Budget Period Research Articles

Wydatki inwestycyjne województw samorządowych po wprowadzeniu indywidualnego wskaźnika zadłużenia

Determining the permissible level of indebtedness is an important issue for each local government unit in Poland. Its prominance grows even more if strong pressure to care for the development is being put on the local government, while it is struggling with a shortage of revenue. This situation applies to the majority of voivodships, which, among all the levels of the local government structure, are the most focused on financing development (as demonstrated by the share of investment expenditure in total expenditure) while having very limited financial independence. The aim of the article is to examine the level and changes in investment expenditures and the level of debt of voivodships during the three-year period of the individual debt ratio and compare them with trends that had been characteristic for these categories before the introduction of this index. This issue is particularly important and interesting due to the participation of voivodships in financing the development of infrastructure in the country. The conducted research indicates a clear nominal and share in the structure of investment expenditures in the case of self-governing voivodships. However, they can not be associated only with the introduction of the individual debt ratio. Other factors, such as the start of a new budgeting period in the European Union, have also contributed to this situation.

Do the Budget Period and the Budget Revision Affect Financial Performance?

Do the Budget Period and the Budget Revision Affect Financial Performance?

FORMATION OF MODERN MODEL OF BUDGET MANAGEMENT BASED ON METHODS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

The review of scientific studies and publications confirms that in Ukraine, the interest of scientists in the theoretical and practical problems of budget management is growing. Domestic and foreign scientists have repeatedly drawn attention to the need for full and timely disclosure of the state of the formation and use of financial resources of society. The foreign experts studied foreign experience and grounded measures that could and should contribute to the achievement of the effectiveness of this process, the methods of ensuring transparency of the state budget and involving the public as the subject of control over the use of budgetary resources, in particular, public hearings, “e-government”, are an area public administration. Budget management is an important instrument of state regulation of the activity of authorities. According to the analysis, one can see that today it is necessary to distinguish the following types of budget support as: informational, organizational, methodical, and regulatory. The state implements a policy of budgetary management with the help of management bodies. There is a close interconnection between representative, national, and operational management bodies. The principle of transparency of the budget system (in conjunction with its publicity) is enshrined in Article 7 of the Budget Code of Ukraine. An attention is drawn to the fact that the budget system as a “totality of the state budget and local budgets” is transparent by definition. It is fair to note that insufficient transparency of the budget process is not only a domestic problem. The Board of Directors of the IMF approved one of twelve internationally recognized financial standards – the Code of Good Practices on Fiscal Transparency. An assessment of the state of implementation of the principle of publicity and transparency in the budget management of Ukraine makes it possible to draw the following conclusions: 1. The content of the principle of publicity and transparency in the text of the Budget Code of Ukraine should be amended by formulating it as a principle of the budget process, while it is necessary to specify the ways of its practical implementation. 2. The full implementation of the principle of publicity and transparency of the budget process will increase the level of trust of citizens to the authorities of different levels, which is one of the factors of successful implementation of the state social and economic policy, and will deepen the democratic principles of the formation and development of Ukrainian society. 3. The lack of transparency of budget information at the planning stage significantly impairs the ability to manage budget resources, primarily at the local level, exacerbating the problem of full budget financing, especially at the end of the budget period. 4. Budget information for an overwhelming majority of stakeholders remains inaccessible, inaccurate, untimely, and incomplete in Ukraine, which led to a deterioration of Ukraine’s position in the international rating by the Open Budget Index. 5. Improving the transparency of the budget process can be achieved through the use of the above measures. Their implementation will serve not only to improve the quality of the budget process and the effectiveness of budget management but also to establish harmonious social relations. At the same time, the task of developing further directions of increasing publicity and transparency of the mechanism of functioning of the entire system of public finances in Ukraine remains relevant.

UK Should Attach Conditions to Any ‘Divorce Bill’

The Brexit ‘divorce bill’ is supposed to settle existing obligations, rather than cover the cost of any future agreements. Some therefore argue that it is simply a matter of honouring past debts and the UK should just pay up. The problem with this approach is that there is no legal certainty over what it owed. Even ignoring the argument that the UK can walk away under the terms of Article 50, the amounts depend on a wide range of assumptions – almost all of which are open to debate. This means that the divorce bill is something that needs to be negotiated. It is therefore right to ask what the UK might be getting in return for paying more than it has already offered – and attach conditions. The Prime Minister has effectively offered to cover any shortfall until the end of the current EU budget period in 2020. It is likely that the UK will need to pay something extra for the pensions of EU officials too. But the EU is also demanding large contributions to spending that could take place long after 2020 (and might not happen at all). Instead, the EU should be cutting back to reflect the departure of its second biggest net contributor. That said, a sizeable payment could still be good value for money if it secures a better deal on the future relationship. And it should soon be offset by the accumulated savings on the UK’s annual payments to the EU budget. Viewed this way, even a figure north of £40bn could be a fair price to pay.

Gas-fired power in the UK: Bridging supply gaps and implications of domestic shale gas exploitation for UK climate change targets

There is a projected shortcoming in the fourth carbon budget of 7.5%. This shortfall may be increased if the UK pursues a domestic shale gas industry to offset projected decreases in traditional gas supply. Here we estimate that, if the project domestic gas supply gap for power generation were to be met by UK shale gas with low fugitive emissions (0.08%), an additional 20.4MtCO2e11Megatonne carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e). would need to be accommodated during carbon budget periods 3–6. We find that a modest fugitive emissions rate (1%) for UK shale gas would increase global emissions compared to importing an equal quantity of Qatari liquefied natural gas. Additionally, we estimate that natural gas electricity generation would emit 420–466MtCO2e (460 central estimate) during the same time period within the traded EU emissions cap. We conclude that domestic shale gas production with even a modest 1% fugitive emissions rate would risk exceedance of UK carbon budgets. We also highlight that, under the current production-based greenhouse gas accounting system, the UK is incentivized to import natural gas rather than produce it domestically.

Capturing Budget Impact Considerations Within Economic Evaluations: A Systematic Review of Economic Evaluations of Rotavirus Vaccine in Low- and Middle-Income Countries and a Proposed Assessment Framework.

BackgroundIn low- and middle-income countries, budget impact is an important criterion for funding new interventions, particularly for large public health investments such as new vaccines. However, budget impact analyses remain less frequently conducted and less well researched than cost-effectiveness analyses.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to fill the gap in research on budget impact analyses by assessing (1) the quality of stand-alone budget impact analyses, and (2) the feasibility of extending cost-effectiveness analyses to capture budget impact.MethodsWe developed a budget impact analysis checklist and scoring system for budget impact analyses, which we then adapted for cost-effectiveness analyses, based on current International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research Task Force recommendations. We applied both budget impact analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis checklists and scoring systems to examine the extent to which existing economic evaluations provide sufficient evidence about budget impact to enable decision making. We used rotavirus vaccination as an illustrative case in which low- and middle-income countries uptake has been limited despite demonstrated cost effectiveness. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify economic evaluations of rotavirus vaccine in low- and middle-income countries published between January 2000 and February 2017. We critically appraised the quality of budget impact analyses, and assessed the extension of cost-effectiveness analyses to provide useful budget impact information.ResultsSix budget impact analyses and 60 cost-effectiveness analyses were identified. Budget impact analyses adhered to most International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research recommendations, with key exceptions being provision of undiscounted financial streams for each budget period and model validation. Most cost-effectiveness analyses could not be extended to provide useful budget impact information; cost-effectiveness analyses also rarely presented undiscounted annual costs, or estimated financial streams during the first years of programme scale-up.ConclusionsCost-effectiveness analyses vastly outnumber budget impact analyses of rotavirus vaccination, despite both being critical for policy decision making. Straightforward changes to the presentation of cost-effectiveness analyses results could facilitate their adaptation into budget impact analyses.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40273-017-0569-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A recharge-discharge water budget and evaluation of water budgets for the Edwards Aquifer associated with Barton Springs

The Barton Springs segment of the Edwards Aquifer represents a small, relatively independent part of the aquifer. Data for the sources of recharge and especially for discharge from the aquifer are well documented. Based on a 6-year water budget of surface recharge and surface discharge, the volumes match within 5%, which is within the potential error limits of the recharge and discharge values. Recharge volumes include increased runoff due to urbanization in the recharge area. A previous water budget based on an earlier period also displayed a balance between recharge and discharge volumes. Both budgets are based on slightly “wetter” than long-term mean recharge and discharge conditions, thus subsurface recharge from south of the aquifer segment, which is documented to occur during dry conditions, was an insignificant source of recharge during the budget periods. The recharge volumes are based on data from streamflow gaging stations operated by the U.S. Geological Survey. However, one of the stations (Bear Creek near Brodie Lane) was discontinued in 2010; this station is needed to calculate recharge volumes on Bear Creek and Little Bear Creek. Because of the discontinuance of the station, any calculations of recharge volumes after 2010 would contain substantial potential error. Citation: Slade RM, 2017. A recharge-discharge water budget and evaluation of water budgets for the Edwards Aquifer associated with Barton Springs. Texas Water Journal. 8(1):42-56. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v8i1.7020.

Network design of a transport system based on accelerating moving walkways

Pollution, congestion and urbanistic considerations are leading to a change in the use of private vehicles in dense city centers. More frequently, the last-mile is covered with systems such as public transport, car sharing and bike sharing as well as an increase in walking and cycling. Following this trend, we assume a hypothetical scenario where the use of private cars is strongly limited in dense urban areas, and innovative transport modes must be used. This work investigates a futuristic system based on a network of accelerating moving walkways (AMW) to facilitate the movement of pedestrians in city centers where cars have been banned. Unlike constant speed moving walkways, AMWs can reach speeds of up to 15km/h thanks to an acceleration section. This paper presents a rigorous description of the system characteristics from a transportation point of view, develops a heuristic algorithm for the network design problem, and tests it on a real case study. Given a network of urban roads and an origin-destination demand, the optimization algorithm, which combines traffic assignment and supply modification, explores the trade-off curve between the total travel time and capital cost of the infrastructure. The results give practical insight on the possible dimensioning of the system, show the optimal network designs, and how these vary with a reduction of the available budget. This paper investigates for the first time the use of AMWs at a network scale, and provides results useful for analyzing the system feasibility. The results on travel time, investment budget and payback period indicates that AMWs could be an effective mode of transport in cities.

Provision-After-Wait with Common Preferences

In this article, we study the Provision-after-Wait problem in healthcare (Braverman, Chen, and Kannan, 2016). In this setting, patients seek a medical procedure that can be performed by different hospitals of different costs. Each patient has a value for each hospital and a budget-constrained government/planner pays for the expenses of the patients. Patients are free to choose hospitals, but the planner controls how much money each hospital gets paid and thus how many patients each hospital can serve (in one budget period, say, one month or one year). Waiting times are used in order to balance the patients’ demand, and the planner’s goal is to find a stable assignment that maximizes the social welfare while keeping the expenses within the budget. It has been shown that the optimal stable assignment is NP-hard to compute, and, beyond this, little is known about the complexity of the Provision-after-Wait problem. We start by showing that this problem is in fact strongly NP-hard, and thus does not have a Fully Polynomial-Time Approximation Scheme (FPTAS). We then focus on the common preference setting, where the patients have the same ranking over the hospitals. Even when the patients perceive the hospitals’ values to them based on the same quality measurement—referred to as proportional preferences , which has been widely studied in resource allocation—the problem is still NP-hard. However, in a more general setting where the patients are ordered according to the differences of their values between consecutive hospitals, we construct an FPTAS for it. To develop our results, we characterize the structure of optimal stable assignments and their social welfare, and we consider a new combinatorial optimization problem that may be of independent interest, the ordered Knapsack problem. Optimal stable assignments are deterministic and ex-post individually rational for patients. The downside is that waiting times are dead-loss to patients and may burn a lot of social welfare. If randomness is allowed, then the planner can use lotteries as a rationing tool: The hope is that they reduce the patients’ waiting times, although they are interim individually rational instead of ex-post. Previous study has only considered lotteries for two hospitals. In our setting, for arbitrary number of hospitals, we characterize the structure of the optimal lottery scheme and conditions under which using lotteries generates better (expected) social welfare than using waiting times.

Developing Touristic Destination – Innovation Performance Issues

Tourism is one of the most developing branches of service sectors. The paper deals with a key area of a Central-Eastern-European country (Hungary) from the European perspective, i.e. tourism. Tourism provides a remarkable ratio of GDP, thus its importance is inevitable. Tourism destination management (TDM in further text) organisations are local building stones of this important branch. These organisations received remarkable development funds in the previous budget period. The aim was to turn tourism into a competitive and innovative branch. Quadruple helix model - approach to innovation systems provides the opportunity to include the fourth helix - the media-based civic society - into the innovation performance, thus its performance influences the efficacy of the given innovation system. The paper assumes that these TDM organisations, as media-based civil organisations, appear as enterprises that are responsible for touristic innovation performance. The research objective is to prove, or deny that these institutions are important workshops of innovation. A survey research was conducted. In the meantime, feedback was collected about the structure, comprehensiveness and the logical structure of the questionnaire. Cooperation characteristics, the correlations between the innovation performances, the factors generating innovation and the reason for innovation are presented. The results of the study can be used by the state-governed tourism management, the vocational organisations and the Hungarian Tourism Ltd. in the process of establishing the framework of calls, and operational models in order to make international comparisons (with other countries).

군수지원체계에서 예산과정에 의해 발생하는 정보왜곡과 초과재고 및 재고부족 분석

장기간 사용하지 않는 군수 수리부속품으로 인한 국방예산의 낭비가 발생하는 반면에 야전부대에서 재고부족으로 필요한 수리부속이 적시에 보급되지 못해 문제가 되고 있다. 초과재고의 발생 원인은 민간분야처럼 다단계 군수지원체계에서 하위공급망에서 상위공급망으로 갈수록 수요정보왜곡에 의한 채찍효과 때문인 것으로 알려져 있다. 하지만 군수정보체계 개선 이후 채찍효과의 가장 직접적인 원인이었던 사용자부대의 수요정보를 군수사가 공유할 수 있음에도 불구하고 초과재고 현상이 지속적으로 발생하고 있고 기존의 연구만으로 재고부족 현상은 설명할 수 없다. 또한 기존의 연구는 주로 적정 재고량을 예측하는데 중점을 두었으며 예산과정의 특성(예산주기, 조달기간, 인가저장 유무)은 크게 관심을 두지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 시스템 다이내믹스 이론과 시뮬레이션 기법을 통해 군수지원체계에서 예산과정에 의해 발생하는 정보왜곡과 이로 인한 초과재고 및 재고부족 현상을 분석하는 것이다. Unused spare parts of military equipments which have been kept in the warehouse for a long term have been recognized as wasting of defense budget which also decreased people's confidence in the field of national defence. It is known that overstock is caused by information distortion and bullwhip effect from downstream to upstream in the logistic support as is like business cases. After upgrading the logistic information system, it is possible for Army Logistics Command(ALC) to know demand information of end-user which is the key factor to reduce bullwhip effect. However, inventory is still overstocked and stock-out at the same time. Previous studies have not accounted for these phenomenons and have mainly focused on forecasting inventory level instead of budgetary process(budget period, PROLT, ASL/N-ASL). Thus, this study focuses on the information distortion, overstock and stock-out which caused by budgetary process in the logistic support with system dynamics and simulation.

Explaining the allocation of regional Structural Funds: The conditional effect of governance and self-rule

What regional factors can explain the heterogeneity in Structural Funds distribution to European Union regions? Past studies have shown that aside from the level of economic development and rates of unemployment, other political, and economic factors systematically explain why certain European Union regions receive greater funding than others, in particular where there is room for bargaining. In this article, a novel theory is posited which argues that the determination of Structural Funds is based on an interaction between a region’s formal institutions (the level of a regional autonomy) and informal institutions (its level of quality of government). In cases of low regional autonomy, member states and European Union level actors prefer to allocate greater levels of Funds to regions with lower quality of government in order to increase cohesion. Yet in cases of high regional autonomy, risks associated with absorption failure in lower capacity regions lead states to strategically allocate greater levels of transfers to regions with higher quality of government. The theory is tested on data for 171 European Union regions for the 2007–2013 budget period. The results show robust empirical support for the theoretical claims.

Effectiveness of and Financial Returns to Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention in South Africa: An Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

BackgroundEmpirical studies and population-level policy simulations show the importance of voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) in generalized epidemics. This paper complements available scenario-based studies (projecting costs and outcomes over some policy period, typically spanning decades) by adopting an incremental approach—analyzing the expected consequences of circumcising one male individual with specific characteristics in a specific year. This approach yields more precise estimates of VMMC’s cost-effectiveness and identifies the outcomes of current investments in VMMC (e.g., within a fiscal budget period) rather than of investments spread over the entire policy period.Methods/FindingsThe model has three components. We adapted the ASSA2008 model, a demographic and epidemiological model of the HIV epidemic in South Africa, to analyze the impact of one VMMC on HIV incidence over time and across the population. A costing module tracked the costs of VMMC and the resulting financial savings owing to reduced HIV incidence over time. Then, we used several financial indicators to assess the cost-effectiveness of and financial return on investments in VMMC. One circumcision of a young man up to age 20 prevents on average over 0.2 HIV infections, but this effect declines steeply with age, e.g., to 0.08 by age 30. Net financial savings from one VMMC at age 20 are estimated at US$617 at a discount rate of 5% and are lower for circumcisions both at younger ages (because the savings occur later and are discounted more) and at older ages (because male circumcision becomes less effective). Investments in male circumcision carry a financial rate of return of up to 14.5% (for circumcisions at age 20). The cost of a male circumcision is refinanced fastest, after 13 y, for circumcisions at ages 20 to 25. Principal limitations of the analysis arise from the long time (decades) over which the effects of VMMC unfold—the results are therefore sensitive to the discount rate applied, and more generally to the future course of the epidemic and of HIV/AIDS-related policies pursued by the government.ConclusionsVMMC in South Africa is highly effective in reducing both HIV incidence and the financial costs of the HIV response. The return on investment is highest if males are circumcised between ages 20 and 25, but this return on investment declines steeply with age.

PENGARUH TRANSFER DANA PERIMBANGAN DAN DANA PENYESUAIAN TERHADAP ALOKASI BELANJA MODAL PEMERINTAH DAERAH DI INDONESIA TAHUN 2012-2014

The issue of inter-regional development imbalances and fiscal disparities into the current fiscal decentralizationissues. The toughest challenge in building fiscal decentralization not only gives funds to local governments, butcreating impact of improving the quality of public services and economic growth. Transfer to the area hasincreased every year. However, this increase has not been maximized to reduce poverty, equitable distribution ofinfrastructure, fiscal gap, and competitive regional economy.Research funds for fiscal decentralization in some countries have done long before the implementation ofregional autonomy. The result will vary according to the characteristics of the area in the country. In addition toa variety of research results, the implementation of regional transfers caused disagreement. Indonesia has adiversity of characteristics and distribution of a wide area. An interesting question is whether the increase intransfers to the regions to encourage regional development through capital expenditure area.The study uses a quantitative approach that is explanatory research with two research data is local governmentthat receives DID for three consecutive years and areas that do not pay attention DID streak. Regression analysis involves five independent variables, transfer funds DAU, DAK, DBH, DID, BOS seta dependent variable is thearea of capital expenditure. The research data come from reports on realization of the budget and Transfer ToThe Financial Statements year period 2012-2014.The first test results prove DAU, DAK, DBH, and DID have a significant effect on capital spending area withprobability signifkansi each less than 0.05. These results are in line with the theory of fiscal federalism. BOSwhereas no significant effect on capital spending area with p-value of 0.379. BOS as the provision of basiceducation aid has not been able to provide flexibility to the budget to increase the use of capital expenditure. Theresults of the second test with the data local governments do not pay attention DID streak gives similarity with theresults of the first test except variable DID no significant effect on capital spending. All variables simultaneouslyaffect the area of capital expenditure.

Timing of Clinical Billing Reimbursement for a Local Health Department.

A major responsibility of a local health department (LHD) is to assure public health service availability throughout its jurisdiction. Many LHDs face expanded service needs and declining budgets, making billing for services an increasingly important strategy for sustaining public health service provision. Yet, little practice-based data exist to guide practitioners on what to expect financially, especially regarding timing of reimbursement receipt. This study provides results from one LHD on the lag from service delivery to reimbursement receipt. Reimbursement records for all transactions at Maricopa County Department of Public Health immunization clinics from January 2013 through June 2014 were compiled and analyzed to determine the duration between service and reimbursement. Outcomes included daily and cumulative revenues received. Time to reimbursement for Medicaid and private payers was also compared. Reimbursement for immunization services was received a median of 68 days after service. Payments were sometimes taken back by payers through credit transactions that occurred a median of 333 days from service. No differences in time to reimbursement between Medicaid and private payers were found. Billing represents an important financial opportunity for LHDs to continue to sustainably assure population health. Yet, the lag from service provision to reimbursement may complicate budgeting, especially in initial years of new billing activities. Special consideration may be necessary to establish flexibility in the budget-setting processes for services with clinical billing revenues, because funds for services delivered in one budget period may not be received in the same period. LHDs may also benefit from exploring strategies used by other delivery organizations to streamline billing processes.

Relationship of Competitiveness and Social Cohesion in the European Union

<p>The current study strives to present how the European Union changed its economic policy due to the economic and financial crises and the fierce global competition. The main emphasis was laid upon competitiveness on contrary of cohesion and social and economic close up of the newly joined Middle- and Eastern European countries. Funds serving the target of competitiveness for growth and employment are increased by 6-7% annually during the budget period 2007-2013 while agricultural spending decreases by 3% annually. The change of paradigm projects the two speed Europe concept and causes severe tensions between the core regions and the peripheries. </p>

ANALISIS ARUS KAS DAN ANGGARAN KAS PADA PT. PLN (Persero) AREA MAKASSAR

This study aims to find out the difference between the cash budget with cash realization of the operation of the company's operations in each budget period. The method of analysis used in this research is the analysis of variance, ie comparing planned and actual cash from all the company's activities in the cash flow statement rupiah unit and percentage. While the results of the discussion of this study were (1) to three (3) years PT. PLN (Persero) Makassar Area still able to increase its main revenue sales revenue of electricity which each year is increasing, although not able to cover the operating expenses, due to lack of power users outside peak load so that the company still gets droping the operating costs of the central office. (2) Budget cash flow/cash flow contains estimates and projections of the future, and record cash flow/cash flow last year to provide information about management in the past. Projected cash flow (cash flow) is useful for estimating the timing and amount of new loans were required during the year and the time and the amount of loan repayment or plan.

Impact Of Union Budget On Indian Stock Market

This paper analyzes the impact of Union budget on NSE’s CNX NIFTY Index. The impact is measured in terms of daily average returns and volatility over the short term, medium term and long term period in pre and post budget period. The data has been collected for five budget periods from 2011 to 2015. The statistical tools used are paired T-test and F-test. Paired T-test is conducted on average returns and F-test is conducted on variances over the period i.e., 3, 10 and 30 days in pre and post budget period. The maximum impact of budget is seen in short term then it gradually decreases in medium term and finally diminishes in the long term. The implication of this paper is that the investor should fear from investing in the stock market around the budget period.

Инструменты формирования бюджетной модели процессного и проектно-ориентированного бюджетирования

Activity-based budgeting (ABB) and project-based budgeting (project budgeting) are important
 trends of budgeting at an enterprise level. The paper authors have systematized factors of formation for
 directions of the activity-based and project-based budgeting, have characterized these directions’ budget
 models and revealed their specific features. The main specific features of activity-based budgeting model
 are the matrix (or more complex, multidimensional) structure of the budget model, interrelation of business
 processes’ budget items with key performance indicators and balanced scorecards (thus the model focused
 on strategy), simultaneous incorporation of financial indicators describing a business process into the
 budgets of business processes, budgets of CFR (Centers for Financial Responsibility) units, or project
 budgets, and a number of other specific features. The most important particulars of the project-based
 budgeting model is the integration of master budgets, operational and support budgets with project budgets
 within a budget model, the use of project budgets as a link between project management and budgeting
 as a management technology, and others particulars. The paper authors have developed a tool for the
 ABB budget model formation, which includes two algorithms. The first one is the algorithm for ABB model
 formation based on the budgets of CFR acting as expense providers, from the perspective of CFR units. The
 algorithm relies on the budgets of expense-providing Centers for Financial Responsibility. These Centers
 control the expenses of all CFR by certain business processes and items. The second one is the algorithm
 for the more detailed ABB model formation based on the budgets of business processes that are structured
 for analytical purposes (other than CFR units). This algorithm is intended for building a more detailed ABB
 model and implies the allocation of analytical sections like “CFR”, “Business Processes” and other analytics.
 It has been proposed to use a standard project budget a as a tool to solve the problem of matching the
 individual projects implementation time with the budget period. The standard budget is developed for the
 project’s entire life, in conjunction with the Project Budget, the indicators of which describe the project in a
 certain budget period.

Minimizing Fluctuation of the Maintenance, Repair, and Rehabilitation Cost Profile of a Building

AbstractPreventive and regular maintenance, repair, and rehabilitation (MR&R) is necessary for a building to function satisfactorily throughout its lifecycle. A relatively constant MR&R budget is generally allocated to a building each year. However, because the components used in a building have different life expectancies, annual MR&R cost profiles may fluctuate quite strongly over time. Accordingly, if MR&R for several components comes due in the same budget period, the pre-allocated MR&R budget may not be sufficient to cover all necessary MR&R. In these cases, MR&R for some components would be postponed. This failure to conduct MR&R in a timely manner may adversely affect long-term performance of the building. To address this concern, this paper introduces a model that can minimize the fluctuation of the MR&R cost profile by adjusting the timing of some MR&R activities to earlier points than the initial MR&R schedule. Applying the newly developed model to a case study confirmed its applicability and ef...