Budget Formation Research Articles

Significant impacts of anthropogenic activities on monoterpene and oleic acid-derived particulate organic nitrates in the North China Plain

Particulate organic nitrates (PONs) are among the major components of organic aerosols and affect the reactive nitrogen budget and ozone formation on regional scale. Previous laboratory and field studies have shown some preliminary evidence for the effects of anthropogenic activities on the formation of PONs. In this study, the concentrations of six kinds of PONs in rural and urban areas in the North China Plain were determined, and the seasonal and diurnal difference and effects of anthropogenic activities on their formation were investigated. The average total concentration of PONs was in the range of 113– 415 ng m−3, contributing 0.7% –2.8% to organic matter during the observation periods. Distinct seasonal variation was observed, with higher concentrations appearing in summer than in winter due to the large emissions of precursor BVOCs and intensive photochemical activities in the hot season. The concentration and formation of some specific PONs exhibited diurnal differences in summer, while the differences were small in other seasons. The observations showed that PONs in the North China Plain were significantly influenced by open biomass burning and coal combustion. The formation of PONs was enhanced by increased BVOCs released from biomass burning and consequently elevated levels of ozone. Industrial and residential coal combustion contributed to the increased concentrations of PONs by providing related reactants and interfaces and facilitating the formation rates of PONs.

СТАТИСТИЧНЕ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ФОРМУВАННЯ ДОХОДІВ МІСЦЕВИХ БЮДЖЕТІВ В УМОВАХ ДЕЦЕНТРАЛІЗАЦІЇ

Анотація. Присвячено економіко-статистичним дослідженням тенденцій формування доходів місцевих бюджетів унаслідок реформи децентралізації, ідентифікації основних проблем, таких як: значна диференціація у бюджетній забезпеченості регіонів, що виникає через низку чинників (соціальних, географічних, ресурсних, законодавчих); залежність регіонів від центральних органів влади через відсутність дієвих механізмів передавання повноважень на місця, що гальмує ефективність та знижує доцільність делегування деяких функцій; недостатній рівень фінансової забезпеченості регіонів. А також виявлення напрямів їх усунення. Основними напрямами розв’язання зазначених проблем є створення умов для нарощення власних доходів місцевих бюджетів в умовах обмеженості бюджетних коштів. Дослідження показали, що соціально-економічний розвиток регіонів України має значну диференціацію за адміністративно-територіальними одиницями, що відбивається на рівні та якості життя населення в регіонах, рівні їхньої конкурентоспроможності, розвитку економіки, соціально-економічного стану. Державна регіональна політика, що велася країною десятиліттями, створила глибоку залежність регіонів від центру і брак стимулів до розвитку власними силами на основі розроблення механізмів ефективного використання потенціалу регіонів України. Саме на ліквідацію цих негативних тенденцій і направлена політика децентралізації, що проводиться останнім часом. Успіх цієї політики може бути забезпечений тільки на основі вдосконалення й реформування системи фінансування місцевого самоврядування. Місцеві бюджети є основним інструментом, за допомогою якого місцева влада реалізує на практиці програму соціально-економічного розвитку регіону. Але в даний час механізм формування місцевих бюджетів є неефективним, що підтверджується недостатньою кількістю фінансових ресурсів у місцевому бюджеті для проведення самостійної програми соціально-економічного розвитку. На основі статистичної інформації досліджено структуру і склад доходів місцевих бюджетів, визначено їх вплив на соціально-економічний розвиток регіонів України. Проведені дослідження дозволяють зробити висновок про те, що для успішної реалізації політики децентралізації потрібний індивідуальний підхід до формування кожної адміністративно-територіальної одиниці з ґрунтовним опрацюванням економічної достатності та самостійності цієї одиниці, а також на цій основі соціально-економічного розвитку цієї адміністративно-територіальної одиниці в цілому. Ключові слова: доходи, видатки, місцеві видатки, місцеві бюджети, децентралізація, статистика. Формул: 0; рис.: 5; табл.: 0; бібл.: 18.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО-МЕТОДИЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ПОБУДОВИ УПРАВЛІНСЬКОГО ОБЛІКУ В СІЛЬСЬКОМУ ГОСПОДАРСТВІ

Modern accounting of any branch of the national economy, including crop production, requires a number of measures. Taking into account the actual experience of agricultural enterprises of Ukraine, organizational measures primarily require solving the following issues: coordination of the organizational structure of the enterprise with the management accounting system, which must meet the requirements of the enterprise management; a clear definition of responsibility Centers for the capabilities and needs of the enterprise management; distribution of responsibilities among performers at all levels; proper formation of information support in accordance with the requirements of cost control; creation of a system of material interest of performers at all levels in compliance with the economy regime and tasks to improve the efficiency of agricultural production. The introduction of these measures is typical, as a rule, for all enterprises of Ukraine, but it should take into account the specifics of the activities of enterprises in a particular industry, as well as the real conditions of their functioning. The article describes organizational and methodological approaches to improving the construction of management accounting in agriculture, in particular in the crop production sector. According to the results of the study, it is recognized that improving accounting, control and analysis of the production process can be achieved if the data is detailed in the context of responsibility centers. It is recommended to introduce a special type of responsibility Center – the self-supporting income Center, the feasibility of which should be aimed at achieving the stipulated nomenclature and quality of products (works, services), production volumes and cost limits. It is proved that it is advisable to assign accounting functions, budget formation (development of self-supporting tasks), control over the implementation of budgets of responsibility centers and summing up the results of divisions ‘ activities to the accounting department (or the economic department) together with the heads of divisions and specialists of other services. Approaches to the formation of a system of incentives for employees in the process of carrying out their activities are highlighted. It is advisable to recognize an effective organization of management accounting together with the control system at the enterprise to ensure comparability of actual data with basic indicators. Taking into account the peculiarities of growing crop products, it is proposed to choose technological maps for all crops and individual works for the next year’s harvest as a criterion for controlling production costs (it is advisable to equate the costs of performing work related to soil improvement, which should be performed by a crop production team on a separate task).

Операції з міжнародного туризму в Україні

The article is aimed at identifying and distinguishing the peculiarities of the functioning of the market of international tourist services in Ukraine along with national and world trends, as well as analyzing and synthesizing available information collections and samplings. The article analyzes statistical and theoretical materials from recent years and highlights the main problems present in the field of international tourist services of Ukraine by various directions. The state of development of tourism by the directions of arrival and departure regarding international tourism and the conditions for the provision of these services, based on the main documents and legislation of Ukraine, is considered. The basic theoretical principles, which are fundamental and have a significant impact on the functioning of this industry, are characterized. The «entities of international tourist services» and the essence of this term are defined on the basis of legislative documents in force on the territory of Ukraine. The major trends that exist today in the sphere of international tourist services are outlined. The main indicators of market activity in the structure and dynamics that characterize the state of functioning of the industry are calculated. The influence of international tourism on the GDP of the world countries and on the budget formation is characterized. A retrospective analysis of relevant indicators was carried out to reflect current changes in the market. The main countries – partners of Ukraine in the field of tourist services are determined and the dynamics of development of relations with these countries is analyzed. A number of recommendations have been formed based on preliminary analysis directed towards overcoming the identified problems; stabilization of the market; restoration of effective activity, economic growth of Ukraine; attracting new investments from countries, companies, individuals and legal entities to the industry; strengthening positions in the world market; disclosure of the tourism and recreational potential of Ukraine on the new side and expansion of the market offer.

Sources of budget formation of the foundations supporting scientific, scientific-technical and innovative activities

Sources of budget formation of the foundations supporting scientific, scientific-technical and innovative activities

On Ukrainian Citizens as taxpayers in sociological measurements

The article deals with the results of first special sociological research on taxpaying thematic undertaken in Ukraine. Three waves of national wide survey (N1 = 2038 F2F; N2/3 = 2000 CATI) during 2020 by means of questionnaire with 5 basic questions regarding the taxpaying theme: budget structure, main expenses clauses, evaluated free of charge state services, equitable tax level, taxes for purchases and services. The provided analyses gave opportunity to choose most valuable questions concerning the Ukrainian citizens financial literacy in order to construct the Index of taxation erudition which revealed extremely low level of knowledge of Ukrainians as taxpayers about active tax system, particularly the role of taxpayers in state budget formation, when only 32% in the first wave and 43% in third wave pointed the citizen’s contribution, 54% respondents has no idea about the type of acting taxation system on the background of 52% in first wave and 39% in second wave, who pointed the 10% personal tax fee dimension as desirable and equitable. Only 20% citizens pointed the right figures of tax paying for purchases and services, when 36,5% have no knowledge about this tax at all, Sociologically was first time noticed important fixation of 56% readiness for paying less taxes and needed service accounts by own, especially for medical care and education, in such way it was acknowledged that constitutional article of social state is under civic scrutiny. As final research task the algorithm of Index of taxpayer’s knowledge ability has been proposed for regular monitoring as also recommendation for further special thematic research development with proper media involvements.

LOCAL LEVEL BUDGET FORMATION SYSTEM: THEORETICAL ASPECTS, TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

This article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the functioning the system of budgeting local levels in Ukraine. The aim of the article is to study the theoretical aspects of the local budget system, to conduct the analytical assessment of trends in the functioning of local budgets and to study the prospects for their further development. Systematization of literature sources to determine approaches to the essential component of the local budget allowed defining the local budget as detailed plan for the use of financial resources, economic relations related to improving the social life of citizens. Based on the functional approach to regionalization of taxation, the scheme of the system of local budget formation has been formalized. It allows taking into account the influence of objective and subjective factors. The article considers the key tasks and vectors of the local budget system. As part of the analysis of current trends in the development of local budgets, the diagnosis of revenues and expenditures for the period from 2015 to 2020 is hold. The results of the analysis showed volatile dynamics in the comparability of revenues and expenditures of local budgets and provided an opportunity to obtain a comprehensive assessment of intergovernmental transfers from the budget of Ukraine for socio-economic development of regions to reduce their economic differentiation and ensure the implementation of state regional powers. The analysis of the revenue and expenditure part of the local budget of Ukraine allowed studying in more detail the peculiarities of local budget formation, identifying certain patterns and forming measures to prevent emerging problems in budget execution in the country. Taking into account the defined system of formation of local level budgets and the analysis of strengths and weaknesses of budgets functioning the basic directions of maintenance and perspective development of budgets of local levels are considered. These include: increasing tax and non-tax revenues to the budget due to the set of measures at the local and regional levels; increasing the level of efficiency of intergovernmental transfers; improving the methodological and practical aspects of encouraging economic entities to increase their own incomes.

ПРАВОВЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ОБІГУ ФІНАНСОВИХ РЕСУРСІВ ПОЗАБЮДЖЕТНИХ ДЕРЖАВНИХ ЦІЛЬОВИХ ФОНДІВ

In the article the author characterizes features of formation of the budget of extra-budgetary trust funds, sources of receipts to it are established, rules of accumulation of money are defined. The author determines the rules of formation of financial resources of extra-budgetary trust funds. The author analyzes the experience of foreign countries in creating trust funds allowed to substantiate the proposal on the feasibility of introducing regional funds in order to ensure the targeted use of financial resources. The purpose of the article is to characterize the features of the legal regulation of the circulation of financial resources of extra-budgetary state trust funds. Realization of the set purpose provides the decision of a number of tasks, such as: 1) definition of essence of a category “financial resources”; 2) characteristics of the peculiarities of accounting for their revenues and 3) draw conclusions from the optimization of the legal regulation of the circulation of financial resources of extra-budgetary state trust funds. Scientific novelty. The article substantiates the expediency of normative consolidation of the peculiarities of budget formation of extra-budgetary trust funds, establishes the sources of revenues to it, determines the rules of accumulation of funds. In conclusion, the article emphasizes that the financial resources of extra-budgetary trust funds are accumulated taking into account such rules as: determination exclusively by the norms of current legislation of the list of contributions to extra-budgetary trust funds and recognition of the latter as state property; deductions to extra-budgetary trust funds are a type of mandatory payments and in their implementation the application of state coercive measures is ensured; targeted use of financial resources of extra-budgetary trust funds.

Legal Regulation of Financing of the Solidarity System of Compulsory State Pension Insurance

The article analyzes the legal regulation of financing the solidarity system of compulsory state pension insurance. It is established that the main financial burden in the pension system of Ukraine lies at the solidarity level of pension provision. It has been found that the solidarity pension system is unable to properly perform the priorities assigned to it, and is solvent only through financial support from the state, which negatively affects other social spheres: health, culture, education, science, etc. The author analyzes the incomes of the Pension Fund of Ukraine, which are divided into its own funds and the additional funds. Own source revenues are funds received from enterprises, institutions and individuals, as mandatory and voluntary contributions, as well as income from investments and income from financial sanctions for violations of current pension legislation. And additional funds are transferred to the Pension Fund of Ukraine from the State Budget of Ukraine, as well as from state trust funds. It has been established that in connection with the spread of COVID-19 on the territory of Ukraine, the state has provided measures to exempt certain categories of payers of the single social contribution from its payment. It is substantiated that the legally defined sources of budget formation and mechanisms of their accumulation do not contribute to a rapid increase in revenues to the Pension Fund of Ukraine and improve the level of pensions, so it is urgent to unload the solidarity level of mandatory state pension insurance and introduce accumulative level. It has been proved that the reform of the pension system of Ukraine should be aimed at minimizing the degree of dependence of the pension system of Ukraine on the solidarity level of pensions, because in modern conditions the joint responsibility of generations, which was relevant and effective in Soviet times, cannot effectively solve the problem of pensions, taking into account the development of unfavourable trends in demographic processes, rising unemployment, low wages, the formation of shadow payroll funds to distrust people’s pension system in Ukraine as such, as well as legal illiteracy in this area.

Customs Payments Analysis as an Object of Economic Activity of Customs Authorities: Modern Realities of Shadow Exports

The search for reserves for stabilization of Russian economy is coming to the fore in the context of the ongoing crisis. Given its raw material orientation, a significant share of which is accounted for by exports, and the high share of customs payments (in particular, export customs duties on oil and gas) in the structure of the Federal budget, it is extremely important to assess the estimated losses of customs payments as a result of shadow exports, which determines the relevance of this study. The paper discribes assessing the volume of customs payments in the conditions of the country’s shadow economy development as well as searching for sources of their increase in the structure of Federal budget revenues due to organizational measures. A review of positions of the Russian scientists in the field of economic categories including taking into account the normative and reference documentation. In this study it is proved that the activities of customs authorities belong to the type of organizational and economic relations and customs payments are an economic category. A methodological tool for economic analysis has been developed to identify the significance of losses from shadow exports for the state budget as well as to assess the correctness of the distribution of import customs duties to the budgets of the EAEU member States. The theoretical and practical significance of the study is determined by the prospects for increasing the volume of the Federal budget revenue due to the collection of customs duties. The study may be interesting for government agencies of foreign trade policy and Federal budget formation.

LOCAL BUDGETS FORMATION IN MODERN CONDITIONS:
 ANALYSIS, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

The article analyzes local budget formation (a study of the budget of «Khabarovsk City» district) for the period of 2017-2019. The main problems are defined. The directions for improving the formation of the revenue base of local budgets in modern conditions are proposed

North African mineral dust sources: new insights from a combined analysis based on 3D dust aerosol distributions, surface winds and ancillary soil parameters

Abstract. Mineral dust aerosol is a key player in the climate system. Determining dust sources and the spatio-temporal variability of dust emission fluxes is essential for estimating the impact of dust on the atmospheric radiation budget, cloud and precipitation formation processes, the bio-productivity and, ultimately, the carbon cycle. Although much effort has been put into determining dust sources from satellite observations, geo-locating active dust sources is still challenging and uncertainties in space and time are evident. One major source of uncertainty is the lack of clear differentiation between near-source dust aerosol and transported dust aerosol. In order to reduce this uncertainty, we use 3D information on the distribution of dust aerosol suspended in the atmosphere calculated from spectral measurements obtained by the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) by using the Mineral Aerosols Profiling from Infrared Radiance (MAPIR) algorithm. In addition to standard dust products from satellite observations, which provide 2D information on the horizontal distribution of dust, MAPIR allows for the retrieval of additional information on the vertical distribution of dust plumes. This ultimately enables us to separate between near-source and transported dust plumes. Combined with information on near-surface wind speed and surface properties, low-altitude dust plumes can be assigned to dust emission events and low-altitude transport regimes can be excluded. Consequently, this technique will reduce the uncertainty in automatically geo-locating active dust sources. The findings of our study illustrate the spatio-temporal distribution of North African dust sources based on 9 years of data, allowing for the observation of a full seasonal cycle of dust emissions, differentiating morning and afternoon/evening emissions and providing a first glance at long-term changes. In addition, we compare the results of this new method to the results from Schepanski et al. (2012), who manually identified dust sources from Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) red–green–blue (RGB) images. The comparison illustrates that each method has its strengths and weaknesses that must be taken into account when using the results. This study is of particular importance for understanding future environmental changes due to a changing climate.

Direitos sem dinheiro: Do Novo Regime Fiscal à COVID-19

O presente trabalho aborda a disputa entre a concretização de direitos e a financeirização do Estado brasileiro, tendo por foco a análise do discurso econômico e a estrutura jurídica do Novo Regime Fiscal, vigente desde 2016. Questiona-se se o Novo Regime Fiscal é constitucional e se sua vigência impacta a concretização de direitos, durante a pandemia da COVID-19. A análise é realizada por meio de levantamento histórico, de dados orçamentários e da interpretação jurídica, tendo por instrumento a teoria da ideologia constitucionalmente adotada, que afirma não existir na Constituição uma única ideologia econômica e sim uma pluralidade de possibilidades para se concretizar o Estado de bem-estar social. Constata se que, dentre as vertentes econômicas que disputam o orçamento público, quais sejam a economia da ética e a da engenharia, há predominância da última na normatização jurídica e na formação orçamentária, o que permite constatar a redução da concretização de direitos tanto em tempos ordinários, quanto em tempos de pandemia da COVID-19.Palavras-Chave: Novo Regime Fiscal; COVID-19; Direito à saúde.

Simultaneous Evolution of the Virial Parameter and Star Formation Rate in Molecular Clumps Undergoing Global Hierarchical Collapse

Abstract We compare dense clumps and cores in a numerical simulation of molecular clouds (MCs) undergoing global hierarchical collapse (GHC) to observations in two MCs at different evolutionary stages, the Pipe and the G14.225 clouds, to test the ability of the GHC scenario to follow the early evolution of the energy budget and star formation activity of these structures. In the simulation, we select a region that contains cores of sizes and densities similar to the Pipe cores and find that it evolves through accretion, developing substructure similar to that of the G14.225 cloud after ∼1.6 Myr. Within this region, we follow the evolution of the Larson ratio , where is the velocity dispersion and R is the size; the virial parameter α; and the star formation activity of the cores/clumps. In the simulation, we find that as the region evolves, (i) its clumps have and α values first consistent with those of the Pipe substructures and later with those of G14.225; (ii) the individual cores first exhibit a decrease in α followed by an increase when star formation begins; (iii) collectively, the ensemble of cores/clumps reproduces the observed trend of lower α for higher-mass objects; and (iv) the star formation rate and star formation efficiency increase monotonically. We suggest that this evolution is due to the simultaneous loss of externally driven compressive kinetic energy and increase of the self-gravity-driven motions. We conclude that the GHC scenario provides a realistic description of the evolution of the energy budget of the clouds’ substructure at early times, which occurs simultaneously with an evolution of the star formation activity.

HONO Budget and Its Role in Nitrate Formation in the Rural North China Plain.

Nitrous acid (HONO) is a major precursor of tropospheric hydroxyl radical (OH) that accelerates the formation of secondary pollutants. The HONO sources, however, are not well understood, especially in polluted areas. Based on a comprehensive winter field campaign conducted at a rural site of the North China Plain, a box model (MCM v3.3.1) was used to simulate the daytime HONO budget and nitrate formation. We found that HONO photolysis acted as the dominant source for primary OH with a contribution of more than 92%. The observed daytime HONO could be well explained by the known sources in the model. The heterogeneous conversion of NO2 on ground surfaces and the homogeneous reaction of NO with OH were the dominant HONO sources with contributions of more than 36 and 34% to daytime HONO, respectively. The contribution from the photolysis of particle nitrate and the reactions of NO2 on aerosol surfaces was found to be negligible in clean periods (2%) and slightly higher during polluted periods (8%). The relatively high OH levels due to fast HONO photolysis at the rural site remarkably accelerated gas-phase reactions, resulting in the fast formation of nitrate as well as other secondary pollutants in the daytime.

Low-tropospheric humidity inversions over Europe: spatiotemporal variability and relations to temperature inversions\u2019 occurrence

Tropospheric humidity inversions are an important component of the Earth’s climate system as well as a significant factor affecting the global radiation budget and cloud formation. Their occurrence enlarges the amount of downward longwave radiation trapped near the Earth’s surface and provides moisture to maintain the top of clouds from evaporation. The aim of this paper is to examine the spatiotemporal variability of the humidity inversions over Europe. For the first time, we provide also a comprehensive analysis of relations between the humidity inversions and temperature inversions over the domain considered. The study is based on data derived from the ERA-Interim reanalysis for the period 1981–2015. We have confirmed that the temporal and spatial variability of the humidity inversions is strongly related to inversion type. The mean seasonal frequency of surface-based humidity inversions (SBHI) usually does not exceed 20%, while the mean seasonal frequency of elevated humidity inversions (EHI) ranges from 5 to 60% depending on the region and season. On average, EHI are substantially deeper and stronger than SBHI. We found also that the low-tropospheric humidity inversions often occur simultaneously with the temperature inversions. Moderate positive correlations exist, however, only among the parameters (depth and strength) of the same inversion type, but not between the humidity inversions and the temperature inversions. Considering the links between EHI and ETI (elevated temperature inversions) parameters, slightly higher values of the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (ρs > 0.50) are found between EHI base height and ETI base height. Nonetheless, the simultaneous occurrence of EHI and ETI usually fosters the intensity of both inversion types.

Performance budgeting as a “creative distraction” of accountability relations in one Russian municipality

PurposeThe paper explores how the implementation of performance budgeting unfolds public managers' attention and responses to competing accountability demands over time.Design/methodology/approachThis is a longitudinal study of one Russian municipality's implementation of PB under central government pressures during 2013–2017. Using triangulation of 25 interviews, documentary analysis and field observations, we employed institutional logics to guide the study.FindingsThe paper demonstrates the dynamic properties of PB construction under competing accountability demands via the “creative distraction” metaphor. PB was a “distraction” mechanism, which, on one hand, strengthened external accountability, while, on the other, distracting the municipality from internal municipal demands. Nevertheless, this “distraction” was also “creative,” as it produced proactive responses to competing accountability demands and creative effects over time. Specifically, PB also led to elements of creative PB negotiations between departments when managers started cooperating with redirecting the irrelevant constraints of performance information in budgeting into necessary manipulations for municipal survival. The demonstrated “creative distraction” is explained by the changing institutional logics of public managers supplemented by a set of individual factors.Originality/valueThe paper responds to the recent calls to study PB practice under several accountability demands over time. In this regard, we show the value of public managers' existing institutional logics as they shape PB's capacity to balance competing accountability demands. As we revealed, this capacity can be limited, due to possible misalignment between managers' attention toward “what to give an account for” during budget formation (input orientation driven by OPA logic) and “what is demanded” with the introduction of PB (output orientation driven by NPM logic). Yet, the elements of proactive managerial responses are still evident over time, explained by a set of individual factors within the presented case, namely: learning NPM logic, strengthened informal relationships and a common saturation point reflected by managers.

A New Portable Instrument for Online Measurements of Formaldehyde: From Ambient to Mobile Emission Sources

Formaldehyde (HCHO) plays an important role in atmospheric photochemistry, HOx budget, and ozone formation. Several instruments have been developed for measuring ambient HCHO, yet few have targeted...

CURRENT STATE OF TRANSPARENCY OF PUBLIC FINANCES OF UKRAINE

Transparency in public finances is one of the main features of a mature democratic society, as well as one of the main tools for reducing corruption in the country. The level of transparency in the formation and use of budget funds at the state and local levels affects the effectiveness of financial policy in the country. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to determine the current state of transparency in the formation of the state budget of Ukraine. The article conducted a comprehensive study of the level of transparency of public finances at the macro level. The dynamics of changes in the qualitative level of transparency of legislative and executive bodies during the period of Ukraine's participation in the international organization of monitoring the publicity of the government before the public is analyzed. In particular, the authors analyzed the dynamics of the budget openness index in comparison with other countries and the integrated assessment of budget transparency for the period from 2008 to 2019. In addition, the level of public participation in budget formation at different stages of the budget process was studied. There is a positive trend of improving the level of openness of public authorities in Ukraine in the formation and use of public finances. This, in turn, is part of a global trend. The article presents a description of the main documents that serve as indicators of informing the public about the state of the budget, the level of its implementation, the formation of the budget for future periods and the budget process in general. It is determined that the system of transparent and accessible public accountability for the formation and use of public finances has not been formed yet. The results of the study can be the basis for developing measures to increase the level of transparency of public authorities in Ukraine. According to the study, a high level of transparency becomes the basis for public support for the government, provided that the government does not abuse its powers, or conversely becomes an incentive for active public participation in political and economic life to improve or change government. According to the results of the research, a system of measures of priority importance is proposed.

Impact of vat raise on Russian economy

The entire taxation system works state-wise, being the primary source for the budget formation and treasury replenishment. Value added tax (VAT) plays a major role in the national economy. Thus, any manipulations on the tax will immediately affect the economy. VAT raise will adversely impact the economy and result in curbing the motivation of the society for entrepreneurial activity. Raise in the VAT rate may indirectly affect the collection of personal income taxes (PIT) and excise duties because of the higher pressure on the economy and escalation of inflation, lower effective demand and lower level of consumption due to rising prices. Tax novations may lead to serious consequences: increase in the tax burden, higher prices for the majority of goods and services, lower consumer demand, escalation of inflation, a worse situation in small and medium entrepreneurship, a slowdown in economic growth. Subject of the study is the value added taxation. Goal of the research is to prove the necessity and significance of the VAT hike. Methodology. The VAT rates in 2017 for European countries and Russia and indices of industrial production and business confidence were systematized.