Bucket Size Research Articles

Kemampuan Tumbuhan Typha Angustifolia Dalam Sistem Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland Untuk Pengolahan Limbah Cair Industri Kerupuk (Studi Kasus Limbah Cair Sentra Industri Kerupuk Desa Kenanga Kecamatan Sindang Kabupaten Indramayu Jawa Barat)

Industrial crackers centers at Kenanga Village has been able to lift the local economy,but that has been polluting the surrounding surface water contamination caused by wastewater discharged directly without any treatment in advance so that the water is black and smells foul . Therefore, the need of alternative wastewater treatment and in the study conducted by the artificial wetlands (constructed wetland) system Sub - surface Flow vertical flow with Typha angustifolia plant and use a medium sized sand 1 mm - 5 mm were previously washed first with media thickness of 30 cm and then operated intermittently using a peristaltic pump 6 times a day with the design of constructed wetlands construction made of wood coated with plastic and reactor dimensions 90 cm x 45 cm x 50 cm . As for the control (no treatment) using use the bucket size diameter 40 cm and height of 20 cm. This study aims to determine the ability of Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland with Typha angustifolia plants in lowering the concentration of TSS , BOD5 , COD , ammonia (NH3 – N) and sulfide (H2S) at 5,10 and 15 days of processing . The results showed a decrease in the concentration efficiency at consecutive time 5 , 10 and 15 days in Subsurface Flow Constructed wetland with Typha angustifolia for TSS 73,78%; 77,18%; 84,71%; BOD5 85,83%; 90,33%; 94,17%; COD 86,94%; 90,65%; 94,87%; Ammonia 76,07%; 84,25%; 87,52%; sulfide 94,56%; 99,18%; 99,81 %.

Effect of the Bucket and Nozzle Dimension on the Performance of a Pelton Water Turbine

Pelton turbine is an engine that facilitates continuous power as a wheel or a rotor continually turns due to the pressure of fast moving water through the bucket, where a bucket receives water from the surging nozzle. The objective of this research is to investigate the highest efficiency among different types of Pelton turbine through the modification of bucket volume, bucket angle attack, nozzle needle seat ring, and nozzle needle tip. The experiment was conducted at Energy Conversion Laboratory of Sebelas Maret University. The comparative study among the different parameters shows that the value of maximum efficiency was 21.65%, which was obtained at 90° needle seat ring and 45° needle tip, and +15% bucket size and 92° angle of attack. It was gained likely due to the lightness of the +15% bucket compared to the standard bucket and the collision produced by the jet water in the middle of the bucket, in which the water loading occupied the large area on the surface of the bucket and promoted the increasing speed. It is expected that the result on the appropriate size and angle attack of bucket at specific nozzle seat ring and nozzle tip of this experiment can be manufactured commercially in the future for achieving maximum Pelton turbine efficiency.

The effect of ISP traffic shaping on user-perceived performance in broadband shared access networks

Recent studies on the practice of shaping subscribers’ traffic by Internet service providers (ISPs) give a new insight into the actual performance of broadband access networks at a packet level. Unlike metro and backbone networks, however, access networks directly interface with end-users, so it is important to base the study and design of access networks on the behaviors of and the actual performance perceived by end-users. In this paper we study the effect of ISP traffic shaping using traffic models based on user behaviors and application/session-layer metrics providing quantifiable measures of user-perceived performance for HTTP, FTP, and streaming video traffic. To compare the user-perceived performance of shaped traffic flows with those of unshaped ones in an integrated way, we use a multivariate non-inferiority testing procedure. We first investigate the effect of the token generation rate and the token bucket size of a token bucket filter (TBF) on user-perceived performance at a subscriber level with a single subscriber. Then we investigate their effect at an access level where shaped traffic flows from multiple subscribers interact with one another in a common shared access network. The simulation results show that for a given token generation rate, a larger token bucket — i.e., up to 100MB and 1GB for access line rates of 100Mbit/s and 1Gbit/s, respectively — provides better user-perceived performance at both subscriber and access levels. It is also shown that the loose burst control resulting from the large token bucket — again up to 100MB for access line rate of 100Mbit/s — does not negatively affect user-perceived performance with multiple subscribers even in the presence of non-conformant subscribers; with a much larger token bucket (e.g., size of 10GB), however, the negative effect of non-conformant subscribers on the user-perceived performance of conformant subscribers becomes clearly visible because the impact of token bucket size and that of token generation rate are virtually indistinguishable in this case.

Secure Ordered Bucketization

This study examines the ordered bucketization (OB) as a cryptographic object. In OB, plaintextspace is divided into p disjoint buckets, numbered from 1 to p, based on the order of the ranges that they cover. OB is quite useful in that a range query can be performed over encrypted data without the need to descrypt by attaching a bucket number to each ciphertext. Unfortunately, no research has been carried out on the security of OB in a cryptographic sense. This paper defines an encryption scheme with OB (EOB) and suggests a new security model for EOB, IND-OCPA-P, which assumes an adversary has reasonable power. Previous constructions proposed for efficient range queries were not secure in this model. Finally, an OB construction, in which the EOB implementation is secure on the IND-OCPA-P model, is proposed. In the proposed OB, p- 1 points are selected on the uniform distribution in the plaintext-space and the plaintext-space is divided based on the selected points. A bucket number is assigned to each divided range in ascending range order. With regard to the efficiency of a range query, the proposed OB guarantees reasonably good efficiency on range queries by showing that the distribution of a bucket size is not skewed.

Delivering Low Latency Video using TCP with Network Coding over Wireless Network

Network coding (NC) techniques for lossy wireless networks have been used for fault-tolerant and timely delivery of streaming video data. Recent research on inter-session NC notwithstanding, reliable transmission of high quality media over wireless networks continues to be a challenge. The effects of traffic and network dynamics on coding block size and thereby on latency added at playback were studied, and the interaction of congestion control on the coding technique to remedy this were examined. Simulations show an inherent latency in video playback when TCP with random linear NC is employed as the receiver needs to wait for a certain number of packets to arrive before they are decoded. This paper presents an adaptive NC algorithm based on the nature of video streaming traffic and the available transmission opportunity to improve streaming performance with lower latency and reduced jitter in case of streaming TCP traffic. This algorithm is constructed under the constraint of available transmission opportunities and arriving traffic. The simulation results corroborate that the proposed adaptive NC algorithm reduces observed latency at playback by more than 90% over traditional TCP and more than 60% over simple NC technique. Additionally, the observed jitter reduced by 70% over only TCP and about 60% over fixed bucket size NC. To demonstrate the utility of our approach, the proposed algorithm was compared with TCP’s performance for a real-world video trace. Results from this experiment indicated an 80% reduction in end-to-end latency.

<b>Influence of pitfall designs and use of baits on the capture of small mammals in Southern Minas Gerais, Brazil</b> - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v35i4.17498

Each kind of trap tends to be selective on species sampled, in a way that each one only reveals part of the abundance and species richness of the community sampled. In this way, in order to know the factors that affect the success of sampling methods is crucial for a better planning of experiments and data analysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors that affect the success of pitfall traps in capturing small mammals, such as trap size, designs and use of bait. The study was carried out in two reserves inside the campus of the Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), in South Minas Gerais State, Brazil. In total, 65 specimens belonging to 8 species were caught. Different types of trap design (Y-shaped and I-shaped) have not influenced the capture success of pitfalls. The same result was obtained for the different size of buckets, in exception for Oligoryzomys flavescens, in which larger buckets were more efficient. The use of baits was considered not necessary.

Development of Productivity-based Estimating Tool for Fuel Use and Emissions from Earthwork Construction Activities

Earthwork activities are typically performed by heavy duty diesel (HDD) construction equipment that consumes large quantities of diesel fuel use and emits large quantities of pollutants, including nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matters (PM), hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (<TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>). This paper presents the framework for a model that can be used to estimate the production rate, activity duration, total fuel use, and total pollutants emissions for earthwork activities. A case study and sensitivity analysis for an excavator performing excavations are presented. The tool is developed by combining the multiple linear regressions (MLR) approach for modeling the productivity with the EPA's NONROAD model. The excavator data from RSMeans Heavy Construction Data were selected to build the productivity model, and emission factors of all type of pollutants from NONROAD model were used to estimate the total fuel use and emissions. The MLR model for the productivity rate can explain 92% of the variability in the data. Based on the model, the fuel use and emissions of excavator increase as the trench depth increase, but as the bucket size increase, the fuel use and emissions decrease.

An exponential time 2-approximation algorithm for bandwidth

The bandwidth of a graph G on n vertices is the minimum b such that the vertices of G can be labeled from 1 to n such that the labels of every pair of adjacent vertices differ by at most b.In this paper, we present a 2-approximation algorithm for the Bandwidth problem that takes worst-case O(1.9797n)=O(30.6217n) time and uses polynomial space. This improves both the previous best 2- and 3-approximation algorithms of Cygan et al. which have O∗(3n) and O∗(2n) worst-case running time bounds, respectively. Our algorithm is based on constructing bucket decompositions of the input graph. A bucket decomposition partitions the vertex set of a graph into ordered sets (called buckets) of (almost) equal sizes such that all edges are either incident to vertices in the same bucket or to vertices in two consecutive buckets. The idea is to find the smallest bucket size for which there exists a bucket decomposition. The algorithm uses a divide-and-conquer strategy along with dynamic programming to achieve the improved time bound.

DETERMINISTIC SAMPLE SORT FOR GPUS

We demonstrate that parallel deterministic sample sort for many-core GPUs (GPU BUCKET SORT) is not only considerably faster than the best comparison-based sorting algorithm for GPUs (THRUST MERGE [Satish et.al., Proc. IPDPS 2009]) but also as fast as randomized sample sort for GPUs (GPU SAMPLE SORT [Leischner et.al., Proc. IPDPS 2010]). However, deterministic sample sort has the advantage that bucket sizes are guaranteed and therefore its running time does not have the input data dependent fluctuations that can occur for randomized sample sort.

ESTIMATING CAPITAL AND OPERATIONAL COSTS OF BACKHOE SHOVELS

Material loading is one of the most critical operations in earthmoving projects. A number of different equipment is available for loading operations. Project managers should consider different technical and economic issues at the feasibility study stage and try to select the optimum type and size of equipment fleet, regarding the production needs and project specifications. The backhoe shovel is very popular for digging, loading and flattening tasks. Adequate cost estimation is one of the most critical tasks in feasibility studies of equipment fleet selection. This paper presents two different cost models for the preliminary and detailed feasibility study stages. These models estimate the capital and operating cost of backhoe shovels using uni-variable exponential regression (UVER) as well as multi-variable linear regression (MVLR), based on principal component analysis. The UVER cost model is suitable for quick cost estimation at the early stages of project evaluation, while the MVLR cost function, which is more detailed, can be useful for the feasibility study stage. Independent variables of MVLR include bucket size, digging depth, dump height, weight and power. Model evaluations show that these functions could be a credible tool for cost estimations in prefeasibility and feasibility studies of mining and construction projects.

Design and Development of 1.5KW Pelton Wheel Turbine

This paper aims to represent a pelton wheel turbine that designed and fabricated in Omdurman Islamic University, faculty of engineering Sciences. The pelton wheel is designed using empirical formulae and its model is tested for the purpose to get its performance characteristics. The main geometric parameters which determined in this work are runner diameter, bucket size and nozzle diameter and dimension of other mechanical parts. The results which obtained by this design procedure are compared with that in available literature and they are acceptable.

Interactive visualization for multilingual search

AbstractEditor's SummaryMultilingual thesauri provide the context for exploring experimental user interfaces that support interactive visualization. The authors created two search interfaces that draw on the semantic richness of bilingual thesauri and provide for search, browse and results display. The Searchling interface offers search, browsable navigation and the full term‐record data for a selected term, as well as a simple switch between language views. It provides active user assistance by displaying options to broaden or narrow search. User evaluation showed Searchling to be easy to use, appealing broadly but especially to linear thinkers. The T‐Saurus interface is more visual, with term search results represented by the size, number, proximity and opacity of buckets. Terms can be displayed in multiple languages simultaneously, and multiple terms can be chosen to form a query to retrieve documents. Visual thinkers appreciated its dynamic and interactive visualization interface. Studies demonstrate the support both interfaces provide for fully using rich, multilingual thesauri as well as differences for users with different cognitive styles.

Traffic management based on token bucket mechanism for WiMAX networks

In large scale networks like the IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), it is very important not only to monitor, but also to control the amount of traffic injected into the network. This process helps in decreasing congestion and by consequence, in guaranteeing the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for each class of traffic. In this study we propose a traffic policer based on token bucket concept for WiMAX networks. Token bucket parameters (token rate and bucket size) are adjusted according to the traffic characteristics for each traffic class individually. Simulation results show that the proposed traffic policing technique greatly enhances the network performance. It decreases the average delay for real time traffic like rtPS, and therefore, reduces data drop probability due to missed deadlines. It also decreases data loss probability for non real time service class like nrtPS.

Influence of pitfall trap size and design on herpetofauna and small mammal studies in a Neotropical Forest

One of the most commonly used sampling techniques to capture leaf litter amphibians, lizards and small mammals is a set of pitfall traps with drift fences. However, there are still many speculations concerning the effectiveness of different designs of pitfall traps and the most adequate size of each trap. To address this problem, we conducted the first standardized comparison of patterns of species richness, rank-abundance, and community structure of leaf litter amphibians, lizards and small mammals for two trap designs (I and Y format) and three bucket sizes (35, 62, and 100 L) in a Neotropical forest. Results are very similar for the herpetofauna, regardless of the pitfall trap design or size used, while for small mammals values of species richness were higher for 100 L pitfall traps, as compared to the smaller traps. Therefore, the use of 100 L pitfall traps is recommended to sample the terrestrial vertebrate fauna, in multidisciplinary studies. For surveys aiming only the herpetofauna the use of smaller (35 L) traps is acceptable, taking into consideration the cost-benefits obtained by the smaller traps, in comparison to the larger ones.

Did soil development limit spruce (Picea abies) expansion in the Central Alps during the Holocene? Testing a palaeobotanical hypothesis with a dynamic landscape model

Aim Forest communities in the European Central Alps are highly sensitive to climatic change. Palaeobotanical studies have demonstrated that forests rapidly expanded upslope during Holocene warm intervals and contracted when temperatures fell. However, temperature alone cannot account for important changes in tree species abundance. For example, population expansion by Norway spruce (Picea abies), a dominant subalpine species, lagged suitable temperatures by about 3000 years in eastern and by 6000 years in western Switzerland. We hypothesize that spruce expansion was delayed by limited water availability in weakly developed soils and/or by drier-than-present climatic conditions. Location We examine the impact of reduced moisture availability on forest dynamics using a combined dynamic modelling/palaeoecological approach at two high-elevational lakes in the Swiss Central Alps. Methods We simulate Holocene vegetation dynamics with the LandClim model in landscapes surrounding the two lakes and validate the model output by comparison with palaeobotanical reconstructions from the same sites. We evaluate the impact of shallow soils on vegetation dynamics at these sites by varying soil water-holding capacity (i.e. bucket size) and precipitation abundance in model scenarios. Results Simulations with modern soil conditions and precipitation abundance matched reconstructed vegetation dynamics near the tree line, where temperature limits plant growth, but simulated abundant spruce during the entire Holocene. Spruce was absent only in simulations with a maximum bucket size of less than 7 cm, or when precipitation was reduced by at least 60%. In exploratory simulations of future conditions with average temperatures raised by 4 °C, the low water-holding capacity of shallow alpine soils, not temperature, determined the upper elevational limit of spruce. Main conclusions Spruce expanded in the Central Alps only after soils developed sufficient water-holding capacity and precipitation neared its modern abundance. Soil development will probably constrain the future response of tree species to warmer conditions (e.g. upslope migrations), as it did in the past.

Upper Extremity and Lower Back Moments during Carrying Tasks in Farm Children

Farm youth commonly perform animal care tasks such as feeding and watering. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of age, bucket size, loading symmetry, and amount of load on upper body moments during carrying tasks. Fifty-four male and female participants in four age groups (8-10 years, 12-14 years, 15-17 years, and adults, 20-26 years) participated in the study. Conditions included combinations of large or small bucket sizes, unilateral or bilateral loading, and load levels of 10% or 20% of body weight (BW). During bucket carrying, elbow flexion, shoulder flexion, shoulder abduction, shoulder external rotation, L5/S1 extension, L5/S1 lateral bending, and L5/S1 axial rotation moments were estimated using video data. The 8-10 year-old group did not display higher proportional joint moments as compared with adults. Decreasing the load from 20% BW to 10% BW significantly decreased maximum normalized elbow flexion, shoulder flexion, shoulder abduction, shoulder external rotation, L5/S1 lateral bending, and L5/S1 axial rotation moments. Carrying the load bilaterally instead of unilaterally also significantly reduced these six maximum normalized joint moments. In addition, modifying the carrying task by using smaller one-gallon buckets produced significant reductions in maximum L5/S1 lateral bending moments.

Remote control of backhoe at construction site with a pneumatic robot system

In this paper, remote control of backhoes is achieved at construction sites with a pneumatic robotic system we have developed. The system mainly consists of pneumatic robot arms actuated by pneumatic rubber muscles (PARM), CCD cameras and a control box containing power source, PC and wireless LAN boards. The remote control system was applied to two types of backhoe, one small with bucket size of 0.025 [m 3] and another medium-sized bucket with 0.28 [m 3]. Field tests were conducted at local construction sites to confirm the effectiveness of the system. The remote control operations were achieved with the working efficiency of more than 50% compared with that of the direct operation. The effectiveness of the system has been determined.

A Stochastic Ordering Property for Leaky Bucket Regulated Flows in Packet Networks

We show in this paper that if a stationary traffic source is regulated by a leaky bucket with leak rate ρ and bucket size σ, then the amount of information generated in successive time intervals is dominated, in the increasing convex ordering sense, by that of a Poisson arrival process with rate ρ/σ, with each arrival bringing an amount of information equal to σ. By exploiting this property, we then show that the mean value in the stationary regime of the content of a buffer drained at constant rate and fed with the superposition of regulated flows is less than the mean value of the same buffer fed with an adequate Poisson process, whose characteristics depend upon the regulated input flows.

A Stochastic Ordering Property for Leaky Bucket Regulated Flows in Packet Networks

We show in this paper that if a stationary traffic source is regulated by a leaky bucket with leak rate ρ and bucket size σ, then the amount of information generated in successive time intervals is dominated, in the increasing convex ordering sense, by that of a Poisson arrival process with rate ρ/σ, with each arrival bringing an amount of information equal to σ. By exploiting this property, we then show that the mean value in the stationary regime of the content of a buffer drained at constant rate and fed with the superposition of regulated flows is less than the mean value of the same buffer fed with an adequate Poisson process, whose characteristics depend upon the regulated input flows.

A Stochastic Ordering Property for Leaky Bucket Regulated Flows in Packet Networks

We show in this paper that if a stationary traffic source is regulated by a leaky bucket with leak rate ρ and bucket size σ, then the amount of information generated in successive time intervals is dominated, in the increasing convex ordering sense, by that of a Poisson arrival process with rate ρ/σ, with each arrival bringing an amount of information equal to σ. By exploiting this property, we then show that the mean value in the stationary regime of the content of a buffer drained at constant rate and fed with the superposition of regulated flows is less than the mean value of the same buffer fed with an adequate Poisson process, whose characteristics depend upon the regulated input flows.