Buccal Cavity Research Articles

Morphological and SEM identification for mixed parasitic infestations in Nemipterus japonicus from the Western Gulf of Suez, Red Sea, Egypt

A total number of 100 Nemipterus japonicus was collected randomly from the Western Gulf of Suez, Red Sea, Egypt from September to April 2021. After external and internal examinations, two species of parasites were found. The first species was Mothocya melanosticta isopods (both sexes) with a prevalence of 52% and attached externally to the gills and inside the buccal cavity. The second species, Hysterothylacium aduncum nematodes that was found in three types of distributions in 53 fishes. Firstly, adults were found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract with a high prevalence of about 58%. Secondly, larval stages were found in 52 fishes with a high prevalence of about 57%. Thirdly, adults and larvae were found mixed together in 91 fishes with a high prevalence of 91% inside the GI tract of the same host. There was mixed infestations with M. melanosticta and H. aduncum with a percentage of 51% with several observed signs on the infested fishes. To determine the correct identification of detected parasites, both species were subjected to morphological and electron microscopic examination. Based on the present findings, further studies are recommended on the host-parasites relationship.

Assessment of Binary Agarose-Carbopol Buccal Gels for Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery: Ex Vivo and In Vivo Characterization.

Agarose (AG) is a naturally occurring biocompatible marine seaweed extract that is converted to hydrocolloid gel in hot water with notable gel strength. Currently, its mucoadhesion properties have not been fully explored. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the mucoadhesive potential of AG binary dispersions in combination with Carbopol 934P (CP) as mucoadhesive gel preparations. The gels fabricated via homogenization were evaluated for ex vivo mucoadhesion, swelling index (SI), dissolution and stability studies. The mucoadhesive properties of AG were concentration dependent and it was improved by the addition of CP. Maximum mucoadhesive strength (MS) (27.03 g), mucoadhesive flow time (FT) (192.2 min), mucoadhesive time in volunteers (MT) (203.2 min) and SI (23.6% at 4 h) were observed with formulation F9. The mucoadhesive time investigated in volunteers (MT) was influenced by AG concentration and was greater than corresponding FT values. Formulations containing 0.3%, w/v AG (F3 and F9) were able to sustain the release (~99%) for both drugs till 3 h. The optimized formulation (F9) did not evoke any inflammation, irritation or pain in the buccal cavity of healthy volunteers and was also stable up to 6 months. Therefore, AG could be considered a natural and potential polymer with profound mucoadhesive properties to deliver drugs through the mucosal route.

Lip service: Histological phenotypes correlate with diet and feeding ecology in herbivorous pacus.

Complex prey processing requires the repositioning of food between the teeth, as modulated by a soft tissue appendage like a tongue or lips. In this study, we trace the evolution of lips and ligaments, which are used during prey capture and prey processing in an herbivorous group of fishes. Pacus (Serrasalmidae) are Neotropical freshwater fishes that feed on leaves, fruits, and seeds. These prey are hard or tough, require high forces to fracture, contain abrasive or caustic elements, or deform considerably before failure. Pacus are gape-limited and do not have the pharyngeal jaws many bony fishes use to dismantle and/or transport prey. Despite their gape limitation, pacus feed on prey larger than their mouths, relying on robust teeth and a hypertrophied lower lip for manipulation and breakdown of food. We used histology to compare the lip morphology across 14 species of pacus and piranhas to better understand this soft tissue. We found that frugivorous pacus have larger, more complex lips which are innervated and folded at their surface, while grazing species have callused, mucus-covered lips. Unlike mammalian lips or tongues, pacu lips lack any intrinsic skeletal or smooth muscle. This implies that pacu lips lack dexterity; however, we found a novel connection to the primordial ligament which suggests that the lips are actuated by the jaw adductors. We propose that pacus combine hydraulic repositioning of prey inside the buccal cavity with direct oral manipulation, the latter using a combination of a morphologically heterodont dentition and compliant lips for reorienting food.

Synovial Sarcoma Arising in the Retromolar Trigone: A Rare Presentation

Synovial sarcoma is a rare malignant neoplasm of young adults with poor survival. These usually arise from large joints and articular tendons. We describe an unusual case of synovial sarcoma arising from the left retromolar trigone upon initial presentation. To the best of our knowledge, this case is the only patient with left retromolar trigone involvement recorded in the literature. A 33-year-old female presented to us with complaints of a lesion in the left retromolar trigone. An ulcerated lesion with irregular margins and a smooth base was noted at the left retromolar trigone. CT scan demonstrated a soft tissue mass predominantly involving the left buccal space measuring 5.0 × 4.2 × 2.8 cm superiorly extending into the left infratemporal region, closely abutting posterior lateral of the left maxillary sinus with gross bone thinning. Biopsy was taken from the temporal and infratemporal region, which was positive for synovial Sarcoma. She received 2 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy AIM protocol followed by wide local excision, however, the margin status could not be ascertained. Subsequently, treatment with a total of 60 Gy adjuvant radiotherapy was given. Patient tolerated the treatment well and remained disease-free for 4.5 years. She then developed biopsy-proven recurrence at the primary site; her metastatic workup was negative. Unfortunately, the patient was lost to follow-up for 2 years and then presented with a very large lobulated mass in the left infratemporal fossa, now measuring 6.2 × 7.6 × 6.3 cm, encasing ramus of mandible, temporomandibular joint and muscle of mastication with intra-orbital extension. She received 2 cycles of chemotherapy with gemcitabine and docetaxel. However, she did not tolerate the chemotherapy well. Subsequently, she developed tumor bleeding and received palliative radiation for bleeding and pain control. Patient is now on the best supportive care, her general condition deteriorating rapidly with the passage of time. Synovial sarcoma of the retromolar trigone is a rare malignant tumor with a poor prognosis. As there is no standard treatment protocol for synovial sarcomas of the head and neck, optimal antineoplastic treatment remains unclear. Mainstay of treatment is surgical resection with high relapse rates. Radiation therapy, with or without chemotherapy, appears to improve survival.

Phylogeography of Rhabdias spp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) collected from Bufo species in Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, Japan including possible cryptic species.

The genus Rhabdias Stiles & Hassall, 1905 comprises lung parasites of amphibians and reptiles worldwide. In Japan, 9 species have been recorded, including Rhabdias incerta Wilkie, 1930 which has been reported only in Bufo species. In this study, to assess the diversity of R. incerta, we performed molecular analyses of Rhabdias species sampled from three species/subspecies of Japanese toads namely Bufo japonicus, B. japonicus formosus, and B. torrenticola, collected in various regions of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, Japan. DNA sequence divergence was compared using mtDNA (COI) and nuclear DNA (28S) to identify possible cryptic species. Morphological analysis was performed through light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that Bufo spp. serve as hosts for at least three Rhabdias species. Morphologically, most samples were identified as R. incerta but with a longer body and larger buccal cavity than originally described. Rhabdias incerta appears to be specific to the genus Bufo and is further subdivided into two or three phylogroups based on subspecies divisions and biogeography of their host. Some Rhabdias specimens collected in this study resemble R. tokyoensis Wilkie, 1930, parasitic in hosts from the order Caudata, which suggests host switching. Both molecular and morphological analyses suggested the presence of undescribed and cryptic Rhabdias species within toads collected in Japan. This study was the first to molecularly characterize Rhabdias species in Japan, including novel sequences of R. incerta and two undescribed species.

SYNOVIAL SARCOMA ARISING IN THE RETROMOLAR TRIGONE: A RARE PRESENTATION

Case report A 33-year-old female presented with complaints of lesion in the left retromolar trigone. CT scan demonstrated a soft tissue mass in left buccal space extending into the left infratemporal region. Biopsy was positive for Synovial Sarcoma. She received chemotherapy followed by wide local excision.Treatment with a total of 60 Gy radiotherapy was given. Patient tolerated the treatment well and remained disease free for 4.5 years. She developed recurrence and received palliative radiation for bleeding and pain control.

Characteristics and Pattern of Odontogenic Infections with its Treatment Modalities

Goal: To identify the characteristics, outcomes and treatment options of odontogenic infections through a retrospective analysis of cases treated for odontogenic abscess. Place and Duration: In the Oral and Maxillofacial department of Cat D Hospital Gara Tajik Peshawar for the duration from June 2021 to November 2021. Methods: A total of 80 patients were included in this study. Age, gender, affected facial spaces, affected teeth, the type of antibiotic therapy, hospital stays, previous medication, past medical history and body temperature during the admission were the studied variables. Results: Patients' age ranged from 5-85 years, and 42.4% of those who had an odontogenic infection were under 35. Most patients had body temperatures between 37 to 37.5 °C. The mandibular third molars are the most affected teeth. The 7.5% of the mandibular molars were most severely affected among children. 37.5% of patients have 1-44 days stay in hospital. The most often found bacterial strain was streptococci. The commonly involved space was the buccal space, 10 patients have Ludwig's angina and 48.8% multi-space involvement. Penicillin G with metronidazole or metronidazole and cefazoline were the most often prescribed antibiotic combinations. The 2.5% was the mortality rate and all cases have Ludwig's angina. Conclusions: The submandibular and buccal spaces are the main affected facial spaces. Penicillin, the most widely used antibiotic, has been proven to be successful in treating infections of the jaw. Odontogenic abscesses are most frequently linked to the eruption of the mandibular molars. Keywords: Abscess, Infection, and Antibiotics

Orally disintegrating tablet: A review

Orally dispersive tablets are solid dosage forms that dissolve in the mouth in within 10 to 30 seconds, enabling waterless ingestion. The tablet dissolves quickly due to its fast breakdown, which also causes the effects to start acting quickly. ODTs can help patients with a variety of conditions, including pediatrics, geriatrics, psychosis, dysphagia, bedridden discomfort, comatose patients, young patients with undeveloped muscular and nervous systems, patients with hand tremors, and patients who travel often. It provides high stability, precise dosage, efficient manufacture, and smaller packing; self-administration is allowed on long journeys because water is not required. ODTs are a cost-effective way to distribute drugs. When a medicine is absorbed through the buccal cavity, ODTs constitute a critical drug delivery method. Spray drying, sublimation, and other scientific procedures like freeze drying, moulding, and direct compression. . The availability of ODTs as over-the-counter drugs for the treatment of a range of illnesses is increasing. This article's objective is to go over the benefits, drawbacks, formulation difficulties, manufacturing methods, patented technologies, commercially available formulations, and evaluation checks of ODT. The word "Oro dispersible tablets" was created by the European Pharmacopoeia. This is an uncoated tablet that dissolves easily in the mouth for 3 minutes before being swallowed.

Cellular Concentration of Survivin and Caspase 3 in Habitual Tobacco Chewers with and without Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in South Indian Rural Population-A Case Control Study.

Background: There is paucity of data on tissue levels of Survivin and Caspase 3 in south Indian tobacco chewers with oral Squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Oral cancer is a rapidly growing, highly prevalent head and neck malignancy; it involves a mucosal epithelium of a buccal cavity exposed to tobacco and other carcinogens. The basis of the survival of a tumor cell or transformed normal cell into a neoplastic cell is by the suppression of apoptosis regulation. Recently, researchers have focused on Survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis family of proteins (IAP), involved in apoptosis regulation in cancer cells targeting the executioner Caspase 3. The current study aims to quantify the cellular levels of Survivin and Caspase 3 in tobacco chewers with OSCC and in habitual tobacco chewers without OSCC, in comparison to controls. Methods: A single centric case control study included 186 study subjects, categorized into: Group I (n = 63), habitual tobacco chewers with OSCC; Group 2 (n = 63), habitual tobacco chewers without OSCC; and Group 3 (n = 63), the controls. Resected tumor tissue from Group 1 and buccal cell samples from Groups 2 and 3 were collected into phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and assayed for Survivin and Caspase 3 levels by the ELISA sandwich method. Results: The mean ± SD of the Survivin protein in Group 1 was (1670.9 ± 796.21 pg/mL); in Group 2, it was (1096.02 ± 346.17 pg/mL); and in Group 3, it was (397.5 ± 96.1 pg/mL) with a significance of p < 0.001. Similarly, the level of Caspase 3 in Group 1 was (7.48 ± 2.67 ng/mL); in Group 2, it was (8.85 ± 2.41 ng/mL); and in Group 3, it was (2.27 ± 2.24 ng/mL) with a significance of p < 0.001. Conclusion: The progressive transformation of buccal cells to neoplastic cells is evident; in the case of OSCC, this indicates that the over-expression of Survivin compared to Caspase 3 confirms the suppression and dysregulation of apoptosis.

Blindness Secondary to Odontogenic Infections: Case Series from a Tertiary Health Care Facility in Sokoto, Northwestern Nigeria

Blindness secondary to odontogenic orbital infection is not uncommon. We report five (5) cases of severe odontogenic orbital cellulitis causing blindness. These patients were seen and managed over a 3-year study period (from July 2019 to August 2022) at the Dental and Maxillofacial surgery clinic of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto. There were 2 male children and a female child in the age range of 6-10years with a mean±SD of 7.7±2.1, a 37-year-old male and a 24-year-old female. Cancrum oris/osteomyelitis was the primary diagnosis in one child, right maxillary osteomyelitis in two children, buccal +temporal space abscess and buccal space abscess in the two adult (male and female) patients respectively. All patients had a preceding history of toothache before the onset of other symptoms. All the patients had visual acuity of no light perception in the affected eye. Additionally, they had a varying degree of proptosis and restricted ocular motility while one child presented with purulent discharge and disorganized globe. Aggressive medical and surgical treatment was instituted in consultation with the ophthalmologists, which resulted in the resolution of the disease in all the patients.

Development and Validation of Reverse Transcriptase Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) as a Simple and Rapid Diagnostic Tool for SARS-CoV-2 Detection.

Since the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in the world, many countries have searched for quick diagnostic tools to detect the virus. There are many ways to design diagnostic assays; however, each may have its limitations. A quick, sensitive, specific, and simple approach is essential for highly rapidly transmitted infections, such as SARS-CoV-2. This study aimed to develop a rapid and cost-effective diagnostic tool using a one-step Reverse Transcriptase Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) approach. The results were observed using the naked eye within 30–60 min using turbidity or colorimetric analysis. The sensitivity, specificity, and lowest limit of detection (LoD) for SARS-CoV-2 RNA against the RT-LAMP assay were assessed. This assay was also verified and validated against commercial quantitative RT-PCR used by health authorities in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, a quick and direct sampling from the saliva, or buccal cavity, was applied after simple modification, using proteinase K and heating at 98 °C for 5 min to avoid routine RNA extraction. This rapid single-tube diagnostic tool detected COVID-19 with an accuracy rate of 95% for both genes (ORF1a and N) and an LoD for the ORF1a and N genes as 39 and 25 copies/reaction, respectively. It can be potentially used as a high-throughput national screening for different respiratory-based infections within the Middle East region, such as the MERS virus or major zoonotic pathogens such as Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and Brucella spp., particularly in remote and rural areas where lab equipment is limited.

Molecular Character of Mylonchulus hawaiiensis and Morphometric Differentiation of Six Mylonchulus (Nematoda; Order: Mononchida; Family: Mylonchulidae) Species Using Multivariate Analysis

Mononchida members are predatory nematodes with the potential to reduce the number of plant-parasitic nematodes in the soil. During a survey on Mononchida in Iran, several populations of Mylonchulus were recovered from various localities. A population of M. hawaiiensis was studied using 18S rDNA. The phylogenetic analysis using Bayesian inference placed the sequenced M. hawiinesis (OP210758) together with other M. hawaiiensis from Japan (AB361438-AB361442) with a 1.00 posterior probability support. In addition, morphological differences between six Mylonchulus (Nematoda; order: Mononchida; Family: Mylonchulidae) populations were investigated in Iran using discriminant analyses (DA), PERMANOVA, and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). The purpose was to evaluate the efficacy of PCoA and DA in separating the Mylonchulus species, namely M. sigmaturus, M. paitensis, M. lacustris, M. brachyuris, M. kermaninesis, and M. hawaiiensis. To achieve this, 16 morphometric measurements (body length, a, b, c, c′, V, G1, G2, buccal cavity length, buccal cavity width, dorsal tooth apex, dorsal tooth length, neck length, amphid from anterior end, rectum, and tail length) were made on 160 specimens. The analysis of variance showed that all features were significantly different among the species, except a, b, and the amphid position from the anterior end and tail length. The stepwise discriminant analysis revealed that body length, tail length, neck length, and c′ value were the four most discriminating variables useful to distinguish clearly the six species of Mylonchulus. The variables with strong discriminatory power correctly classified 98.87% of individuals from Iran’s sample of known Mylonchulus species. The results provide a morphometric basis for effectively distinguishing Mylonchulus species.

Oral Lesions Associated with COVID-19 and the Participation of the Buccal Cavity as a Key Player for Establishment of Immunity against SARS-CoV-2.

Background: Some oral lesions have been described in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); the possibility has been raised that the buccal lesions observed in patients with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are due to this virus and the patient’s systemic condition. The aim of this review was to integrate the knowledge related to the oral lesions associated with COVID-19 and the participation of the buccal cavity in the establishment of immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Methods: A literature search on the manifestations of buccal lesions from the beginning of the pandemic until October 2021 was carried out by using the PubMed database. A total of 157 scientific articles were selected from the library, which included case reports and reports of lesions appearing in patients with COVID-19. Results: Oral lesions included erosions, ulcers, vesicles, pustules, plaques, depapillated tongue, and pigmentations, among others. The oral cavity is a conducive environment for the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the mucosal immune system and target cells; direct effects of the virus in this cavity worsen the antiviral inflammatory response of underlying oral disorders, immunodeficiencies, and autoimmunity primarily. Conclusions: The oral cavity is an accessible and privileged environment for the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the mucosal immune system and target cells; the direct effects of the virus in this cavity worsen the antiviral inflammatory response of underlying oral disorders, in particular those related to immunodeficiencies and autoimmunity.

Characterization of Clinostomum (Digenea: Clinostomidae) spp. in India

Platyhelminths belonging to the family Clinostomidae (Digenea) have a worldwide distribution and are known to infect piscivorous birds through their intermediate hosts, usually fish species. In the present study, clinostome metacercariae were collected from fish hosts, including Channa punctata (Bloch 1793) (n = 25) and Trichogaster fasciata Bloch and Schneider 1801 (n = 25), from a freshwater system in India. The experimental infection of cattle egrets, Ardea (Bubulcus) ibis Linnaeus 1758, with some of the live metacercariae found in the present study was successful. Live adult parasites were obtained from the buccal cavity of the birds. Both metacercaria and adult specimens were subjected to molecular studies to obtain the sequences of 28S, ITS1, and ITS2 (nuclear rDNA) regions. The parasites were found to belong to three species, Clinostomum giganticum Agarwal 1959; C. piscidium Southwell and Prashad 1918; and Euclinostomum heterostomum (Rudolphi 1809). Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences obtained from the adults and metacercariae established a link between the metacercariae in the fish hosts and adults in the avian host, which is essential to elucidate their partial life cycle and specify morphological characteristics in the metacercarial stage.

Livoneca redmanii Leach, 1818 (Cymothoidae) a parasitic isopod infesting the gills of the European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758): morphological and molecular characterization study

BackgroundPrevalence, morphology, and molecular characteristics of isopodiosis in the European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax, in Egypt were assessed using light and electron microscopy and polymerase chain reaction targeting the mitochondrial COI (cytochrome oxidase c) gene.ResultsAdult parasites were found mainly in the branchial cavity between gill arches and to a lesser extent in the buccal cavity. They were morphologically identified as the Cymothoidae Livoneca redmanii Leach, 1818 (Crustacea: Isopoda). Obviously, a 23% prevalence rate of isopods was reported in D. labrax from Egyptian Mediterranean waters. Destructive and degenerative necrotic alterations with complete sloughing of gill lamellae of the infested fish were observed. DNA sequencing of the mitochondrial COI gene confirmed the identification of the parasite which was deposited in the GenBank under accession numbers MW600099, MZ208984, and MZ208985. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that parasites emerged from a monophyletic clade closely affiliated with L. redmanii and were clearly distinguished from other isopod genospecies.ConclusionThe present investigation addresses L. redmanii infestation in D. labrax in Egypt and affirmed morphological properties via the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and molecular characteristics of this isopod species. The drastic effects of this parasite on the infected fish were proven both clinically and histopathologically.

Overlapping and partitioning of niche among different life stages of the parasitic isopod Cymothoa indica in the host Glossoglobius guiris collected from the Chilika lagoon, India.

The present paper reports the site of attachment preference, overlapping and partitioning of niche among different life stages of parasitic isopod Cymothoa indica Schiöedte and Meinert, 1884 in the Gobiidae fish Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton 1822) collected from the Chilika lagoon, India. Out of 2113 host fishes, 176 were found to be infected by the parasites. Out of the 233 different life stages of the parasites examined, 89 were female, 104 were male, and the rests were juveniles. 100% of the females, 84.6% of the male and 72.5% of the juveniles were found to be attached to the buccal cavity, while the rest of the males and juveniles were attached to the branchial cavity. In most cases, there was niche overlapping, leading to competition for the resources. Females preferred more specialized niches as compared to males and juveniles. In a few instances, there is niche partitioning, as shown by the male and juveniles. There is a negative correlation between the number of parasites found in the body of the fishes and the weight of the host fishes. This manuscript also provides a brief description of the different life stages of this parasite in the above-mentioned host collected from the same lagoon.

Paramaxillary CT-guided fine needle aspiration of head and neck lesions: technique, diagnostic yield, and safety profile.

Computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous biopsy of deep-seated head and neck lesions can be a less invasive and equally effective alternative to surgical techniques. There are multiple approaches for needle biopsy that target varying spaces within the head and neck while successfully avoiding critical anatomy. In the paramaxillary approach, the needle is advanced through the infrazygomatic buccal space, in between the maxilla and mandible. In this study, we examine the safety and diagnostic yield of FNA without core needle biopsy performed via the paramaxillary approach in 19 patients yielding 20 fine needle aspirates between 2014 and 2022. Of the fine needle aspirates, 85.0% (17/20) were diagnostic. Concordant histopathologic diagnosis was obtained in 100% (17/17) diagnostic fine needle aspirates. There were no postprocedural complications.

Two New Species of Free-Living Marine Nematode of the Genus Anticyathus Cobb, 1920 (Linhomoeidae) from Mangroves Sediment of Shenzhen and Shantou, China

Two new species belonging to the genus Anticyathus were discovered during an ecological investigation of mangrove sediment in China. Anticyathus shenzhensis sp. nov. and Anticyathus communis sp. nov. are both characterized by: annulated cuticles; ten cephalic setae in a circle; buccal cavity lined with six longitudinal reinforcements; amphids in broken circles or cryptic spirals, located at the very anterior of the head; pharynx with anterior cuticularized, gradually enlarging in posterior portion but without bulb; conical tail; arcuate spicules, the distal ends pointed, gradually broadening towards the proximal; gubernaculum has a dorsal–caudal apophysis; female with two opposed, outstretched ovaries. Anticyathus shenzhensis sp. nov. can be distinguished by ten cephalic setae of length about 2–4 µm; amphids diameter about 20–29% of corresponding body diameter; pharynx occupy 0.07–0.10 times of body length; cardia length about 25 µm; tail length 2.5–3.4 times of anal body diameter (abd) in males and 3.4–4.7 abd in females; spicules length 51–59 µm as arc and 0.71–1.04 abd; apophysis length 18–19 µm; female vulva at 52–56% of body length. Anticyathus communis sp. nov. is identified by ten cephalic setae length about 3–5 µm; amphids diameter about 20–32% of corresponding body diameter; cardia 17–27 µm long; tail length 3.6–4.5 abd in male, 5.3–5.5 abd in female; spicules proximal with distinctly cephalated, 0.74–0.96 abd; gubernaculum shape of “L”, consisting of sleeves around spicule and dorsal–caudal apophysis; five to seven pre-anal and seven to ten post-anal almost invisible papilla or papillae-like setae occur on each ventrally submedian line on the posterior body part of male; the tip of male tail with three slight elevation; female vulva at 52% of body length. A dichotomous key for the genus Anticyathus is given and 39 sequences of 18S rRNA gene from ten individuals of Anticyathus shenzhensis sp. nov. are provided in Genbank database.

Chromaspirina aliapapillata sp.nov. (Nematoda, Desmodorida) from Donuzlav Bay (Crimea, Black Sea).

A new species of free-living marine nematode Chromaspirina aliapapillata sp. nov. from the Donuzlav Bay (Black Sea) is described. Chromaspirina aliapapillata sp. nov. is characterized by a slender body, buccal cavity with two dorsal teeth, spiral amphids, tail conico-cylindrical and presence of precloacal supplements. The new species differs from other known species of the genus by having two dorsal teeth and presence of 17 to 21 precloacal supplements of which one or two are cup-shaped and rest curved tubes.

Formulation And Invitro, In Vivo Evaluation Of Mucoadhesive Buccal Tablet Of Enalapril Maleate

The buccal area of the mouth mucosal cavity provides an adorable route of administration for systemic and local medication distribution. Among the several transmucosal locations accessible, the mucosa of the buccal cavity was determined to be the most convenient and easily approachable site for the administration of therapeutic drugs as retentive dose forms delivery. The objective of the current research is based on to improve the bioavailability and efficacy of the Enalapril maleate (EM) a commonly used antihypertensive drug through buccal mucosal. The pure drug EM and excipient polymers such as, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K100), Carbopol 934p, Chitosan and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP K30) were obtained from manufacturing industries. EM buccal tablets were prepared using direct compression. The powder blend formulation studies such as Bulk density, tapped density, Hausner ratio, Carr’s index and angle of repose were carried out, moisture absorption study was performed by using 5%W/V agar, residence time was carried out using porcine buccal mucosa, ex vivo permeation was performed using Franz diffusion cell and in vivo drug release for API and formulated tablets were studies using rabbits. The result of our study showed that the powder flow properties were found to be within the limits, moisture absorption study was 67.63%, residence time till 8.15 hrs, ex vivo permeation 99.12% and in vivo drug release was extended till 24 hrs. The bioregion in which it will remain in contact were perfectly done with appropriate evaluation techniques (Residence time), the moisture absorption study was carried out to check how much moisture the tablet can absorbed to release the drug and was found satisfactory. The ex vivo permeation study was performed by Franz diffusion cell to check the drug permeation through buccal mucosa. The in vivo studies were performed on New Zealand rabbits and can be concluded that the drug release from the formulated F6 was better than the marketed API.&#x0D;