Cost Budget Research Articles

Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Bahagia Market on Kuala Dua Village Subdistrict Sungai Raya

Location of Bahagia Market on K.H. Abdurrahman Wahid streets, Kubu Raya regency. Bahagia Market has been operation for two years but doesn’t have wastewater treatment, the liquid waste product is discharged directly into the waters. The purpose of this plan is to knowing the discharge of wastewater generated, so the treatment is adjusted to the quality of wastewater and the available land area, as well as calculating cost budget. Planning methods is area survey, data collection, waste inventory, sampling, quality analysis, calculation of wastewater discharge, planning of wastewater treatment, and calculation of cost budget. The planning results are Bahagia market has 11 stalls, 64 loss and 43 tables with 3 drains. The liquid of wastewater come from the washing of vegetables, fish, meats, and poultry. BOD, COD, TSS, and ammonia parameters are above quality standards, while total coliform, fat and oil are below quality standards. Wastewater treatment project for the 5 next years starting from 2023 to 2027 with wastewater effluent is 8640 liters/days. Treatment unit use are sump well, bar screen, rotating biological contactor, settling basins, disinfection tub, and sludge drying bed with a land area of 5 m2 and a cost budget of Rp. 69,315,479.

Increasing the supply of health products in underserved regions

We study mechanisms that encourage manufacturers of health products to build production and distribution capacity. This is important for low‐ and middle‐income country (LMIC) markets where ability to pay is lower and demand risks are greater. Development finance institutions and philanthropies are beginning to utilize new instruments to incentivize manufacturers to build production/distribution capacity for LMIC markets. The goal of this paper is to understand the effectiveness of such mechanisms in different settings. We examine four instruments: (1) subsidy proportional to unit sales (sales subsidy), (2) subsidy proportional to unit capacity (variable‐capacity subsidy), (3) subsidy proportional to total capacity investment (total‐capacity subsidy), and (4) a minimum volume guarantee. We analyze incentivized capacity as a function of the social‐investor budget for each instrument. We show how our framework can be used to identify a social investor's preferred instrument given relevant parameter estimates, and we provide insight into the type of settings where a particular instrument dominates. A sales subsidy dominates when ability to pay is very low; a total‐capacity subsidy dominates when ability to pay is low. Outside of these settings, instrument preference is nuanced, though a sales subsidy is dominated by at least one other instrument. When ability to pay is moderate, a variable‐capacity subsidy tends to be preferred under high variable‐capacity cost and high budget, a volume guarantee tends to be preferred under low variable‐capacity cost and high budget, and a total‐capacity subsidy tends to be preferred under low budget.

OP165 Changing Decision Criteria: An Analysis Of Health Technology Assessment Reports To The Brazilian Unified Health System

IntroductionIn Brazil, the National Committee for Health Technology Incorporation of the Brazilian Public Health System (Conitec) defines the criteria for incorporating technologies into the public health system. However, all recommendations are submitted to public consultations to ensure transparency and public participation.Contributions from the public consultation are analyzed and entered into Conitec’s final report and sometimes change the preliminary recommendation.MethodsThis descriptive, retrospective exploratory study aimed to gather qualitative and quantitative data on criteria considered by healthcare decision makers from Conitec and to identify which criteria most changed after reports were submitted to public consultation. Data from 2012 to November 2022 were collected from the Conitec website, entered into a specific extraction form, and analyzed using descriptive statistics.ResultsMedicines (77%) were the most frequently evaluated type of technology, followed by procedures (15%), and products (8%). A total of 763 recommendations were analyzed. Of these, 70 percent did not change the decision criteria from the preliminary to the final published report, 9 percent did change, and 20 percent were simplified analyses of technologies of relevant public interest that were of low cost and low budget impact (these were not submitted to public consultation or public hearing). As pharmaceutical companies usually propose cost reductions or discounts during the Conitec public consultations, most of the recommendations (45%) were modified in the final report, with incremental budgetary reduction being the main criterion. This study identified that most of the changes occurred in neurology and were related to the high incremental budgetary impact of technologies for the care of rare diseases like spinal muscular atrophy.ConclusionsAlthough different criteria are considered for Conitec recommendations, some of these are regarded as crucial for decision-making. Unfortunately, as there is no definition for the weight of each of these criteria, it is difficult to understand their influence on the recommendations made. Therefore, it is crucial to establish standardized criteria for proper decision-making.

EE158 Cost Effectiveness and Budget Impact of Patient Blood Management in a Turkish State Hospital

EE158 Cost Effectiveness and Budget Impact of Patient Blood Management in a Turkish State Hospital

EE218 Budget Impact and Cost Minimization Analysis of Phesgo ® (Trastuzumab + Pertuzumab SC) for the Treatment of HER2+ Breast Cancer in the Chilean Public Health System

EE218 Budget Impact and Cost Minimization Analysis of Phesgo ® (Trastuzumab + Pertuzumab SC) for the Treatment of HER2+ Breast Cancer in the Chilean Public Health System

Analisis Sistem Penyusunan Anggaran Biaya Operasional Pada PT. Sarana Agro Nusantara Guna Menilai Kinerja Keuangan

This research aims to determine the operational cost budget of PT. Sarana Agro Nusantara for the 2018-2021 period. The operational budget is a plan for all company activities to achieve its goals within a certain time period. Every company is always expected to experience times full of uncertainty, which will give rise to problems in choosing from various alternative policies that it will pursue in implementing its business activities. The type of research used in this research is descriptive qualitative research. The data sources used in this research are primary and secondary. The results of this research are that there is a difference between the budget and realization in the 2018-2021 period and there are budget deviations caused by internal and external factors.Keywords : Budget, Operational Costs, Financial Performance

What can be done with today’s budget and demand? Scenarios of rural public transport automation in Mühlwald (South Tyrol)

Rural public transport is typically limited in its coverage, frequency and service period. This is often linked to a low and dispersed demand, which makes the provision of competitive transport services often financially unsustainable. Autonomous vehicles (AVs) might change this condition, allowing for an upgrade of public transport in rural areas. Nevertheless, current studies are mostly focused on urban areas, while the potential for rural applications remains underexplored. This paper contributes to this research line by developing a set of so-called AV scenarios for a potential upgrade of public transport in the rural study area of Mühlwald (South Tyrol, Italy). These scenarios are designed following three core principles. First, line-based and on-demand applications of AVs are not only individually tested, but even combined over space and time in different manners to exploit their synergy. Second, the performances of the scenarios are quantified by assuming the today´s agency cost budget, public-transport demand and peak-hour system capacity to be fixed parameters to comply with. Third, the uncertainties regarding the impacts of AVs on the agency costs are taken into account by defining optimistic, neutral and pessimistic variants of each scenario. Results indicate that the full replacement of current bus lines with a system of on-demand shared taxis might provide the highest performance improvements with the same budget as today, but only with a much bigger fleet. At the same time, the combination of bus lines and on-demand services over time (and space) might provide similarly competitive results while keeping the needed fleet size, service distance and service time relatively low. With this study, policy makers may get insights into the potential improvements of rural public transport that might be initially obtained with different uses of AVs, given a fixed agency cost budget and demand.

STExplorer: A Hierarchical Autonomous Exploration Strategy with Spatio-temporal Awareness for Aerial Robots

The autonomous exploration task we consider requires Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to actively navigate through unknown environments with the goal of fully perceiving and mapping the environments. Some existing exploration strategies suffer from rough cost budgets, ambiguous Information Gain (IG), and unnecessary backtracking exploration caused by Fragmented Regions (FRs). In our work, a hierarchical spatio-temporal-aware exploration framework is proposed to alleviate these problems. At the local exploration level, the Asymmetrical Traveling Salesman Problem (ATSP) is solved by comprehensively considering exploration time, IG, and heading consistency to avoid blindly exploring. Specifically, the exploration time is reasonably budgeted by fast marching in an artificial potential field. Meanwhile, a transformer-based map occupancy predictor is designed to assist in IG calculation by imagining spatial clues out of the Field of View (FoV), facilitating the prescient exploration. We verify that our local exploration is effective in alleviating the unnecessary back-and-forth movements caused by FRs and the interference of potential obstacle occlusion on the IG calculation. At the global exploration level, the classical Next Best View Points (NBVP) are generalized to Next Best Sub-Regions (NBSR) to choose informative sub-regions for further forward-looking exploration based on a well-designed utility function. Safe flight paths and dynamically feasible trajectories are reasonably generated throughout the exploration process by fast marching and B-spline curve optimization. Comparative simulations and benchmark tests demonstrate that our proposed exploration strategy is quite competitive in terms of exploration path length, total exploration time, and exploration ratio.

TEKNIS OPERASIONAL PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH DI DESA NAGRAK DAN DESA CIANGSANA MENUJU TPST 3R

Nagrak and Ciangsana Village located in Gunung Putri Sub-district, Bogor Regency, West Java. The area of Nagrak Village is 5.84 km2 and the area of Ciangsana Village is 8.62 km2. The level of waste service in both villages is 12%, the planned service level target at the end of the planning year 2032 is 100%. This planning data collection uses the SNI 19-3964-1994 method regarding data collection methods in operational technical planning for waste management. Sampling using the stratified random sampling method, the waste generation rate in Nagrak Village and Ciangsana Village is 2 liters/person/day with a total population of 51488 people from the two villages, the waste generation from domestic areas has 54% organic waste and anorganic waste has 46%. The waste generation from Non-domestic areas has 60% organic waste and anorganic waste has 40%. Organic waste is processed with Black Soldier Fly (BSF), anorganic waste is processed with the Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) method at TPST 3R Trisakti. The planning stage consists of short term (2022-2024) medium term (2025-2028) and long term (2029-2032). The cost budget plan includes investment, operational and maintenance costs with a total cost of Rp.59,424,025,515. The selected alternative is alternative I, which has a more economical and affordable cost budget for Nagrak Village and Ciangsana Village.

Comparative analysis of using atezolizumab vs. durvalumab in combination with platinum-containing chemotherapy in adult patients with advanced small cell lung cancer

Background. In recent decades, a course of chemotherapy with etoposide (EP) and platinum preparations (сarboplatinum, CP) has been recommended as a standard first-line treatment option in patients with advanced small cell lung cancer (SCLC), but with the advent of new immunological drugs, immune checkpoint inhibitors, approaches to therapy have changed. Based on randomized clinical trials, courses combining traditional platinum-containing chemotherapy with inhibitors of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) atezolizumab (ATZ) or durvalumab (Durv) have been included in many clinical recommendations for oncologists.Objective: to evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of using ATZ and Durv as first-line therapy in advanced SCLC adult patients within the Russian healthcare system.Material and methods. The model of treatment of advanced SCLC adult patients in conditions of the healthcare system of the Russian Federation included the most popular options for first-line immunochemotherapy: CP/EP + ATZ and CP/EP + Durv courses. Pharmacoeconomic cost-effectiveness analysis, sensitivity analysis of the selected model to changes in its initial parameters, budget impact analysis were carried out.Results. The total medical costs for CP/EP + ATZ course (2,310,546.07 rubles) were significantly lower than for the CP/EP + Durv course (4,081,833.98 rubles). With comparable costs for the treatment of complications (426,175.17 and 407,704.50 rubles, respectively), the cost of Durv exceeded ATZ by 94.8%. When conducting a cost-effectiveness analysis, the advantage was retained by the CP/EP + ATZ course, the cost-effectiveness ratios for which amounted to 187,849.27 rubles per month of patient's life and 444,335.78 rubles per month of patient's life without progression (for CP/EP + Durv, 316,421.24 and 800,359.60 rubles, respectively). When choosing the CP/ET + ATZ strategy, the savings will be 128,571.96 rubles per month of life and 356,023.82 rubles per month of life without progression. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated the stability of the developed model: to increase in the price of the CP/EP + ATZ course up to +68%; to decrease in overall survival with the course of CP/EP + ATZ up to –40%; to decrease in progression-free survival with the course of CP/EP + ATZ to –44%. Budget impact analysis showed that with a possible cohort size of 4,448 people an increase in the proportion of patients receiving CP/EP + ATZ course from 70% to 90% will reduce budget costs by 1,575,737,725.38 rubles per year, which will allow additional treatment of 681.9 advanced SCLC patients per year (+15.3%).Conclusion. The use of ATZ combined with standard platinum-containing chemotherapy in advanced SCLC adult patients as the first-line therapy is clinically and cost-effective strategy within the Russian healthcare system, as it allows to reduce therapy costs compared to Durv and treat more SCLC patients, which fully corresponds to the target indicators of the federal program “Oncology”.

Clinical and economic assessment of feasibility of using quadritherapy in patients with reduced ejection fraction chronic heart failure in medical organizations of the Moscow Region

Objective: assessment of feasibility of using four-component drug therapy for patients with chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (CHFrEF) in medical organizations of the Moscow Region (MR).Material and methods. Clinical and economic analysis of combined standard therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, and mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonists in combination with dapagliflozin (a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2) in the treatment of patients with CHFrEF was carried out. The effectiveness criteria were the number of prevented cardiovascular (CV) deaths and the percentage of the contribution to the achievement of the target indicator to reduce mortality from circulatory diseases within the framework of the regional program “Health care development”. In order to determine the economic feasibility of quadritherapy, direct medical costs for the implemented technology were calculated, the cost of one prevented CV death was determined based on the values of the number needed to treat (NNT) indicator. Budget impact analysis was performed which allowed to build two analytical models. Results. It was shown that the use of quadritherapy can significantly contribute to achieving the target indicator by additionally preventing 512 CV deaths by 2024, which will make it possible to fulfill up to 74.74% of the indicator set by the MR state program “Health care of the Moscow Region” (451.4 persons per 100 thousand population). Using quadruple therapy in 1000 target patients during the first year will prevent 11 CV deaths (NNT 90 persons). The cost of one prevented CV death was 3.860 million rubles. The budget impact analysis made it possible to determine that when CHF patients switch from standard treatment regimens to quadritherapy, including in combination with a drug of the angiotensin/neprilysin receptor inhibitor group (valsartan + sacubitril), this will entail an increase in healthcare system budget costs by 18.8%.Conclusion. The results demonstrate that the standard therapy in combination with the innovative drug dapagliflozin leads to a proven reduction in mortality from circulatory diseases. This technology is a cost-effective approach to organizing medical care for adult patients with CHFrEF on the MR territory.

Analysis of the Structure of the Existing Administration Building into Two Floors at the Class III Naha Airport Operator Unit, Tahuna - North Sulawesi

The administration building is a land-side facility that aims to organize airport administration and also control services in the airport work environment area. The administration building at Naha Airport needs to be expanded to two floors and improvements to the building construction to improve the safety of the building construction and also the safety of workers. There are several things in this planning, one of which is redesigning plates, beams, and columns. From the results of the analysis, the location of the construction of the administration building is in risk category E so that the structural analysis uses the SRPMK (Special Moment Bearing Frame System) method. In planning the building structure, SNI 2847: 2019 concerning reinforced concrete and SNI 1727: 2018 for loading are used. In this final project, the SAP 2000 auxiliary program is used for 3D building modeling, PCAColumn for calculating column interaction diagrams, and Autocad 2018 for reinforcement details. In this final project, the calculation of the Cost Budget Plan is also needed to determine the estimated cost of rebuilding the administration building into two floors. From the structural design results, the dimensions of the main beam (B1 25/40), child beam (B2 15/30), column (K1 25/25) and plate thickness of 12 cm and structural reinforcement details are included in the engineering drawings. In addition, the design control check of the administration building structure based on SNI 1726: 2019 has met the requirements.

ANALYSIS OF TAXIWAY PAVEMENT CONDITIONS WITH THE PAVEMENT CONDITION INDEX (PCI) METHOD AT JUANDA AIRPORT SURABAYA

Surabaya Juanda International Airport experiences an increase in aircraft transportation needs every year, where the increase results in reduced airside facility capabilities. The occurrence of some damage to taxiways N5N and N5S is caused by the temperature of the pavement reaching the soft point, the high groundwater level in the area, and aircraft loads that exceed capacity. This can interfere with flights that are about to take off and need to be analyzed regarding the level of damage and how to repair it. In analyzing damage to taxiway facilities can be planned with the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method to determine the level of damage that occurs and can be used as a reference in maintenance efforts. Pavement maintenance uses guidelines from the regulation of the Director General of Civil Aviation Number: KP 94 of 2015 concerning Operational Technical Guidelines for Civil Aviation Safety Regulations. In analyzing pavement damage in taxiway N5N and N5S using the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method, after obtaining the results of the analysis, then the repair method will be determined in accordance with the results of the analysis. The results of the analysis of Taxiway pavement conditions using the Pavement Condition index (PCI) method in the N5N and N5S taxiway areas at Juanda Airport Surabaya averaged 92.31. While the repair and maintenance methods in taxiway N5N and N5S are Patching and fogsealing. Furthermore, the estimated cost of the cost budget plan (RAB) for repairing damage with the patching and fog sealing method is IDR 13,918,200.00.

PAVEMENT PLANNING OF ACCESS ROAD FOR DPPU PERTAMINA VEHICLES FROM THE POST TO THE APRON AT H. HASAN AROEBOESMAN ENDE AIRPORT

H. Hasan Aroeboesman Ende Airport is in Tetandara village, South Ende sub-district, Ende Regency, East Nusa Tengara Province. One of the facilities at H. Hasan Aroeboesman Ende Airport is Pertamina's DPPU. Currently, the access road for DPPU vehicles is not suitable for use and does not have pavement. This access road is 90m long and 4m wide, until now Pertamina's DPPU vehicles going to the apron still pass through the runway. The method used in the Pertamina DPPU Vehicle Access Road Planning is the component analysis method to determine the thickness of the layer to be used. While the determination of the budget plan uses the reference Unit Price Analysis of East Nusa Tenggara Province in 2023. Based on the calculation results of the component analysis method, the thickness of the road surface planned for Pertamina DPPU vehicles is 40 cm, the thickness of the surface layer is 5 cm, the top layer is 15 cm, and the bottom layer is 20cm. Based on the regulations contained in SKEP 347 of 1999, the calculation of the thickness of the pavement is selected in accordance with the regulations. then for the total Budget Cost required for the planning work of the Pertamina DPPU vehicle access road is Rp 190,000,000 (spelled out: one hundred ninety million rupiah).

A Deadline-Budget Constrained Task Admission Control for a Software-as-a-Service Provider in Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is a pay-as-you-go model that provides users with on-demand access to services or computing resources. It is a challenging issue to maximize the service provider's profit and, on the other hand, meet the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of users. Therefore, this paper proposes an admission control heuristic (ACH) approach that selects or rejects the requests based on budget, deadline, and penalty cost, i.e., those given by the user. Then a service level agreement (SLA) is created for each selected request. The proposed work uses Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and the Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) to schedule the selected requests under budget and deadline constraints. Performances of PSO and SSA with and without ACH are evaluated and compared using CloudSim. The simulation results prove that admission control maximizes profit by minimizing the number of task rejections and SLA violations. It also improves resource utilization while balancing makespan.

Revisiting Early Fiscal Centralisation in the European Coal and Steel Community in Light of the EU’s Transfer Budget

The last few years have resulted in substantial changes for the EU’s fiscal powers, primarily through the introduction of the Next Generation EU funds. This article argues that the assessment of these developments as federalisation processes is based upon a central misunderstanding of the EU budget as a public goods budget in a federal state. The EU is a compound polity comprising of mature states, and its budget may be termed a “transfer budget,” which allows member states to predict budgetary costs and benefits. To understand the transfer-oriented nature of the budget, this article adopts a historical institutionalist lens. Revisiting the fiscal centralisation in the European Coal and Steel Community allows us to understand how the six delegations agreed to combine economic and social aims in this budget, which was intended to serve the European Coal and Steel Community with similar elements to a public goods budget. Revenue consisted of debts and a levy on coal and steel produce, whereas expenditure ranged from investments to payments to individual workers. The Treaty of Rome, with its anti-supranational basis, triggered a critical juncture in Europe’s budgetary history: Since 1957, a transfer budget evolved. Revisiting the European Coal and Steel Community budget system allows us to understand the fiscal federal appearance of the Next Generation EU funds: While the EU makes new attempts to use its budget for the provision of common goods, its functions are limited by the institutional structure of the transfer budget.

Governance Strategies in Underwater Inspection State-Owned Enterprises: A Study on the Implementation of Public-Private Partnerships (PPP)

This article aims to analyze the need to conduct underwater inspection at a State-Owned Enterprise (SOE) using the application of the Public Private Partnership (PPP) concept. However, until now, the SOE still uses the services of a third party to fulfill this need. The use of third-party services impacts the high allocation of the SOE's operational budget for underwater inspection costs. This study uses qualitative research methods with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, literature studies, and field observations from January to August 2023. This study's results show that applying the four dimensions of PPP - identify key stakeholders, identify stakeholder needs, address stakeholder needs, and evaluate performance - is appropriate for the governance of underwater inspection implementation. The recommendation for the next governance strategy is to implement acquisition as a follow-up to the PPP concept.

Research on construction project cost budget and cost control based on matrix model

Abstract In this paper, based on the matrix model to count the number of elements and judge the symmetry of matrix elements, the nearest neighbor space in high-dimensional space is converted into a symmetry matrix. The boundary extraction is discretized and iterated repeatedly until the fitness satisfies the final condition. The genetic algorithm finds the optimal solution, which is transformed into the fitness function, and the system reliability constraints are processed to solve the cost control problem. According to the results, the cost control cost of the construction project is reduced by 10% based on the matrix model. It shows that the proposed model can promptly solve the existing project cost over-budget situation, which makes the enterprise obtain more economic benefits and enhance the market’s competitiveness.

DigitEZ: Blockchain-based Business Permit using Smart Contracts for the Municipality of Murcia

As technology evolves, government document permits must practice the necessity to adapt to a rapidly changing reality. Government requirements are now being made online, an easy way to catch up on any activity and transaction. Modern Technology continues its rapid development, affecting all aspects of life, but most importantly, it affects the security of a process. The primary purpose of this study was to develop a Blockchain-based Business Permit that helps government officials improve their safety and processing of any permits, like preventing falsification and forgery that may occur at times. This specific type of shared database stores data in cryptographically linked blocks to create an immutable and open ledger. The system may provide a tamper-proof and auditable record of permit-related transactions, lowering the possibility of document fabrication and illegal revisions. The main feature of this system is securing all the information and requirements to ensure that all are complete and correct data. The researchers used the Agile Model to develop the plan to help the beneficiaries understand the specification of features, requirements, functionalities, and network architectures. The estimated budget cost for the software development is Php135,000.00 for 8 to 12 working months.

Technical and Economic Review of Biogas Utilization from Traditional Market Organic Waste

This research is a continuation of previous research, namely the Study of the Potential of Gorontalo City Central Market Organic Waste as Raw Material for Biogas Reactors which was completed in 2023 and has produced characteristics of organic waste generation at the Central Market of Gorontalo City. As a continuation of previous research, this research will try to design a Biogas Reactor by utilizing organic waste at the Central Market of Gorontalo City as a traditional market which produces waste every day and is a problem for the city government. The materials used in writing this article are based on the results of research carried out by the author in 2023 from other selected articles related to the use of organic waste as an energy source through the fermentation process in a biogas reactor (digester). From the technical aspect, the research has succeeded in designing a fixed dome type biogas reactor, reactor volume 15.3 m3 with reinforced concrete construction complete with a cost budget and detailed drawings for its construction. Meanwhile, from an economic aspect, an economic analysis has been carried out and it can be concluded that investment with initial capital of Rp. 78,793,000, economically feasible as indicated by the parameters NPV > 0, IRR (22.22%) > MARR (10.07%), B/C Ratio 2.0 times, and Payment Period 12 years 0 months.