Buddhist Teachings Research Articles

온라인 불교교육에 대한 학습자 요구도 분석: FGI를 중심으로

The purpose of this study is to examine learners’ needs related to online Buddhist education. For this purpose, focus group interviews were conducted and analyzed with seven learners who participated in online Buddhist education. Learners’ needs related to online Buddhist education were centered around ‘motivation to use online Buddhist education,’ ‘experience of participating in online Buddhist education,’ and ‘support needed to increase the field usability of online Buddhist education.’ From the ‘motivation for using online Buddhist education’, ‘desire to study Buddhism’, ‘acquiring psychological stability’, ‘communication with believers’, ‘desire to live a spiritual life’, and ‘strengthening accessibility to Buddhist content through non-face-to-face’ were derived. From the ‘experience of participating in online Buddhist education’, ‘various teaching methods through online’, ‘use of various class contents’, ‘progress-oriented classes’, ‘specific classes’, and ‘communication in non-face-to-face classes’ were derived. From ‘Support needed to increase field usability of online Buddhist education’ to ‘Need to improve system for non-face-to-face classes’, ‘Development of highly attractive non-face-to-face content’, ‘Development of communicative small group activity classes’, ‘Instructors and learners’ ‘Strengthening communication among students’, ‘Need to systematize non-face-to-face Buddhist curriculum’, ‘Need to evaluate online classes’, and ‘Need to consider non-face-to-face counseling’ were identified. This study is significant in that it contributed to deriving directions for the composition, content, and methods of online Buddhist education and diversifying Buddhism-related research methods by conducting a needs analysis of learners.

BUDDHIST EDUCATION SYSTEM IN ANCIENT INDIA: AN INTRODUCTION

Education in ancient India touched a high level of development both in the sphere of organised and unorganized sectors and provided water and manure to Indian knowledge traditions. Now ancient education system and culture is not only history but also became a reality through the adoption of its several features in National Education Policy 2020. The present essay will introduce the Buddhist education system and associated institutional culture in detail with its important features. It should be noted with emphasis that the structure of ancient Indian education primarily materialized from religions like Brāhmaṇism, Jainism and Buddhism. Especially in the process of consolidation and expansion religions like Brāhmaṇism and Buddhism played vital roles in creating, preserving and transmitting Indian knowledge through its gurukulas and mahāvihāras. The chapter will focus on Buddhist monasteries, which represent the beginning of the second stage of growth i.e. organised instruction in ancient India. Ancient Indian monasteries like Nālandā, Vikramaśīlā, Valabhī and Odantapurī were both a centre of Buddhism and the world-famous institution of learning. The organised and unorganised stages went on parallel and interacted with each other. Altogether the pre-modern Indian education became the world’s pinnacle with creation, preservation and transmission of the latest knowledge in both secular and religious subjects.

Pyrrho’s Buddha on Duḥkha and the Liberation from Views

Abstract This article presents a rereading of Buddhist scriptures from the Pāli Nikāyas in the light of Christopher Beckwith’s 2015 theory that Pyrrho professed early Buddhist ideas. This changes, above all, how we read one of the central terms in Buddhism, dukkha/duḥkha (usually “suffering,” now “unreliable” or “precarious”). I argue that many scriptures make better sense with Pyrrho’s reading and, moreover, that it reveals a depth of wisdom in many otherwise obscure passages in early Buddhist teachings. Through an exploratory, hermeneutic method, the article suggests a reconceptualization of Buddhist scriptures and philosophy in the light of Pyrrho.

PEMAKNAAN UMAT BUDDHA VIHARA LALITAVISTARA TERHADAP ALAM SUKHAVATI


 Abstract
 Lalitavistara Temple is a Mahayana temple of Maszab Sukhavati, the Buddhists of the temple really glorify Amitaba Buddha and some call it Amitayus Buddha. Devotees who praise Amitaba Buddha have the belief that after death they will be reborn in Sukhavati. In the Sukhavati Maszab teachings by reciting Amitaba Buddha's name, whatever you want will be achieved. Sukhavati is a plane of existence outside the cycle of the 31 planes of existence known to Buddhists. This realm is far from the human realm inhabited by the followers of Amitaba Buddha. Beings in Sukhavati are constantly training themselves and practicing Amitaba Buddha's teachings to achieve eternal happiness (Nirvana)
 This research is a descriptive qualitative research. So that the data obtained are satisfactory, the authors carry out observations, interviews, and documentation so that the data obtained are accurate. The researcher also sought information from other secondary sources such as articles and books related to Sukhavati.
 The results of research conducted at Lalitavistara Temple in Jakarta on Buddhist understanding of the Sukhavati realm are that some people think that the realm of Sukhavati is the same as the heaven realm inhabited by the gods, there are some who say that Sukhavati is a realm inhabited by Bodhisattvas who glorify Amitaba Buddha. , and some say that Sukhavati is a heaven in the west. Next the devotees explain that to attain Sukhavati is by doing good, developing prajna, and praising Amitaba Buddha.
 Keywords: Sukhavati, Mahayana School, Buddha Dharma.

MEMAHAMI KONSEP MEDITASI DALAM KAJIAN SUTTA-SUTTA DALAM SUTTAPIṬAKA

This article aims to explain the understanding of meditation, which is useful for achieving a state of perfect mental health, peace and tranquility. This is because not all have a complete understanding of meditation, on the contrary, the diversity of types of meditation has resulted in many perspectives on meditation, some of which are contrary to Buddhist teachings, such as meditation to gain wealth, attractive appearance, or supernatural powers. This research uses literature and literature review methods. Literature review with reference review, review of literature publications by previous researchers related to the topic to be researched. The author not only collects theories but various reference sources including journals, Buddhist scriptures and books. From the literature search, the discussion includes: types of meditation to train the mind, conditions that support meditation, the benefits of meditation, samatha bhavana and vipassana bhavana meditation practice, and also current meditation practices, as well as the implications of meditation practice for householders in everyday life as more and more the urgent need to be able to organize oneself better in facing various roles in the family, work and environment.

Buddhist Community Empowerment in Health

Empowering Buddhist communities in the health sector includes a series of concepts, views, and practices that integrate Buddhist religious values with health aspects. The concept of health empowerment, as the main foundation, provides a philosophical basis for efforts to improve the welfare of Buddhist communities. Furthermore, the Buddhist concept of health introduces a holistic view that includes physical, mental, and spiritual aspects as interrelated elements in achieving optimal health. The Buddhist approach to health emphasizes the principles of morality, awareness, and wisdom in maintaining a balanced life. Health science according to Buddhism provides an in-depth knowledge base regarding the relationship between mind and body, as well as ways to maintain overall health. Empowering herbal plants for health is one of the real implementations through exploring the potential of plants as a source of natural medicine. Mental health aspects from a Buddhist perspective are the main focus of community empowerment efforts. By adopting meditation practices and understanding the concept of dukkha (dissatisfaction), Buddhist communities can manage stress and improve their mental well-being. Apart from that, the development of health sciences also raises ethical controversies that need to be accommodated through a Buddhist perspective, integrating advances in science with the moral values believed in by the Buddhist community. Strengthening public health from a Buddhist perspective encourages active community participation in maintaining and improving collective health. By understanding and applying Buddhist teachings, people can form a proactive mindset towards health, build solidarity, and realize shared prosperity. Empowering the Buddhist community in the health sector is a vehicle for implementing religious values in improving the overall quality of life.

Good Governance Principles in Buddhism for Business and Politics Administration

The objectives of this research were: 1) to study the principles of good governance in accordance with the rules and regulations of the office of the Thai Prime Minister; 2) to analyze Buddhist teachings related to the principles of good governance; and 3) to analyze the benefits of good governance principles in Buddhism for business and politics administration. This is a qualitative research. The researchers have studied and discovered the principles of good governance from Buddhist texts, books, documents, journals and related researches. The data were analyzed, discussed and presented in descriptive details along with analysis and recommendation per each aspect. The results of the research were found that: 1. The principles of good governance comprised of 6 important components: 1) Rule of law: enacting law, rule and regulation which are update, fair and just to everyone with equal implementation without discrimination. 2) Merit: praising virtue and merit; adhering to the rightness and goodness; and encouraging government officials and people to have honesty, sincerity, diligence, patience, discipline, and perform trustworthy occupations and professions. 3) Transparency: creating trust among each other by improving working mechanism of each person and organization to be transparent by revealing information straightforwardly, and providing ease to people in accessing the information. 4) Participation: Providing opportunities to people to participate, express ideas, set up plan and policy, and make decision on important issues. 5) Accountability: paying attention to public problems; placing importance on right, duty and social responsibility as well as having braveness to accept the results of his or her own conduct. 6) Economy: using limited resources for the great benefits; encouraging people not to spend luxurious life, and knowing to save and use resources worthily. 2. The principles of good governance in Buddhism can be presented as follows: 1) Rule of law: The Buddha enacted discipline with equity and fairness without discrimination; all Buddhist people have to practice in the same rule and discipline equally. 2) Merit: Buddhism praises merit and virtue more than other things. There are many Buddhist teachings related to good governance which can be presented as Dasarajadhamma or the tenfold code of the king or virtues of the ruler. 3) Transparency: Buddhism encourages Buddhist people to practice in the rule and discipline to be transparent by having good conduct in action, good conduct in word, and good conduct in thought. 4) Participation: Buddhism places great importance on participation; this can be seen in Aparihaniyadhamma, which means the principles leading never to decline but only to prosperity. 5) Accountability: Buddhism teaches that everyone is born with duty and responsibility to themselves, to their relatives and society; everyone has to be responsible for his or her own conduct. 6) Economy: Buddhism teaches people to use resources with saving and worthiness such as the principle of moderation (Mattannuta) which suggests people to have moderation, temperance, and sense of proportion in spending resources. 3. Good governance principles in Buddhism have great benefits for business and politics administration as follows: in terms of governance, good governance principles in Buddhism can help to improve the governance to have good discipline and regularity, eliminate misconduct and corruption. In terms of economy, good governance principles in Buddhism can generate fairness and equity in carrying on an occupation, and improve right and freedom in doing business with knowledge and capability. In terms of society, good governance principles in Buddhism can support and encourage the society to live with happiness and peace, create social equity and integrity, improve human right, and build society to have harmony and unity.

Internalisasi Wawasan Kebangsaan Dalam Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Buddha Dan Budi Pekerti (Studi Fenomenologi Pada Peserta Didik Kelas Ix Di Sekolah Menengah Pertama Swasta (SMPS)

The problem raised in this study is that the internalization of nationalism in Buddhist Religious Education Subjects is unknown. The purpose of this study is to describe the internalization of nationalism insights in Buddhist Religious Education Subjects. This research uses a qualitative approach with phenomenological method. The informants in this study were principals, educators, and 9th grade students of SMPS Perguruan Buddhi Tangerang in the 2022/2023 school year. The data collection techniques used in this study were observation, interview, and documentation. The data analysis technique used in this research is the data analysis technique model of M.B. Miles, A.M. Huberman, and Johny Saldaña (1994). The results in this study show that the internalization of nationalistic insight is defined as a process of stages or series in the introduction, planting, coaching, and strengthening in a sustainable and in-depth information, messages, and noble values concerning nationalism. Teaching materials on nationalistic insight in Buddhist Religious Education subjects are sourced from the Dhammapada book, Paritta book, and Buddhist Religious Education book class IX. The cultivation of knowledge about national insight that has been carried out by educators is by showing politeness, giving greetings to each other at holiday celebrations, greetings of anjali attitude and Namo Buddhaya. Efforts to internalize national insight in Buddhist Education subjects carried out by educators are by introducing, instilling, guiding and strengthening the noble values of Dhamma that are in line with national insight. The practice or example done by educators and students in internalizing national insight is by practicing the rules of school discipline, ethics, and norms in the practice of national insight both in the classroom, cetiya, and outside the classroomThe problem raised in this study is that the internalization of nationalism in Buddhist Religious Education Subjects is unknown. The purpose of this study is to describe the internalization of nationalism insights in Buddhist Religious Education Subjects. This research uses a qualitative approach with phenomenological method. The informants in this study were principals, educators, and 9th grade students of SMPS Perguruan Buddhi Tangerang in the 2022/2023 school year. The data collection techniques used in this study were observation, interview, and documentation. The data analysis technique used in this research is the data analysis technique model of M.B. Miles, A.M. Huberman, and Johny Saldaña (1994). The results in this study show that the internalization of nationalistic insight is defined as a process of stages or series in the introduction, planting, coaching, and strengthening in a sustainable and in-depth information, messages, and noble values concerning nationalism. Teaching materials on nationalistic insight in Buddhist Religious Education subjects are sourced from the Dhammapada book, Paritta book, and Buddhist Religious Education book class IX. The cultivation of knowledge about national insight that has been carried out by educators is by showing politeness, giving greetings to each other at holiday celebrations, greetings of anjali attitude and Namo Buddhaya. Efforts to internalize national insight in Buddhist Education subjects carried out by educators are by introducing, instilling, guiding and strengthening the noble values of Dhamma that are in line with national insight. The practice or example done by educators and students in internalizing national insight is by practicing the rules of school discipline, ethics, and norms in the practice of national insight both in the classroom, cetiya, and outside the classroom

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Armenian religious thought has conducted little research related to Buddhism. In existing studies, the teachings and religious practice of Buddhism are not fully represented. The features and ideological foundations of Buddhist religious practice are presented within the framework of the article. The main methodological approach is that in a comprehensive and systematic analysis of Buddhism, it is essential to consider the religious-philosophical and worldview approaches that have become the basis of Buddhist teachings and have evolved into religious practice. In general, Buddhist religious practice has a more emphasized cultic nature, with doctrinal aspects sometimes taking a back seat. Dogmatics is replaced by the concept of "dharma", the full description of which is one of the most complex phenomena in Buddhism. Within the framework of the article, we consider the concept of dharma as Buddha’s doctrine. This approach allows dharma to be studied in the context of the Buddhist religious system, emphasizing its religious and behavioural significance. "Dharma" is a collection of ideas, views, and beliefs followed and believed by an ordinary Buddhist. It represents the Buddhist worldview, rooted in the Four Noble Truths formulated by Buddha. Typically, each branch or school of Buddhism offers its interpretation of Buddha's teachings, professing its own version of Buddhism. Nevertheless, there are certain principles, approaches, and ideas that are present in one form or another across all branches of Buddhism. Among these, the teaching of the Four Noble Truths stands out, serving as the foundation of Buddhist religious practice. Thus, the religious practice of Buddhism is primarily based on the teachings of the Four Noble Truths. The ideological foundation of this doctrine draws from ancient Indian religious and philosophical perspectives on the world, the universe, human beings, life, death, eternal life, and more. Buddha also relies upon ancient Indian concepts of samsara and karma, introducing entirely new solutions through the Four Noble Truths regarding suffering, its causes and end, as well as liberation and salvation from suffering. The ultimate goal in Buddhist teachings is the attainment of nirvana, which becomes the central objective of Buddhist practice. The awareness, understanding, and practical application of the Four Noble Truths are fundamental features of Buddhism. This is why Buddhism can be regarded as a doctrine of the path to salvation

Notes on the Fo yi jing 佛醫經 T793


 
 
 The Fo yi jing 佛醫經 T793, a short text, discusses physical and mental health, presenting its content as the teachings of the Buddha. The Taishō presents the text as translated by Zhu Lüyan 竺律炎 and Zhi Qian 支謙 . We survey bibliographic records to propose that this attribution is unreliable. Using computer assisted analysis, we locate passages in the text possibly borrowed from early Chinese sources, among them most notably An Shigao’s 安世高 Jiu heng jing 九橫經 T150A(31) . These findings indicate that T793 was probably compiled in China on the basis of various sources. We also find that some basic early Buddhist teachings, such as the four nutriments (āhāra) and rules regarding the eating of meat, are misunderstood or misrepresented in T793 . Taking into account some terms and phrases in T793 that occur more frequently in translations in the Western Jin period, we suggest that T793 is likely a compilation made between the late third and early fourth centuries. It is thus probably one of the earliest extant Chinese compositions of this kind.
 
 

Unveiling Hangzhou’s Intellectual Legacy: Chinese Buddhist Reference Works and Knowledge Production in the Song and Beyond

This article explores Hangzhou’s multifaceted role in shaping Chinese Buddhist culture and contributing to knowledge production. As a vital hub of Chinese material and intellectual culture, Hangzhou’s significant contributions to Buddhism are emphasized, shedding light on its key role in disseminating Buddhist teachings and preserving knowledge. The study delves into the rich history of Buddhist reference works, particularly leishu, showcasing how these compilations were pivotal in organizing and transmitting Buddhist wisdom. The article connects Hangzhou’s intellectual legacy to the broader context of Chinese Buddhism, emphasizing its crucial position in the development and dissemination of Buddhist doctrines. Additionally, it highlights ongoing academic efforts to compile an Encyclopedia of Hangzhou Buddhist Culture, underscoring Hangzhou’s continued importance in contemporary Buddhist scholarship.

Ойратский текст дхарани-сутры Ганапати

Introduction. The tradition of worshiping Ganapati in Buddhism, including in religious traditions of Mongols, is an interesting — though understudied — issue. In Hinduism, this ancient deity was believed an evil demon (Vinayaka) inclined to create obstacles. Subsequently, when included in the Buddhist pantheon, its tantric forms became widespread enough in Tibet and Mongolia. In Buddhist teachings, Ganapati is seen as an emanation of Avalokiteshvara, and in some of its forms is associated with Chakrasamvara and Tara, hence having little in common with the Hindu Ganesha, the son of Parvati and Shiva, the Lord of the Ganas. The cult of Ganapati in Buddhist countries shows how the ancient deity of Hinduism had lost its original essence — to become an organic part of the Buddhist tantric tradition. Goals. The paper aims to introduce Oirat texts of the Ganapati Dharani Sutra. Materials and methods. Collections of Mongolian manuscripts in Russia and other countries contain a total of seven dharani sutras in the Oirat Clear Script. The study focuses on a Kalmyk manuscript from the Saxon State and University Library Dresden (Mongolian Collection) and a manuscript from the Mongolian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Language and Literature, Oirat Collection). The work employs textual research methods and tools of comparative historical analysis. Results. Some manuscripts in the Clear Script are literary works of minimal size that include two parts — Dharani Sutra of Lord Ganapati (Oir. Xutuqtu čuulγani ezen kemēküyin toqtōl) and Collected Dharanis of the Five Chapters of Pancharaksha (Oir. Pañcaragšyin tabun bölögiyin xurangyui). The combination of the two texts in a single work makes it possible to assume the worshipping practice of Ganapati be somewhat tied to that of the five Pancharaksha protector goddesses. In Buddhism, the Ganapati Dharani Sutra is recited for various purposes, such as welfare, virtuous reincarnation, new knowledge, and spiritual progress. Conclusions. Texts of the Ganapati Dharani Sutra and various iconographic images (forms) are integral to tantric practices believed instrumental in acquiring, cognizing and organizing new knowledge, thus forming milestone spiritual experiences on the path towards the ultimate goal of Buddhists.

The Linguistic Characteristics of Perception Verbs in Conveying Buddhist Teachings

This study aims to analyze the linguistic characteristics of perception verbs used in conveying Buddhist teachings by using Lakoff and Johnson's (1980) conceptual metaphor theory and Fillmore's (1982) frame semantics as the theoretical foundation, this study examines the language properties of perception verbs employed in Buddhist teachings. Concrete, corporeal experiences conveyed metaphorically by perception verbs enable the understanding of abstract spiritual notions through conceptual metaphors. Frame semantics highlights how the cultural background and contextual backdrop surrounding Buddhist speech inform the rich semantic meaning of these verbs. Utilizing a qualitative methodology, the study applies content analysis and NVivo 14 software to examine a corpus of 15 Buddhist scriptures, sermons, and teachings. In order to shed light on how perception verb usage contributes to the understanding of complex Buddhist concepts, the goals are to reveal the semantic frames and metaphorical mappings connected to them. The research also examines how culture may have influenced the understanding of these verbs in this religious context. The research, through the integration of theoretical frameworks and meticulous qualitative techniques, provides valuable perspectives on the relationship between language, embodied cognition, and spiritual comprehension as expressed by perception verbs in Buddhist teachings.

Гневные божества «докшиты» в ранних песнях-шастрах монголоязычных народов

This article focuses on the early shastra songs of the Mongol-speaking peoples, offering insights into the wrathful deities referred to as “dokshita” in the Buddhist pantheon. Shastras are songs with spiritual content dedicated to the praise of the Teachings of Buddha, deities, clergy, Buddhist monasteries, pilgrimages, and similar themes. This study does not address the question of the origin of the wrathful deities. The author adheres to the assumption that Mongolian peoples borrowed them from Tibetan Buddhism. Archival and published materials serve as the source base for the study. A comprehensive characterization of the “dokshita” found in the early records of the shastra songs of the Mongol-speaking peoples is conducted using a descriptive method. Consideration is given to the etymology of the phrase “shastir duu.” A review of the sources with early texts of shastra songs of Mongolian-speaking peoples is presented. The history of the spread of Buddhism among Mongols, Buryats, and Oirats (Kalmyks) is examined. Six wrathful deities of the “dokshita,” namely Mahakala, Yamantaka, Hayagriva, Damdin Dorlik, Vajrapani, and Okon Tengri, are identified and described. For that purpose, folklore, lexicographical, and ethnographic materials, as well as Buddhist sutras and ritual texts, are examined. The analysis of song texts complements and expands the knowledge about “dokshita,” including their functions, appearance, location, attributes, mounts, and others. The present article makes a valuable contribution to the existing research on the characters of the Buddhist pantheon, both in Russia and abroad.

Tuvan Composer Ayana Oyun (Creative Portrait)

Among the modern composers of Tuva, the personality and work of Ayana Oyun are covered little of musicology. The main stages of the composer’s creative biography are noted related to studying at Republican School of Arts and Kyzyl College of Arts, receiving a specialized education at Krasnoyarsk State Academy of Music and Theater, Mikhail Glinka Novosibirsk State Conservatory, as well as additional education at St. Petersburg Theatre Arts Academy. The composer’s creative portfolio is surveyed, providing an analysis of one of the illustrative works — the Piano Quintet. The periodization of creativity works correlates with her education in different universities in Russia and with a change in genre preferences. Thus, during the years of study at Krasnoyarsk Academy of Music and Theater (2001–2007), works of chamber genres were predominated, including the being analyzed Piano Quintet. The return to her native Tyva is marked by the formation of an original author’s style. During these years, interest in theatrical music was shown, and a number of performances with music by Ayana Oyun were staged. During the years of study in St. Petersburg (2013–2018), several musical fairy tales were created and staged: Don’t Fly Away!, Mary Poppins and Her Friends, Khorloo (Wheel). Music appeared for a number of performances at the National Theatre as well. The composer’s contribution to the development of musical theater in Tuva and the revival of the first national opera, Chechen and Belekmaa, by Rostislav Kendenbil are noted. Ayana Oyun is a rare case of a successful combination of a composer and a theater director in one person; her personality is distinguished by deep reverence and adherence to the traditions and practices of Buddhist teaching, striving for constant self-improvement, expansion of professional and spiritual horizons.

Key leaders' sustainable decision making: The roles of key leaders' sustainability mindset

AbstractIn order to achieve a competitive advantage in the market, enhance a positive brand reputation, and respond to consumers' requirement, organizations' key leaders may have to make sustainable decisions for the sake of the environment, the society and the organization simultaneously. In this study, Buddhism and compassion are proposed to extend the sustainability mindset framework in understanding key leaders' sustainable decision making to achieve a balance between concerns for environmental, societal, and economic outcomes. Data from a survey of 142 key leaders who are business owners, entrepreneurs, and managers in SMEs and startups in Vietnam provide evidence that Buddhist teaching and lifestyles are important predictors of key leaders' sustainable decision making through the mediator of compassion. Furthermore, the study also revealed that Buddhism positively and significantly influences compassion. This research, thus, makes contribution to the extant literature regarding factors influencing key leaders' sustainable decision making. Practical implications are also discussed.

Atmospheric Buddhism: How Buddhism is Distributed, Felt, and Moralized in a Repressive Society

ABSTRACTA growing number of lay Buddhist practitioners have sought out alternative ways to incorporate Buddhist teachings in their daily practices and make positive changes in society by “doing good” for others. Sometimes recognized as part of “humanistic Buddhism,” this approach emphasizes general morality and focuses on people who need help as a way to fulfill Buddhist teachings in this world. Some Chinese Buddhist practitioners who follow the Tibetan Buddhist tradition also carry out similar humanistic engagements but use more subtle space‐making processes and often “brand” these as Buddhist practices. Drawing on the ethnographic observations of lay Buddhist practitioners in urban China, this article examines how urban practitioners promote (middle‐class) morality and well‐being lifestyles through what I call “atmospheric Buddhism.” Ultimately, the article argues that an alternative mode of Buddhist practice is emerging in Chinese urban environments in order to cope with politically constrained environments.

Interactive Multimedia Based on Android Applications: Development of Learning Media for Non-Formal Schools

Learning media encourages learning. Limitations of learning media in Buddhist education in Sunday schools give impetus to researchers to develop multimedia to develop appropriate media. This research aims to build Android application-based learning media on the material of puja facilities and infrastructure in Buddhism. A Multimedia set is expected to be able to provide good results in learning. This approach uses research and development methods to develop Android-based Multimedia as a learning medium for Buddhist Sunday Schools in Pesawaran Regency. The study population was 144, with a sample of 21 learners. The development flow refers to the Bord and Gall development steps. The data analysis technique used is descriptive percentages to determine the questionnaire's validity and reliability and evaluate the product's effectiveness—assessment of product trials tested to media experts, material experts, and teacher and student users. The results showed that Android-based Multimedia had passed validation and operational tests with reasonable criteria, and the effects of field tests showed a significant difference between the average scores before and after using the application. Therefore, the application developed can be an effective learning medium for Buddhist Sunday Schools.

The Philosophy of Schopenhauer in the “Philosophical Notebooks” of B. D. Dandaron

This article presents a previously unpublished manuscript of a lecture on Schopenhauer's philosophy from archival materials of the famous Russian Buddhist scholar and Buddhist teacher B.D. Dandaron (1914–1974). It is part of a series of texts containing notes from lectures and books, his own notes as well as translations that are referred to as his “philosophical notebooks.” They date from 1953-1954, the time when B.D. Dandaron was in a Gulag camp in Taishet (Irkutsk region). This text is part of the materials of a philosophical seminar held by prisoners in their free time from work. The active participants of the seminar were B.D. Dandaron and V.E. Sesemann (1884-1963), a historian of philosophy, follower and colleague of L.P. Karsavin in the Eurasian movement. Sesemann was known for his work in Kantian philosophy and aesthetics. The manuscript argues that Schopenhauer's philosophy represents a unique attempt to combine Kant's epistemology with the ethics and metaphysics of Buddhism. The author notes that an attempt to synthesize such disparate principles should have led to significant intentional reinterpretations of these two very different systems of thought. The content of the work is to determine what new elements Schopenhauer (who considered himself a follower of Kant) introduced into Kant’s philosophy, on the one hand; and the fundamental differences between his philosophy and the teachings of Buddhism, on the other. The text will be of interest both to researchers of V.E. Sesemann (as the probable author or co-author of the work) and B.D. Dandaron. It allows us to understand the philosophical background of the religious and philosophical teaching of neo-Buddhism that they created, which had a great influence on the revival of Buddhism in Russia in the second half of the twentieth century.

Analisis Nilai-Nilai Karakter Dalam Kacchapa Jātaka Untuk Pendidikan Buddhis

This study aims to describe the characters that appear in the Kacchapa Jātaka (178), Kacchapa Jātaka (215), and Kacchapa Jātaka (273) in Buddhist education. This type of research is a type of library research or often referred to as literature study, which is based on the study and analysis of textbooks. The data related to this study were collected through literature study, the data analysis process began by first sorting out all the data obtained and developing it into a study. The data collected will be analyzed by reading the literature crisis related to the Kacchapa Jātaka (178); the Kacchapa Jātaka (215); and the Kacchapa Jātaka (273). The results of this study draw the following conclusions: one of the goals of education is to internalize values emphasized in spiritual ethics which are reflected in everyday attitudes. Kacchapa Jātaka as a learning medium can be an alternative means of character building for students. Students do not feel pressured by the process of instilling values which are usually indoctrinating about a particular teaching. Through Kacchapa Jātaka students feel comfortable because the process of cultivating character values is fun.