the budgetary structure the scheme of the consolidated budget of the institution in the divisional and functional aspect and practical recommendations for the development of forms of each of the presented budgets are offered. The application of the developed model of budgeting will help in the formation of operational, relevant management decisions to achieve the mission of the institution. This tool makes it possible not only to reduce deviations from the state assignment, but also to achieve the set targets of income-generating activities.

ПОСТАНОВКА УПРАВЛЕНЧЕСКОГО УЧЕТА ПУТЕМ РАЗРАБОТКИ СИСТЕМЫ БЮДЖЕТИРОВАНИЯ НА ОСНОВЕ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ФИНАНСОВОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ БЮДЖЕТНОГО УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯ

The study was carried out with the aim of developing a budgeting system based on the formation of a financial management structure in a budgetary institution that promotes rational resource functioning, the achievement of established state goals and information objectivity. Based on a survey of specialists in the accounting and financial sphere of budgetary and commercial organizations, the demand was proved and it was established that the priority goals for the use of budgeting are the analysis of income and expenses (26.0% of respondents), detailed control and analysis of information on costs in the context of responsibility centers (23, 4 %). At the same time, specialists in the accounting department of a budgetary institution noted the control of financial resources as the most important goal, as well as the development of methods for encouraging employees based on the implementation of budget items (10.4% of respondents); for specialists in the accounting department of a commercial organization, detailed control and analysis of information on costs in the context of responsibility centers is significant (11.7% of respondents); for scientific workers - analysis of income and expenses (7.8%). The financial structure of organizations has been developed, which is represented by budgetary institutions and commercial enterprises, taking into account not only forms of ownership, but also the specifics of their activities. On the basis of the budgetary structure, a scheme of the consolidated budget of the institution in the divisional and functional aspect, as well as practical recommendations for the development of forms for each of the presented budgets, is proposed. The first step in budgeting is to draw up the structure of responsibility centers, that is, the differentiation of the enterprise into groups of departments with established goals. The second step is the definition of indicators for analyzing the effectiveness of responsibility centers. The application of the developed model will help in the formation of operational, relevant management decisions to achieve the mission of the institution. This tool makes it possible not only to reduce deviations from the state task, but also to achieve the established planned indicators of income-generating activities.

ROBUST BUDGETING IN INTERNATIONAL UNIONS

As international economic integration advances the issue of budgeting in inter(supra)national unions becomes more and more important. To ensure stable, effective and efficient functioning of the union its budgetary system should be designed based on a number of rules. In the article we analyze budgetary structures of current international unions and combine the revealed rules into six basic principles. We describe and substantiate these principles. In addition, some theoretical tools that could be applied in scientific validation of a supranational budgetary model are proposed.

National and Foreign Experience in Implementing Tax Amnesty: Comparative Legal Aspect

Problem setting. The article examines the legal regulation of such an institution as tax amnesty in different countries of the world. It is emphasized that in each country the introduction of such an institution has its own peculiarities of consolidation and implementation. At the same time, such peculiarities are due to various factors, for example, such as: the territorial and budgetary structure of the State, the model of the tax system, the model of relations between authorized and obligated participants of tax relations, etc. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Tax amnesty, the prospects for its implementation, and the experience of foreign countries have been the subject of research by such scholars as I. Bezzub, A. Glazova, O. Dmytryk, O. Makukh, I. Prykhodko, O. Slizko etc. The target of the research is to make a comparative legal analysis of the implementation of tax amnesty in the Ukraine and abroad. Article’s main body. Based on the analysis of the legal mechanisms of tax amnesty in such countries as Turkey, Germany, Luxembourg, and Italy, the author emphasizes that such positive experience is of great importance for Ukraine. Such an approach is due to the fact that almost all of the countries in question are already current EU members or are seeking to join the Union. It is emphasized that their legislative acts are aimed at economically beneficial and adequate cooperation between the state and the taxpayer. The tendency to consolidate the institution under study at the State level is a confident step towards de-shadowing of the economy, both for small and large businesses. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The article also examines some peculiarities of tax amnesty regulation in Ukraine. In particular, the author refers to such a type of tax amnesty as a one-time (special) voluntary declaration of assets of individuals. It is emphasized that this declaration is characterized by the presence of its own legal mechanism. At the same time, such a mechanism is not identical to the mechanisms of tax amnesty in foreign countries. It is emphasized that the national tax legislation of Ukraine for the first time introduced a mechanism of alternative rates of fee for a one-time (special) voluntary declaration of assets of individuals. It should be noted that such an alternative is inextricably linked to the installment procedure, which differs significantly from the traditional mechanism of taxpayers’ tax debt installment.

Fiscal resiliency in a deeply uncertain world: The role of semiautonomous discretion

AbstractThis Policy Brief argues that embracing the deep uncertainty about interest rates and other key parameters determining a country’s fiscal position requires a new approach in fiscal policy. It proposes retaining fiscal discretion exercised after making the budget adjust more automatically and rapidly in areas where there is broad consensus that doing so is consistent with achieving broader societal goals. For such a semiautonomous discretionary fiscal architecture five elements are emphasized: stronger automatic stabilizers, a new infrastructure program, extension of debt maturities, indexation of long-term fiscal programs to their underlying drivers, and more emphasis on residual fiscal discretion. The goal is to provide a framework better adapted than our current budgetary structures to deep uncertainty, thus freeing up a discretionary fiscal policy to focus more on adjusting to the unanticipated.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ БУХГАЛТЕРСКОГО УЧЁТА В БЮДЖЕТНЫХ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯХ

This article reveals the peculiarities of accounting in budgetary organizations. The organization of accounting in budgetary organizations has a number of features that are based on the legislation on the budgetary structure, instructions on budgetary accounting, other regulatory documents on accounting and reporting in budgetary organizations, as well as their industry specifics. It also reflects the relationship of domestic accounting of budgetary organizations with IFRS standards

Deconstructing Government Budgets through Visual Representation Software

ABSTRACT Budget visualization tools facilitate the communication of complex technical information. In this paper, the main technical, individual and organizational factors that affect its implementation and use is analysed. Through a questionnaire survey data have been collected from those responsible for the adoption and maintenance of the two principal web applications in 34 Spanish regional and local governments. Findings show that these tools have some users but that their main target are not citizens but specific groups, mainly media and political groups. Its adoption is neither a budgetary nor technological problem. The impulse for adoption is mainly political, with the focus on financial and budgetary transparency but sometimes also on participatory transparency or micro-transparency. Finally, a serious risk of governance generated by the lack of clear transparency and accountability strategies in the administrations is detected, as well as an absence of operational procedures to adapt to the changing budgetary structure.

COMPARING BUDGETARY STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES The cases of Paris and São Paulo

Abstract This article compares the structure of the city budget of São Paulo and Paris and their processes between 2008 and 2018, aiding in the understanding of budgetary decisions and contributing to the literature on public budgets, more focused on national and federal levels. As the budget process is very technical and standardized, one should observe several similarities between both cases This article demonstrates how similar the budget structures and processes of these two metropolises are. It indicates, for example, that both present incrementalisms in their budget base, as expected according to theory. However, the study also indicates differences within similarities as both cases, with very different macro institutions (federal versus unitary States), similar meso-institutions (organization of municipal institutions, municipal public policies), but certain different rules, generate important differences in their processes and some divergence in their results.

КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНІ ЗАСАДИ ФОРМУВАННЯ І ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ БЮДЖЕТНОГО МЕХАНІЗМУ РОЗВИТКУ МУНІЦИПАЛЬНОЇ ОСВІТИ

The article a scientific approach to determining the conceptual foundations of the formation and functioning of the budgetary mechanism for the development of municipal education. The author reveals the use of local budgets, which is characterized by instability of revenue sources. These problems are exacerbated by the introduction of local government reform and financial decentralization, which are due to the expansion of the rights of local governments and the improvement of their responsibilities for their own activities. The article investigates theoretical approaches to defining the essence of the concepts of "budget", "local budget", "budgetary mechanism". The role of local budgets in the current conditions of development of the budget system of Ukraine is clarified. It is established that local budgets occupy one of the central places in the economic and financial system of the state, and also play an important social role; local budgets are studied from the standpoint of their multifaceted and systematic nature. The author summarizes the interpretation of the budget mechanism, which are found in the scientific literature from different positions: as an objective economic category, as part of the financial mechanism, from a practical point of view, as the role of the budget mechanism in socio-economic development. Interpreting the budgetary mechanism, attention is focused on its impact on the development of territorial associations of the state and municipal education, in particular. It is proposed to understand the budgetary mechanism of municipal education as a set of specific forms, levers, instruments of budgetary relations, specific methods of mobilization and use of funds under the influence of operational, retrospective, regulatory subsystems ,that is the reality of the implementation of budgetary regional policy with the display of specific information, the assessment of budgetary structures to eliminate problems and the development of municipal education. .Effective model of budgetary mechanism of social and cultural development of municipal education is characterized. In the process of presenting the material, the concept of sustainable regional educational development is outlined, which should be based on the model of sustainable development of municipalities in the context of «economy-education-society».

АНАЛІЗ ЕКСПЛУАТАЦІЙНИХ ЧИННИКІВ, ЩО ВПЛИВАЮТЬ НА ПАЛИВНУ ОЩАДЛИВІСТЬ ВАНТАЖНИХ АВТОМОБІЛІВ

The experience of using cars in the combat and day-to-day operations of the troops testifies to the presence of different traffic conditions caused by different pavements. This leads to a wide range of average truck speeds, under-utilization of cargo or overloading of vehicles. Therefore, quantitative assessment of the influence of these factors on the formation of real fuel economy of trucks, improvement of the practice of predictive rationing of linear fuel consumption, which oriented on the best asphalt roads Category I and traffic in the economic zone of speed is an urgent scientific task. The solution to this problem is based on the methods of multivariate research and quantification of the relationship between the type and condition of the road, the speed of movement and loading with fuel economy of trucks based on the methods of multivariate experiment planning. Assessment and research of the fuel economy of a car are characteristic of the initial stages of the formation of the theory of the car as a science and have evolved over the last 70 years. Practically research in the field of fuel economy of the car can be roughly divided into three groups:  optimization of fuel economy of gasoline and diesel engines directly in the process of their design and finishing;  research and optimization of fuel economy in the process of designing and finishing new cars, ie selection of characteristics and parameters of the power drive, tires, aerodynamics and other design factors for certain typical driving conditions;  exploring the possibilities of improving the operational fuel economy of production cars in real and various operating conditions and improving the standardization of fuel consumption in operation. The article focuses on the 3rd group of studies, as it is especially relevant in the existing conditions of operation of the fleet, first of all, where it is practiced to plan linear fuel costs, in particular in budgetary structures, incl. Armed Forces, SESU, NSU with the terms of normalization of fuel consumption, assessment of the impact of specific conditions of movement and operation on the actual fuel consumption. The review and analysis of existing studies of fuel economy of trucks allowed to distinguish 3 characteristic groups:  research into the relationship between changing the design parameters and specifications of a car with fuel economy;  study of the influence of the conditions of movement of the car on its fuel economy;  assessment of the impact of the technical condition of the car, including adjustments and faults on the increase in linear fuel consumption. From the analysis of researches it follows that for serial designs of trucks (at their normal technical condition according to the TU of the factory – manufacturer) the factors of driving conditions have the greatest influence a priori:  speed of movement;  type and condition of the road surface;  car loading;  longitudinal profile (ascents and descents), tortuosity of the road in the plan (number and radii of turns per unit of route), ie geometric characteristics of the road;  traffic intensity and formation of traffic flow (including typical types of urban, suburban and long-distance traffic). As a rule, known studies focus on the evaluation of specific two-factor dependence of fuel consumption on any of the above factors. There are virtually no comprehensive multifactorial studies that would allow a specific quantitative assessment of the impact and interrelation of all the above factors and their relative importance on the formation of the total linear fuel consumption of cars. The preliminary comparative analysis shows the greatest specific importance and dominant influence on the formation of fuel economy (Qs), the first 3 factors mentioned above, ice speed, type, road condition and vehicle loading. Keywords: car, linear cost, driving mode, technological factors, linear norm.

De-risking Renewable Energy Investments in Developing Countries: A Multilateral Guarantee Mechanism

Summary Mitigation of global warming requires substantial investment in electricity generation from renewable sources. A large share of new generation capacity is required in regions with adverse financing conditions. We propose a global guarantee mechanism to reduce risk premia of renewable energy investments by means of risk pooling and increased market efficiency. Policymakers could establish this mechanism by scaling up existing international risk guarantee initiatives. We estimate the net present value of overall savings at US$2018 1.5 trillion globally for investments by 2030, with the largest relative savings (between 20.5% and 22%) in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghreb. The savings from such a mechanism outweigh its estimated average yearly operating cost. By lowering the cost of decarbonization in high-risk countries, the proposed mechanism offers policymakers a tool to make current global mitigation pledges more achievable and enables the global community to pursue more ambitious climate action.

РАЗВИТИЕ РОССИЙСКОГО БУХГАЛТЕРСКОГО УЧЕТА С ВНЕДРЕНИЕМ МСФО

Accounting is the basis of any organization’s activities, which allows optimizing the financial and material resources at the disposal of the enterprise, to ensure their rational use in an ever-increasing competitive struggle. Correctly organized accounting in an organization allows you to generate all the necessary information regarding all production processes of the organization, to reveal hidden reserves and, if necessary, become the basis for making management decisions. The standard Russian accounting system is undergoing significant changes today. At present, in Russian practice, there is a gradual transition to accounting based on IFRS standards. For a number of organizations, mainly large holdings, credit institutions, budgetary structures, accounting is mandatory in accordance with the norms of the current legislation, while maintaining parallel accounting under RAS. For other business entities, the application of the analyzed standards is still advisory in nature. Despite the presence of a sufficiently large number of advantages of IFRS standards for the organization of accounting - the formation of the basis for expanded information on business processes in the organization, the possibility of attracting foreign investment, for most of Russian enterprises, mainly small and medium-sized businesses, the introduction of IFRS standards can cause a significant increase in financial accounting costs due to the need to purchase specialized expensive software, investment in personnel training in working with IFRS standards. And this leads to the inexpediency of such high costs for the introduction of IFRS into their practice. For these reasons, in order to maintain a stable economy in Russia, when introducing IFRS, it is necessary to take into account the interests of all economic entities in order to prevent the destabilization of their economic activities.

Desafíos hacia una evaluación sistémica de la educación terciaria en Uruguay

La Ley General de Educación N° 18.437 (LGE) aprobada en 2008 impulsó cambios institucionales sustantivos en el contexto de la educación terciaria (ET). En el ámbito de la evaluación surgen novedades tales como la creación del Instituto Nacional de Evaluación Educativa (INEEd) o la reciente creación del Instituto Nacional de Acreditación y Evaluación de la Educación Terciaria (INAEET). Vistos estos antecedentes, la discusión de dimensiones e indicadores para la evaluación de la ET desde un enfoque sistémico resulta más que pertinente a una década del inicio de este proceso. En este sentido, a partir de una revisión bibliográfica sobre las temáticas en el campo de la ET se proponen siete dimensiones para abordar la evaluación en ET desde una perspectiva sistémica. Las mismas incluyen: los diseños institucionales, el factor territorial -que cobra mayor relevancia en el marco del proceso de descentralización que experimentó la política educativa a nivel superior-, aspectos sociodemográficos, características del proceso educativo, asuntos vinculados a la currícula, asuntos vinculados a la dimensión presupuestal y el creciente proceso de internacionalización. Mediante el análisis documental de informes institucionales y leyes, entre otros, se describen estas dimensiones para el caso uruguayo. Dado que el proceso de diversificación institucional experimentado en el ámbito de la ET implicó el desarrollo de estrategias particulares por parte de las instituciones, consideramos que el principal desafío radica en lograr consenso entre las instituciones del sistema para poder avanzar en la evaluación de las dimensiones consideradas.

Novosibirsk and the Budgetary Problems of a Large City

ABSTRACT The article discusses the factors and conditions determining the population concentration and economic activity of the largest cities and agglomerations in the Russian Federation. It is shown that in addition to market volumes, labor quality, scaling effects, and higher innovative activity resulting from competition, budgetary structure and budgetary policy play an important role in the advanced development of large Russian cities. Using Novosibirsk as an example, the article analyzes the expenditures of the Russian budgetary system in a Russian city and shows that the expenditures of the city budget are less than one-third of the total expenditures of the budgetary system inside the city’s territory. The Novosibirsk budget reveals the main trends in the dynamics of its budget indicators. The structure of the city’s budget is evaluated in terms of both the revenue gathered directly on its territory and its dependence on funds transferred from the regional budget. By analyzing budgetary resources, the article identifies the main areas of spending inside the territory of Novosibirsk.

Comunicación de datos presupuestarios de administraciones públicas mediante visualización: uso de la aplicación “Dónde van mis impuestos”

Budget visualization tools facilitate the communication of complex technical information. In this paper, we analyse the main technical, individual and organizational factors that affect its implementation and use. Through a questionnaire survey we have collected data from those responsible for the web application “Dónde van mis impuestos” (“Where do my taxes go?”) in 23 Spanish regional and local governments. Our findings show that these tools have a small number of users but that their main target are not citizens but specific groups, mainly media and political groups. Its adoption is neither a budgetary nor technological problem, although the free software license gives clear advantages. The impulse for adoption is mainly political with the main focus on financial and budgetary transparency but sometimes also on participatory transparency or microtransparency. Finally, we detect a serious risk of governance generated by the lack of clear transparency and accountability strategies in the administrations, as well as an absence of operational procedures to adapt to the changing budgetary structure.

БЮДЖЕТНЕ ФІНАНСУВАННЯ ВИДАТКІВ НА ОХОРОНУ ЗДОРОВ’Я: СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН ТА ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ

У статті здійснено аналіз практики бюджетного фінансування видатків на охорону здоров’я за період 2014–2018 рр. Встановлено, що в останні роки в Україні отримали розвиток альтернативні форми залучення коштів до фінансування охорони здоров’я, зокрема добровільні лікарняні каси. Апробація нових моделей бюджетного фінансування медичних установ проводиться в ряді пілотних регіонів. Однак механізм бюджетного фінансування системи охорони здоров’я не зазнав суттєвих змін порівняно з радянським періодом. Обґрунтовано, що упродовж 2014–2018 років видатки зведеного бюджету України на охорону здоров’я збільшилися на 66,3 %, що має більше номінальний характер і пояснюється значними темпами інфляції, а не реальним зростанням видатків, оскільки у відсотковому відношенні до ВВП та загальних видатків зведеного бюджету видатки на охорону здоров’я не демонстрували зростаючої тенденції.

ЕКОНОМІКО-СТАТИСТИЧНА ОЦІНКА РЕЗУЛЬТАТИВНОСТІ БЮДЖЕТНОГО МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ ПРИ ПЛАНУВАННІ ТА ВИКОРИСТАННІ БЮДЖЕТНИХ КОШТІВ

Introduction. The question of justification of optimal and efficient methods and tools of effective budgetary management is important when planning and using budget funds. At the same time, world experience does not give universal decisions on its organization and evaluation, since there are inherent budgetary structure and peculiarities of budget system building in each country. There is an urgent need to develop a system of indicators that can be used to assess the budget management effectiveness at the appropriate stage of the budget process. The purpose of the article is to develop indicators for evaluating the budget management effectiveness in planning and using budget funds on the basis of target and process approaches. Results. It is substantiated that, despite the importance of building an effective management system in the budgetary sphere, the issue of evaluating the budgetary management effectiveness in the planning and using of budgetary funds has not been properly developed. The list of indicators of budgetary management effectiveness at planning and using of budgetary means is offered and calculated in the context of target and process approaches. The integral performance index of budgetary management was calculated, which made it possible to distinguish the performance zones (critical, lower than average, medium, high). The conceptual and categorical apparatus of the economics theory and financial management has been further developed in order to clarify the meaningful content of the concepts of "target budget management effectiveness", "process budget management effectiveness", "overall budget management effectiveness". Conclusions. Thus, having conducted the research we were able to distinguish the indicators and, on their basis, to calculate an integral indicator of the budget management effectiveness in the planning and using of budget funds. Such calculations are based on targeted and process approaches, which allowed to determine the efficiency indexes of income planning, achievement of planned expenditures, rhythmic execution of income, the degree of uniformity of expenditures. Keywords: management system, effectiveness, budget, revenues, budget management, expenditures, planning, budgetary funds.

The Role of the Federal Budgetary Investments in Ensuring the Socio-Economic Development of Russia in 2019–2021

The paper describes the specifics of planning federal budget allocations for budgetary investments in 2019–2021.The relevance of the paper is due to the fact that Presidential Decree No. 204 of May 07.2018 sets the goal for Russia to break into the top five world economies and ensure economic growth rates exceeding the world rates while maintaining the macroeconomic stability. The subject of the research is federal budget allocations for budgetary investments. The purpose of the research was to assess the volume, dynamics, structure and legal support of budgetary investments to ensure their compliance with the objectives of the socio-economic development of Russia. Based on a dynamic structural analysis of the federal budget investments as well as a comparative analysis of fixed investments in Russia and developed countries, it is concluded that there is a need to enhance the fixed asset investments by increasing budgetary investment amounts along with encouraging private investing by the population and businesses. Apart from increasing capital investments from the federal budget, it is also important to update the budgetary investment structure with a focus on the main socioeconomic development targets. The analysis of the legal regulation in the field of budgetary investments showed the necessity to refine the existing legal framework to improve the quality of the budgetary investment planning. Following the analysis of factors hindering the growth of private investing, proposals were made on to how to improve the investment climate in the Russian Federation.