Budget Reallocation Research Articles

Cleveland City: Policy and Budget Reallocation Analysis

The City of Cleveland in Ohio has endured suffering from detrimental budgeting and policy issues. The city’s monetary forecasts utilize internal recorded information, National and State economic indicators, and cost and income projections to appraise the city’s future monetary condition, including choices for controlling costs and expanding income (City of Cleveland, 2021). The purpose of this research paper is to examine the top five low-income and high-income areas in Cleveland. These low-income areas include Youngstown (Poverty rate of 36.2), East Cleveland (Poverty rate of 38.9), Warren (Poverty rate of 35.6), Fostoria (Poverty rate of 31.1), and Cambridge (Poverty rate of 33.2) (Exner, 2020). The high-income areas include Kamm's Corner, Riverside, Tremont, Old Brooklyn, and Jefferson (Kolmar, 2020). This project will discuss the background of Cleveland, Ohio, its budget allocation in previous years, the methods in which budget and allocation are chosen, and the contrast of methods to other cities in the US. A random digit dialing (RDD) survey will be distributed amongst residents in Cleveland, Ohio. The data will be processed in software including JASP and RStudio. Furthermore, the team will be specifically working with Cleveland City Council member Honorable Jasmine Santana.

Pembuatan Cairan Desinfektan dalam Peran serta Penanganan Covid-19 Berdasarkan Instruksi Presiden Nomor 4 Tahun 2020 Bersama PCM Kramat Jati dan Pemuda Muhammadiyah DKI Jakarta

The spread of Covid-19 has become one of the people's concerns, starting in the city of Wuhan, China at the end of 2019 when this virus was discovered, the spread of the virus that the antidote has not yet been found is now out of control. More than 200 countries in the world have reported that their people have contracted the Covid-19 virus. Corona Virus Disease 19 has been declared a Global Public Health Emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO) on January 30, 2020. Conditions in Indonesia until Thursday, November 30, 2020, the number of residents who tested positive for Covid-19 reached 538,883 cases, 450,518 people recovered and 16,945 of them died. This figure will continue to increase in line with the opinion of some epidemiologists and statistics that a pandemic outbreak will not end quickly. The purpose of this community service activity is to realize one of the contents of Presidential Instruction Number 4 of 2020, namely "Rrefocussing activities, reallocation of budgets and procurement of goods and services in order to accelerate the handling of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)", namely by making and distributing fluids. Disinfectant that is safe and environmentally friendly and recommended by the BPOM and the World Health Organization (WHO) to help people face the New Normal era. The result of this service activity is a disinfectant liquid that is safe and environmentally friendly and able to anticipate the spread of covid-19 and increase public awareness of the Covid-19 Virus in the face of the New Normal era.

PKM Kemasan Produksi Cairan Desinfektan yang Ramah Lingkungan dan Higienis Sesuai Standar WHO


 
 
 The spread of Covid-19 has become one of the people's concerns, starting in the city of Wuhan, China at the end of 2019 when this virus was discovered, the spread of the virus that the antidote has not yet been found is now out of control. More than 200 countries in the world have reported that their people have contracted the Covid-19 virus. Corona Virus Disease 19 has been declared a Global Public Health Emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO) on January 30, 2020. Conditions in Indonesia until Thursday, November 30, 2020, the number of people who tested positive for Covid-19 reached 538,883 cases, 450,518 people recovered and 16,945 of them died. This figure will continue to increase in line with the opinion of some epidemiologists and statistics that a pandemic outbreak will not end quickly. The purpose of this community service activity is to realize one of the contents of Presidential Instruction Number 4 of 2020, namely "Rrefocussing activities, reallocation of budgets and procurement of goods and services in order to accelerate the handling of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)", namely by making and distributing fluids. Disinfectant that is safe and environmentally friendly and recommended by the BPOM and the World Health Organization (WHO) to help people face the New Normal era. The result of this service activity is a disinfectant liquid that is safe and environmentally friendly and is able to anticipate the spread of covid-19 and increase public awareness of the Covid-19 Virus in the face of the New Normal era.
 
 

PERAN STRATEGIS APARAT PENGAWASAN INTERN PEMERINTAH (APIP) DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 TINJAUAN DARI PERATURAN PERUNDANG-UNDANGAN

With the outbreak of COVID-19 and having a huge impact on the government, it requires large-scale handling of COVID-19 to prevent the impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic.The tight escort from APIP as the government's internal control.APIP is expected to be able to oversee and ensure government financial accountability in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. APIP's strategic role in overseeing the implementation of state / regional financial governance related to refocusing activities, budget reallocation and procurement of goods / services in accelerating the handling of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) including: Reviewing of refocusing and budget reallocation, reviewing of implementation of procurement of goods / services, post audit of goods / services procurement, and giving consultancy / assistance in financial management and procurement of goods / services in handling COVID-19.
 Keywords : COVID 19, APIP, Refocusing and budget reallocation

Reallocating budgets among ongoing and emerging conservation projects.

Conserving biodiversity and combating ecological hazards require cost-effective allocation of limited resources among potential management projects. Project priorities, however, can change over time as underlying social-ecological systems progress, novel priorities emerge, and management capabilities evolve. Thus, reallocation of ongoing investments in response to shifting priorities could improve management outcomes and address urgent demands, especially when additional funding is not available immediately. Resource reallocation, however, could incur transaction costs, require additional monitoring and reassessment, and be constrained by ongoing project commitments. Such complexities may prevent managers from considering potentially beneficial reallocation strategies, reducing long-term effectiveness. We propose an iterative project prioritization approach, based on marginal return-on-investment estimation and portfolio optimization, that guides resource reallocation among ongoing and new projects. Using simulation experiments in 2 case studies, we explored how this approach can improve efficacy under varying reallocation constraints, frequencies, costs, and rates of project portfolio change. Periodic budget reallocation could enhance the management of stochastically emerging invasive weeds in Australia and thus reduce the overall risk by up to 50% compared with a static budget. Reallocation frequency and the rate of new weed incursion synergistically increased the conservation gains achieved by allowing unconstrained reallocation. Conversely, budget reallocation would not improve the International Union for Conservation of Nature conservation status of threatened Australian birds due to slow rates of transition among conservation states; extinction risk could increase if portfolio reassessment is costly. Although other project prioritization studies may recommend periodic reassessment and reallocation, our findings revealed conditions when reallocation is valuable and demonstrated a structured approach that can help conservation agencies schedule and implement iterative budget-allocation decisions cost-effectively.

The National Emergency Medical Service Role During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Sierra Leone.

This report describes the main adaptive and transformative changes adopted by the brand-new National Emergency Medical Service (NEMS) to face the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Sierra Leone, including ambulance re-distribution, improvements in communication flow, implementation of ad-hoc procedures and trainings, and budget re-allocation. In a time-span of four months, 1,170 COVID-19 cases have been handled by the NEMS through a parallel referral system, while efforts have been made to manage the routine emergencies of the country, causing a substantial intensification of daily activities.

Tropical cyclones and post-disaster reconstruction of public infrastructure in developing countries

When natural disasters destroy public capital, these direct losses are exacerbated by indirect losses arising from reduced private output during reconstruction. These may be large in developing countries that lack access to external finance. We develop a general equilibrium model of a small open economy that highlights the relation between public infrastructure and private capital, to examine the effects of natural disasters and alternative reconstruction paths. Calibrating the model to data from the Caribbean Catastrophic Risk Insurance Facility (CCRIF), we examine alternative post-disaster financing mechanisms including reserve depletion, budget reallocation, sovereign disaster insurance, debt and taxation. Disaster insurance is shown to play a limited role in financing reconstruction, while budget re-allocations are potentially damaging especially if they cannibalize operations and maintenance expenditures. Absent donor grants or concessional borrowing, tax financing – where feasible – remains the least damaging financing instrument, particularly if the country risk premium on external debt is high.

Public spending on agricultural productivity and rural commercialization: A comparison of impacts using an economy‐wide approach

AbstractMotivationMany developing countries have identified a set of strategic objectives and a longlist of investment areas to promote agricultural production and ensure food security. However, most of these countries lack the financial and technical capacity to execute all of the strategic objectives and investment areas, calling for a robust comparison of their effects.PurposeTaking the case of Ethiopia as an example, this study employs an economy‐wide model and assesses the relative efficiency of alternative investment options on agricultural performance and household welfare. These agricultural investment policies are evaluated under three alternative funding modalities: budget reallocation, donor financing and tax revenue.Approach and methodsTo account for the linkage, and direct and indirect impacts of alternative public expenditure policies, this study adapts an economy‐wide general equilibrium model for Ethiopia calibrated to a well disaggregated social accounting matrix representing the economic structure in 2010.FindingsResults show that the public expenditure options examined could cause significantly different production and welfare responses. Productivity‐enhancing interventions such as input subsidy and irrigation development have superior output and welfare consequences, while policies aimed at smallholder commercialization such as infrastructural development aimed at cutting marketing margins have the least effect, suggesting a need to first prioritize relaxing supply constraints. This ranking of the agricultural policies is robust to the investment financing modalities considered. We, however, observe that financing these projects through income tax could be detrimental to the welfare of urban households.Policy implicationsResults show that in a supply‐constrained economy like that of Ethiopia, governments should focus on agricultural production and productivity‐enhancing interventions (at least in the short run). Reallocation of public funds towards the policies examined should be a principal funding source as this results in superior outcomes. On the other hand, governments should avoid using income tax as a source of finance since this can be highly detrimental to the welfare of urban households.

Public Procurement Contract for Goods and Services Following the Presidential Decree Number 12 of 2020 on the Stipulation of the Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Pandemic as a National Disaster

The Covid-19 Pandemic affects many sectors. Therefore, the Indonesian Government passed the Presidential Regulation Number 12 of 2020 to manage the Pandemic. Unfortunately, this regulation has evoked various interpretations on the disaster contingency as a foundation to apply force majeure condition. The Government’s policies of budget refocusing and reallocation to manage the Covid-19 Pandemic have brought significant effects on goods and services procurement contracts. This condition may lead the Government into default, and it is force majeure. Therefore, the Government is discharged from any liabilities. Consequently, it may injure contractors of procurement. This study aims to investigate the actuality of such procurement contracts following the Presidential Regulation. This study is a normative law research. Based on the Presidential Regulation, the force majeure condition is likely to be applied on procurement contracts. However, the condition does not immediately nullify or terminate the contracts. They remain legally valid and binding. In case of a condition permanently prevents debtor to fulfill obligations, contract can be terminated. In case of a condition temporarily prevents the contract’s implementation, the best solution to encourage conducive business climate is renegotiation that is legalized by contract addendum.

Profit: <underline>Pr</underline>iority and P<underline>o</underline>wer/Per<underline>f</underline>ormance Opt<underline>i</underline>miza<underline>t</underline>ion for Many-Core Systems

As power density emerges as the main constraint for many-core systems, controlling power consumption under the thermal design power while maximizing the performance becomes increasingly critical. To dynamically save power, dynamic voltage frequency scaling techniques have proved to be effective and are widely available commercially. Meanwhile, systems have certain performance constraints that the applications should satisfy to ensure quality of service. In this paper, we present an online distributed reinforcement learning (OD-RL)-based DVFS control algorithm for many-core system performance improvement under both power and performance constraints. At the finer grain, a per-core RL method is used to learn the optimal control policy of the voltage/frequency (VF) levels in a model-free manner. At the coarser grain, an efficient global power budget reallocation algorithm is used to maximize the overall performance. The experiments show that compared to the state-of-the-art algorithms: 1) OD-RL produces up to 98% less budget overshoot; 2) up to 23% higher energy efficiency; and 3) two orders of magnitude speedup over state-of-the-art techniques for systems with hundreds of cores. Furthermore, priority-aware OD-RL can better satisfy performance constraints than OD-RL with: 1) $17.8\boldsymbol {\times }$ more epochs satisfying the performance constraints; 2) $5.6\boldsymbol {\times }$ better performance gain; and 3) $20.0\boldsymbol {\times }$ better performance-power tradeoffs under similar efficiency and scalability.

Correction to: Autonomy-induced preference, budget reallocation, and child health

Correction to: Autonomy-induced preference, budget reallocation, and child health

Situating the drivers of violence: Building a global movement through national engagement, evidence and action

ABSTRACTEvery year, over 1 billion children experience violence. Violence affecting children undermines their health, education and development, often with negative lifelong consequences and intergenerational impact; in recognition of its impact on sustainable development, combatting such violence is prioritised within the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Multi-Country Study on the Drivers of Violence Affecting Children in Peru, Italy, Viet Nam and Zimbabwe sought to understand what drives violence in these countries and what can be done about it, working hand-in-hand with national governments and local research institutes. Preventing violence is complex and strategies to address it in all its forms must be understood and addressed within a child’s entire social ecology—including the constantly changing structural and institutional forces that shape childhood. Both the Study’s process and its research products are noteworthy. The human-centred design and applied approach, one that yielded national processes of data analysis and understandings of violence, generated a host of outcomes during the life of the study. On a national policy level, these include the engagement of government ministries not typically involved in debates around children’s well-being, as well as contributing to legal reforms and budget re-allocations that, in some cases for the first time ever, directed government funding to nationally-led violence prevention research. Using the research as an intervention, the study fostered institutional normative change across all four countries and within the corridors of power that are traditionally slow to respond to violence as a priority issue. The future challenge, currently underway, will be to support national partners as they apply the Study’s findings to improve prevention and response programming and advocate for sustainable change.

Comparison of outpatient reimbursement for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis treatment in Taiwan: A nationwide population‐based study

This study compared Taiwanese public health insurance outpatient reimbursements for interstitial cystitis (IC)/bladder pain syndrome (BPS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment. This observational study used data from the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database between 2002 and 2013. Patients with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes for IC/BPS and RA were selected and matched in a ratio of 1 : 5 based on index year. After adjustment for possible confounders, including age, sex, income, hospital levels of care, and reimbursements for 24 comorbidities, yearly and per-visit pharmacy, non-pharmacy, and total claims were determined. In all, 1438 IC/BPS and 7190 RA patients were identified in the database. IC/BPS patients were significantly younger, and the proportion of females in this group was higher. Income levels were lower in the IC/BPS cohort, but not significantly. There were no significant differences between cohorts in terms of reimbursements for treatment for comorbidities, with the exception of end-stage renal disease, for which reimbursement was higher in the RA cohort. After adjusting for confounders, the regression coefficient for IC/BPS to RA was significantly lower for yearly total pharmacy claims, yearly total claims, per-visit pharmacy claims, and total claims per visit. Outpatient reimbursement was significantly lower for IC/BPS than for RA treatment, primarily with regard to pharmacy costs. This indicates less medical utilization for IC/BPS, possibly due to poor treatment outcomes and copayment polices. Further advances in the treatment of IC/BPS and health budget reallocation are encouraged.

Autonomy-induced preference, budget reallocation, and child health

Using traditional health capital model of Grossman (The human capital model of the demand for health. NBER, Working Paper 7078, 1972) and Wagstaff (Bull Econ Res 38(1):93–95,1986a) this paper attempts to fill in the theoretical missing link between mothers’ autonomy and household consumption behavior. We focus specifically on the consumption of child health inputs. In our paper it has been shown that working mothers’ children should be of better health. Further, independent of working status of the mother, higher autonomy always reallocates family budget to induce more consumption of child health inputs. The basic results of our model are further reinforced when autonomy is dependent on mothers’ income. In fact, the income effect derived from our extended model indicates that income-induced autonomy may result in redefining the composite consumption good for the family as an inferior one.

Research on the Effectiveness of the Confucius Institute (Classroom) Based on Linear Regression Models

China has invested heavily in development of the Confucius Institute (Classroom) for the going-global of Chinese language and culture. And its effectiveness evaluation is an essential reference to the reinvestment on the Confucius Institute (Classroom) development as well as to its budget reallocation. Considering that there were basically no such researches in this field ever before, linear regression models (LRMs) were employed in this paper to research the effectiveness of Confucius Institute and establish fitting function models between inputs and outputs, which could provide a tool to quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness in the future. And in this way, the conclusions could be more objective and bases of resource redistribution more scientific. Based on current data, it is found that the growth of the number of government-sponsored Chinese teachers and volunteers lags behind that of the "rigid Chinese language learners" for more than 2 years; If China invests 1,000 Yuan in the project of "the Salary and Training Fee of Chinese Deans and Teachers (including Volunteers) " , the number of the "rigid Chinese language learners" will rise by 10 to 13; if there is an additional overseas test center in the Confucius Institute (Classroom), the "rigid Chinese language learners" of this semester will rise by more than 5,927; and if there is an additional registered student in the Confucius Institute (Classroom), it will rise by more than 6.

Driving urban-rural migration through investment in water resource management in subsistence farming: the case of Machibini

The once thriving subsistence farming community of Machibini is currently defunct due to water shortages, inadequacy of governmental support and better livelihood in urban communities. This community alongside its neighbouring communities is characterized by poverty. A variety of strategies and initiatives has been initiated to address the cyclical poverty amongst these communities. This paucity has driven the youths to urban centres as a means of securing a better livelihood. More so, the constant ebb of mass rural-urban migration has created voluminous challenges. As an agendum to creating a viable farming community in Machibini and “instigating an urban-rural migration”, the paper recommends the reallocation of the surplus budgets of this community to the investment of water resource management as a strategy of transforming the subsistence into commercial farming, thereby creating employment opportunities for the unemployed rural, as well as urban dwellers, while reducing poverty to a reasonable extent.

Does consumption of tobacco and alcohol affect household food security? Evidence from rural India

Using a nationally representative household-level dataset on consumption expenditure, this paper examines the crowding-out effects of tobacco and alcohol spending on food and non-food consumption in rural India. We found a positive relationship between spending on these temptation goods and household income, but in proportionate terms the poor and socially-disadvantaged households spent more on such goods compared to others. In general, their consumption crowded out food expenditure but not as much as non-food expenditure. Tobacco expenditure crowded out more of consumer durables followed by foodgrains, healthcare and education. However, among the poor, foodgrains were traded-off more. Likewise, spending on alcohol also crowded out foodgrains, but the effects were larger for consumer durables and starker among the poor. Across social groups too, consumption of tobacco as well as alcohol led to a reallocation of budgets with consumer durables being most displaced followed by foodgrains. On the whole, the crowding out effects were larger for tobacco than alcohol and were greater for households belonging to the lower rungs of both income and social order. We identified that such crowding-out effects operated through peer effects or social interactions; hence the key inference is that government interventions aimed towards controlling tobacco or alcohol consumption would be more effective if these targeted peer groups and their group leaders.

Progress in increasing affordability of medicines for non-communicable diseases since the introduction of mandatory health insurance in the Republic of Moldova.

Background: To assess progress in improving affordability of medicines since the introduction of mandatory health insurance in the Republic of Moldova.Method: Using data from national health insurance, we estimate affordability of partially reimbursed medicines for the treatment of non-communicable diseases, and analyse which factors contributed to changes in affordability.Results: Affordability of subsidized medicines improved over time. In 2013, it took a median of 0.84 days of income for the lowest income quintile (ranging from 0 to 3.32 days) to purchase 1 month of treatment for cardiovascular conditions in comparison to 1.85 days in 2006. This improvement however was mainly driven by higher incomes rather than deeper coverage through the reimbursement list.Conclusion: If mandatory health insurance is to improve affordability of medicines for the Moldovan population, more funds need to be (re-)allocated to enable higher percentage coverage of essential medicines and efficiencies need to be generated within the health system. These should include a budget reallocation between secondary and primary care, strengthening primary care to manage chronic conditions and raise population awareness, implementation of evidence-based selection and quality use of medicines in both outpatient and inpatient settings, improving monitoring and regulation of prices and the supply chain; and alignment of national treatment guidelines and clinical practice with international best practices and evidence-based medicine.

The Impacts of Economic Development on Public Libraries: A Study Case of Bibliotheca Alexandrina Library

Public libraries have the mandate of promoting the knowledge enhancement and awareness building of local residents. The national and local economic development on the other hand could directly impact the governmental public investment to the libraries and therefore affects their ability to deliver sufficient services either directly or indirectly. To investigate this sort of impact, the research extracted data from the annual reports of Bibliotheca Alexandria about various library services, collections, and financial data. As for the data concerning the Egyptian economy, it has been extracted mainly from World Bank data. Using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, results prove the existence of a strong relation between the country GDP and the allocated budget to the public libraries. Moreover, results show that there is a strong positive relation between the allocated budget to the libraries on one hand and the salaries & wages on the other hand, which explains how library staff and librarians are very likely to be affected by any budget reallocation, which is in turn affected by the economy development.

Financial Support Mechanisms and Financing Instruments for Climate Change Adaptation

Extreme weather has been having an increase in frequency and severity because of global warming. Heavy financial burden on governments has been increasing as reconstruction of natural disaster and prevention of public construction spending. Unlike the climate mitigation activities, the main purpose of climate adaptation is to establish climate risk management system. We discuss several types of financing instruments and collect several cases in both developed and developing countries internationally. We find that budget reallocation or government bonds are regularly used for losses from natural disaster in developing countries while both government bonds and insurance penetration are used to against catastrophe risks in the developed countries. Finally, we also find that insurance-related instruments are feasible and have been applied in some middle-income countries with assistance from the World Bank.