Buccal Wall Research Articles

Arrama, new genus (Siphonostomatoida : Caligidae), with two new species, copepods parasitic on Australian fishes

ABSTRACT A new genus, Arrama, and two new species, A. tandani and A, cordata, belonging to the copepod family Caligidae (Siphonostomatoida), are described from the gill filaments of two species of plotosid catfishes, Cnidoglanis macrocephalus (Valenciennes) and an undescribed species of Paraplotosus, respectively, from Australia. The new genus can be distinguished from confamilial genera by a combination of characters that include (1) the reduced apical armature of the leg 1 exopod, (2) the 2-segmented rami of leg 2, (3) the absence of the ventral apron of leg 3, and (4) the reduction of legs 3 and 4 to setiferous lobes. The two new species are distinguished from each other by the shape of the genital complex, the setae of the caudal ramus, the arrangement of spinules of the canna of the second maxilla, the apical armature of the leg 1 exopod, and the terminal armature of the leg 2 exopod. The morphology of the suckerlike cephalothorax of the members of the Caligidae appears to be an adaptation for attachment to smooth flat surfaces, i.e., external body surfaces, buccal cavity walls, and branchial chamber walls of the hosts. Two genera, Abasia and Hermilius, have become specialized for living on gill filaments of their hosts by modifications of their cephalothoraces. Although the ventral apron, a structure formed by the expansion of the intercoxal plate and sympod of leg 3, remains intact in these two genera, it may no longer be functional. Members of the new genus, Arrama, which also live on gill filaments, lack the ventral apron.

Cobbionema capense n.sp. from Swartkops estuary, Port Elizabeth (Nematoda: Selachinematidae)

Cobbionema capense n.sp. from Swartkops estuary near Port Elizabeth is described. The new species is distinguished by the moderately cuticularized buccal cavity wall and teeth ridges.

The preparation for dowel-cores. Part 1. Convergency of three root canals of the mandibular first molar

117 Mandibular first molars were radiographed mesiodistally and buccolingually and the convergency of three root canals was assessed on the supposition that every root canal should be prepared upto the two-thirds depth of canals.The results were as follows:1. From the viewpoint of the design of dowel-cores, there were three significant angles that is, angles between the mesial wall of the mesiolingual canal and the distal wall of the distal canal, between the buccal wall of the mesiobuccal canal and the lingual wall of the mesiolingual canal and between the lingual wall of the mesiobuccal canal and the buccal wall of the mesiolingual canal, means of 16.4°, -3.3° and 0.2° respectively.2. The parallelism between the mesiolingual and the distal canals was easily attained in 12.8% and the one between the mesiolingual and the mesiobuccal canals in 64.8% of all mandibular first molars, because of no or very little undercut in itself.3. Three root canals were easily prepared in parallel but in 2.7-6.8% of all teeth. In the others, therefore, every root canal should be widely prepared for parallelism or only one main root canal could be utilized for retention or two-piece dowel-cores could be fabricated.

Resistance to fracture of restored endodontically treated premolars.

Abstract Endodontically treated premolars were restored using 5 different methods. Copper rings were filled with commercial hard‐setting cement and the teeth were placed into the cement up to the level of the cemento‐enamel junction. The teeth were grouped according to restorative method, mounted in an Instron TT machine and the buccal walls subjected to a slowly increasing compressive force until fracture occurred. The force of fracture of the walls of each tooth was recorded and the results in the various groups compared. All teeth fractured in a similar manner irrespective of the restorative method used. The resistance to fracture of the teeth increased significantly when MOD cavities in the teeth were acid etched prior to the restoration with a composite resin. The use of a bonding agent after acid etching did not further increase the resistance to fracture of the premolars restored with a resin. The acid etch composite resin technique was as effective in preventing fractures of the teeth when 2 mm of the resin was removed and replaced with an amalgam as when the entire cavities were filled with the resin material.

Substance P-like immunoreactivity in developing cranial parasympathetic neurons of the rat

Substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) has been observed in cell bodies of fetal cranial parasympathetic ganglia of rat. It first appears at day 16 of gestation at the same time as in cranial sensory ganglia. From day 17 to 21, SPLI neurons constitute most, if not all, submandibular-sublingual and intralingual ganglia, they form 30–40% of otic and pterygopalatine ganglia and numerous such neurons are found in the myenteric plexus of the esophagus as well as in pharyngeal and buccal walls. The immunoreactive material is thinly granular, and its appearance does not change with prenatal development. The immunoreactivity in cell bodies of parasympathetic ganglia decreases at the end of the gestational period, and cannot be evidenced any more in most cells of normal adult ganglia. However, the corresponding SPLI fibers remain intensely immunoreactive. When grafted to rat irides, which have been chemically depleted of intrinsic SPLI fibers, submandibular, otic and pterygopalatine ganglia from pre- or postnatal rats rapidly produce a large amount of SPLI fibers on the iris mimicking the pattern of sensory innervation. This proves the presence of SPLI neurons in adult parasympathetic ganglia, at least in experimental conditions.This study of fetuses and grafts demonstrates the existence of neurons in SPLI parasympathetic cranial ganglia which has been underestimated or ignored previously as a result of observations on adult ganglia. The very large proportion of SPLI neurons in the ganglia of the salivary gland might be of importance for the interpretation of experimental studies on the control of salivation. The presence of SPLI in all three types of peripheral ganglia, sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic, raises the question of its functional significance in the different compartments of the peripheral nervous system.

The prevalence and distribution of intrabony defects in dry mandibles.

One hundred mandibles of South African Negroes were examined for the presence of intrabony defects, and the distance between the cemento-enamel junction and alveolar bone crest was measured along the buccal and lingual surface of roots associated with interdental craters. Two-hundred thirty-one intrabony defects were detected (4.1% of the possible occurrences). There were 51 craters, 19 of which were associated with the distal surfaces of the second molars. Most craters (84.3%) had higher lingual than buccal walls. Seventy-one defects (35.8%) were one-walled pockets, 98 defects (49.6%) were two-walled pockets and 30 (15%) were three-walled pockets. Twenty-eight one-walled pockets (39.4%) formed hemisepta against interproximal root surfaces. Mesial surfaces of canines were the most commonly involved with hemisepta. There was an increase in the frequency of intrabony pockets from the anterior to the posterior zones of the mandibles. Interproximal root surfaces were by far more commonly associated with defects than buccal or lingual surfaces.

Quantitative taste bud distribution in the hamster

The distribution of taste buds was examined in hamsters to reveal the sources of convergent neural activity on taste neurons of the medulla and pons. A total of 723 taste buds was found in adult animals. Fungiform papillae contained 130 taste buds (18%). A single vallate papilla had 168 taste buds (23%). There were 230 taste buds (32%) located on bilateral foliate papillae. The palate contained 100 taste buds (14%) divided among the soft palate (88, 12%) and the incisal papilla (12, 2%). On the epiglottis and adjacent region of the esophagus were found 70 taste buds (10%). About 10 taste buds each were located on the buccal wall (1.4%), while the remaining 5 taste buds were found on the sublingual organ. Conclusions about information processing in central neurons of the gustatory system must reflect knowledge of diverse receptor populations and their interactions.

Elevated frequency of micronucleated cells in the buccal mucosa of individuals at high risk for oral cancer: Betel quid chewers

The micronucleus test was applied to buccal mucosa cells of 2 population groups at high risk for oral cancer: Khasis of the northeastern hill region of India, who eat raw betel nuts together with betel leaves and lime, and residents of the state of Orissa (India), who chew betel quids consisting mainly of perfumed tobacco, dried betel nut, betel leaf, lime and several spices. Micronuclei were scored on Feulgen/fast green-stained smear preparations of exfoliated cells obtained by scraping the surface of the buccal mucosa. All 17 raw betel nut eaters and all 20 chewers of betel quids had significantly elevated frequencies of micronucleated mucosa cells over non-chewing controls of comparable ethnic background and dietary habits. The frequencies of micronucleated exfoliated cells were higher at the site within the oral cavity where the quid was kept compared to those at the opposite buccal wall. The micronuclei frequency was lower among individuals chewing a raw betel nut, betel leaf and lime mixture compared to those using tobacco,- betel nut-, lime- and betel leaf-containing quids. Micronuclei frequencies in exfoliated human cells seem to represent a useful ‘internal dosimeter’ for estimating exposure to genotoxic, and by implication, carcinogic agents in the tissue from which cancers will develop.

The anterior buccal gland of the rat: a mucous salivary gland which develops as a branch of Stensen's duct.

AbstractExamination of serial histologic sections of the head and neck regions of rats at selected age intervals from 14 days in utero to 100 days postnatally revealed that at 16 days in utero, a second salivary gland arises from the rudimentary parotid (Stensen's) duct. This gland develops more rapidly than the parotid gland; its acini are essentially mature prior to weaning, preceding parotid acini in this respect by several days. All cells of the secretory units of the mature gland stain positively with both alcian blue and periodic acid‐Schiff, indicating that the gland is of pure mucous type. The body of the gland occupies a space lateral and mostly superior to the maxillary buccal sulcus, nestled beneath the anterior bulge of the masseter muscle, near the point where the buccal and mandibular marginal branches of the facial nerve cross paths. It is the only salivary gland in the buccal wall anterior to the third molar; hence, the proposed name of anterior buccal gland. These observations suggest: (1) Samples of rat parotid saliva collected proximally and distally to the junction of the ducts of the parotid and anterior buccal glands are likely to differ significantly in the quality and quantity of mucosubstances which they contain. (2) The divergent differentiation of two branches of the same glandular primordium in this instance implies differences in the inductive qualities of their respective mesenchymal beds.

Metamorphic Changes in the Velar Musculature, Head and Shell of some Prosobranch Veligers

The velum of Lacuna vincta (Montagu) and Nassarius incrassatus (Ström) is retracted into the shell by 2 dorsal and 2 ventral groups of muscles, bilaterally arranged, which are components of the larval retractor muscle. Each dorsal group passes forward from its area of origin on the shell to the dorsal part of the head where some fibres insert and adjacent ones enter the velar fold. The velum is bilobed in Lacuna and the muscles radiate through the dorsal half of the lobe to insert on the anterior and posterior surfaces and ciliated edge, whereas Nassarius has 4 long velar lobes, 2 dorsal and 2 ventral, and the muscles form a median bundle from which fibres radiate to similar insertions. Each ventral group of muscles passes through the nerve ring lateral to the developing radular sac in Lacuna and to the developing proboscis in Nassarius, and muscles accompanying them insert on the sac and proboscis wall. Anterior to the ring some muscles insert on the lips and the buccal wall posterior to the oral sphincter and alongside attachments of muscles from the foot. The majority pass to the mentum, a median protuberance of the lower lip with non-vibratile cilia, where right and left ventral cephalic retractors and muscles from the foot converge. The pedal muscles attach here and from this area muscles radiate to multiple insertions on the head and ventral half of the velum. This arrangement of the ventral muscles allows the increased angle of mobility required by the ventral areas of the velum in swimming and feeding and the intimate contact between velum and foot.

The prenatal phase of the morphosis of the rat parotid gland.

AbstractThe progress of salivary gland morphosis was followed by microscopic examination of serial histologic sections of the heads and necks of rats at age intervals from 13 days in utero to two days postnatally. The anlagen of the submandibular and sublingual glands appear late in the thirteenth or early in the fourteenth day in utero, with the submandibular anlage appearing first. The parotid anlage appears last, later in the fourteenth day in utero, and is located in the buccal wall near the angle of the mouth. The cells of the anlage proliferate to form a narrow cord (the future Stensen's duct) with a cluster of cells at its distal terminus. By 16 days in utero, the terminal cluster has migrated to the vicinity of the developing mandibular ramus, at which point it begins to ramify. Ductal lumena begin to form at 17 days in utero, but the ductal system is not patent until 20 days in utero. These findings indicate that secretions of the parotid gland cannot enter the oral cavity until about two days before birth. The ductal systems of the submandibular and sublingual glands are patent at 17 days in utero, and morphologically both glands appear to be at a more advanced developmental stage than the parotid at the time of birth.

Success of three quarter crown in posterior teeth

Introduction: This study was designed to observe the success of three quarter crown over conventional full veneer crown in the posterior teeth (premolars and molars) where there has been considerable destruction of tooth structure but with the buccal surface remaining intact. Method: A total number of 30 patients were studied. Among which 15 patients were treated with three quarter crown and rest of the 15 patients were treated with conventional full veneer crown. The specific parameters of the study were the preservation of natural tooth tissue, prevalence of secondary caries, conservation of periodontal health, esthetic, comfort and oral hygiene maintenance. After 6 Month of follow up period patient were recalled to evaluate the above mentioned parameters. Results: Among all the observations this study revealed the similar result in both group of patients. Periodontal disease and maintenance of oral hygiene was significantly associated in patient with three quarter crown, slight alteration of oral hygiene in the patient treated with full veneer crown was present. Conservation of the natural tooth structure especially buccal wall with negligible alteration in patient’s aesthetics (20%) as well as functional activities (20%) was significant for those patients with three quarter crown. Conclusion: Overall findings established that three quarter crown is equally effective for the restoration of the tooth and can be used as an alternative to conventional full veneer crown in the posterior teeth where there has been considerable destruction of tooth structure but with the buccal surface remaining intact. Keywords: Three quarter crown; conventional full veneer crown; secondary caries; periodontal disease; oral hygiene; esthetic DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v9i3.5586 HR 2011; 9(3): 173-178

Surgical Restitution of Chronic Stenosis of the Larynx and Cervical Trachea

The management of chronic stenosis of the larynx and cervical trachea is usually a difficult task for laryngological surgeons.The surgical treatment of the established late case of chronic laryngotracheal stenosis depends on the location and the nature of the obstruction. If the cartilaginous framework is not injured, a simple open operation can be adopted to remove cicatricial tissues, granuloma and/or polipi obliterating the airway lumen. The opening fistula is closed after an appropriate period of time when it is apparent that the lumen is well maintained.More extensive reconstruction of the stenosed larynx or tracheab ecomes necessary when the configuration of the suppooting cartilages is destroyed by trauma or infection and severe concentric obliteration of the lumen is evident. A wide excision of scar tissues followed by placement of a mucosal graft to cover the raw surface of the lumen is indicated. The graft is usually taken from the nasal septum or buccal wall and is supported in place with a silicone mould, which is also preventing the collapse or reobliteration of the airway lumen. Several devices are proposed for surgical closure of the large postoperative fistula in the anterior neck.It should be stressed that good cooperation between the patient and surgeons is mandatory during the course of long term treatment.

Two cases treated with 800 kv and 400 kv, respectively.

As my contribution to this Symposium, I shall present 2 cases, one of oral carcinoma and one of carcinoma of the cervix, representing different indications for therapy. Case I: A 65-year-old male was seen in October 1950, in excellent general condition, but with an extensive primary epidermoid carcinoma, Grade II, involving the right lower alveolar ridge throughout its length, with infiltration of the entire right floor of the mouth and right gingivobuccal sulcus and a large metastatic submaxillary lymph node open and draining to the skin (Fig. 1). There was roentgen evidence of destruction of the right side of mandible for a distance of 2.5 cm. (Fig. 2). No previous irradiation had been given. The patient was edentulous. Irradiation with 800 kv (h.v.l. 3 mm. Pb) was given through a single right mandibular and submaxillary field of 6 × 7.5 cm., to include the primary carcinoma and the right submaxillary metastasis. In thirty-seven days 6,035 r (measured on skin) was given through this field; the minimal dose to the deepest portion of the growth at the junction of the floor of the mouth and the tongue was 4,800 r. The skin reaction was no more than an erythema, and the anticipated membranous reactions of the right buccal wall, floor of the mouth, and right lateral border of the tongue were well tolerated. Observation over a three-month period following irradiation showed continued regression of the soft-tissue disease of the oral cavity, with a remnant of infiltration at the posterior margin of the buccal wall where it joined the vertical ramus of the mandible; apparently complete resolution of the disease in the gingivobuccal sulcus; closure of the draining sinus and palpable resolution of the metastatic lymph node. Three months after completion of irradiation, surgery was performed by Dr. Frank Wana-maker, consisting in segmental resection of the horizontal ramus of the mandible, together with adjacent soft tissues of the buccal wall, and unilateral suprahyoid neck dissection. The tissues healed well, with good functional result. Pathologic studies showed residual epidermoid carcinoma only in the soft tissue at the site of the local remnant of infiltration of the buccal wall. No evidence of residual cancer was found in the submaxillary tissues or mandible. The patient has remained well over five years, without sequelae secondary to irradiation and with a satisfactory functional result (Fig. 3). Supervoltage irradiation was chosen for this patient for the following reasons: (1) the desirability of irradiating the primary lesion and its metastatic focus through a single field, (2) the necessity of irradiating a mandible already compromised by infiltration of carcinoma, (3) the requirement of penetration through the mandible to reach adjacent soft tissues, and (4) the planning of later surgery within the field of irradiation, making it desirable to obtain conditions which would not too severely compromise radical surgery and healing.

Defects of the Buccal and Pharyngeal Wall: Repair with Flap with Cutaneous Island

Defects of the Buccal and Pharyngeal Wall: Repair with Flap with Cutaneous Island

HYPERTROPHY OF THE MASSETER MUSCLE

THE masseter muscle originates on the zygomatic arch and the zygomatic process of the maxilla and is inserted into the lateral aspect of the angle and ramus of the mandible. When the muscle is activated by a clenching of the teeth, its belly can be seen bulging under the skin, and the anterior edge may easily be palpated in the substance of the buccal wall. In a gaunt subject or in one whose mandibular angles flare outward the masseter muscles may be prominent. At times the prominences may be such that the subject will seem to have bilateral swellings of the jaw, and epidemic parotitis will be suspected. This has occurred several times during routine examinations of troops for communicable diseases and has resulted in unwarranted hospitalizations and isolations. In each instance in which this occurred, a story of habitual clenching of the jaws repeatedly when emotionally disturbed or under

CHEILITIS FROM LOCAL USE OF PENICILLIN SOLUTIONS IN MOUTH

In the course of a study of the local effect of penicillin on chronic recurrent aphthous ulcers, a cheilitis was observed. The patient was a 61 year old white woman who had had recurrent ulcerations of the buccal mucosa, tongue and posterior wall of the pharynx for fifteen years. Periods of remission had lasted more than from two to two and a half weeks. Complete physical examinations, tests for allergy to foods and inhalants and all types of local and systemic therapies had been without help. There were no episodes of herpes simplex. The mouth was edentulous. Numerous painful shallow, sharply marginated reddish ulcers, with intense red collars, were scattered over the buccal mucosa, under the tongue, about the gums and on the hard palate. There was no atrophy or scarring visible. A smear of material from the early lesions showed staphylococci and streptococci. No bacilli or spirillas were

AGRANULOCYTIC ANGINA

Several case reports during the last few years have directed attention to a peculiar blood dyscrasia characterized by a great diminution in the number of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and associated with a gangrenous ulceration of the tonsils. In 1922, Schultz¹reported six cases and called the condition "agranulocytic angina." The syndrome affects chiefly women of middle age and usually terminates fatally. The onset is sudden, with fever and sore throat; in several instances, it followed closely the extraction of teeth. The characteristic lesions are rapidly spreading ulcers invariably present on the tonsils and pharynx, often on the gums, buccal walls and tongue and about the genitals. There is usually little if any enlargement of the regional lymph nodes, and in about one half of the cases icterus is present. The blood shows a relative lymphocytosis with a disappearance of all or almost all of the leukocytes of the granular or