BSE Practice Research Articles

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Breast Self Examination in Women of Okrika Kalio-Ama Community Okrika Local Government Area of Rivers State

Background: Breast self-examination is one of the non-invasive methods of screening in which a woman looks at her breast for any unusual changes like lumps, distortions, or swellings. Despite the impact of breast self-examination in detecting breast cancer earlier, the vast majority of cases still present with an advanced stage. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women, particularly in low income countries. Objective: This study sought to evaluate breast self-examination habits and knowledge among women in their reproductive age in the Kalio-Ama village in Okrika LGA, Rivers State. Methods: Women residing in the study area were the subjects of a cross-sectional study. A straightforward random selection technique was employed to choose 250 individuals. Questionnaires given by interviewers were utilized to gather data. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 23. Results: From the total of 250 women participated in the study with a response rate of 100%. Of these, 250 (100%) of the respondents have heard of breast self-examination, 25 (10%) heard about it at home, 180 (72%) heard about it at the health facility while 45 (18%) heard on social media, 190 (76%) said self-examination of the breast is essential for early detection of breast cancer, 180 (72%) had knowledge and skills of BSE, 190 (76%) agreed that BSE will lead to early detection of breast cancer, 250 (100) of the respondents have practiced breast self-examination, 160 (64%) practice BSE on monthly bases while 90 (36%) practice BSE when necessary, 160 (64%) will continue the practice of BSE, 160 (64%) derive pleasure in carrying out BSE. There was a significant relationship (p-value<0.05) between the following factors (health motivation, higher perceived self-efficacy of breast self-examination, marital status, family history of breast cancer and age) and execution of BSE. Conclusion: The findings of this research showed that there is adequate sufficient understanding and experience in BSE among women of childbearing age in the study area and factors such as health motivation, higher perceived self-efficacy of breast self-examination, marital status, family history of breast cancer and age impact of the practice of BSE among women in Rivers State.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Breast Self-Examination Among Women Aged 35 to 65 Years in the Commune of Mbour (Senegal)

Introduction: Breast cancer is second only to cervical cancer in Senegal. It has a high mortality rate because of its late diagnosis and the inadequacy and availability of treatment. In countries with limited resources, breast self-examination is still a means of early diagnosis of breast cancer. The aim of the study was to assess knowledge, attitudes and practice of BSE in the commune of Mbour. Methods: This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study that took place from 01 to 30 July 2022 in the commune of Mbour. The study population consisted of women aged 35 to 65 years who had been living in the study area for more than three months. Sampling was carried out using a two-stage cluster survey. Results: A total of 599 women were surveyed. The average age of the women was 44.3 years. Educated women represented 56.3% of the sample. Married women accounted for 81.4% of the sample and those engaged in an income-generating activity 64.9%. The overall level of knowledge was average, with 57.9% correctly answering questions about breast cancer and breast self-examination. The most frequent sources of information are the media, with television (77.1%), radio (53.4%) and written media (35.2%). Health professionals are also an important source of information, with 43.9% of women informed by this source. Overall, 78.5% (471) of the women surveyed had the 'right' attitude and 20.9% the 'wrong' attitude. We noted in the series that 10.9% (65) of women performed breast self-examination adequately according to the recommended technique. However, 22.7% (136) of women performed BSE inadequately. The practice of BSE was higher in women over 50 (72.3%) than in women under 50, with a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). It is noted that women's level of education had a significant influence (p<0.05) on the practice of BSE, with 69.2% of women who practiced BSE being educated. In contrast, women's marital status and the exercise of income-generating-activity among women had no influence on the practice of BSE. Conclusion: In order to improve the practice of breast self-examination, it is important to strengthen communication aimed at women through the media and healthcare personnel.

Effectiveness of Conventional and Electronic Health Educational Campaign on Breast Self-Examination Practice Among Adult Women in Oyo State

This study investigated effectiveness of conventional and electronic health educational campaign on Breast self-examination practice among adult women in Oyo State. This study adopted quasi-experimental design, using two interventional approach: convectional teaching medium and Electronic teaching medium. Multi-stage sampling techniques was employed in the selection process, where two rural and urban communities were selected across three senatorial districts in Oyo State, to give six urban and rural areas. Each educational campaign group had 213 participants, therefore the two groups in total had 426 participants. Validated questionnaire was adopted for data collection. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Hypotheses were tested using paired and independent t-test. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Hypotheses tested revealed that, there is a significant difference in conventional and electronic group knowledge (p < 0.05), attitude (p < 0.05); Self-efficacy (p< 0.05) and practice (p< 0.05) respectively. This study concluded that, participants from convectional groups had better knowledge, attitude, Self-efficacy and practice of BSE compare to Electronic group.

Determinants of breast cancer screening utilization among female healthcare workers in selected hospitals in Ogbomoso, Oyo state

Objective: The study aimed at identifying the determinants of breast cancer screening among FHW in the three levels of care. FHW have greater influence on women's positive perception of breast cancer.
 Method: Descriptive cross- sectional design was employed. Purposive sampling technique was used. Data collected with the aid of validated structured questionnaire. Data analyzed using SPSS version 22 and presented in tables and graphs. The hypotheses were tested using chi square at 0.05 level of significance.
 Results: Findings revealed that 40 (18.6%) were doctors, 104 (48.4%) nurses and 71 (32.4%) others. Majority of the respondents (81.4%) had good knowledge of BSE, 73.4% had good knowledge of CBE, however, more than half of the respondents (52.6%) had poor knowledge of mammography. Age, lack of time, financial constraints, fear of positive diagnosis among others were some of the factors identified.
 Conclusion: Majority of the respondents had good knowledge. However, only the practice of BSE was good while the others were poor. Therefore, there is an urgent need for sensitization of FHW on the need to undergo the screening especially clinical breast examination and mammography

Awareness, attitude, and practices of adult females in Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia, about early detection of breast cancer

Aim of Study: To assess the awareness level of women about breast cancer as a major threat to women’s health and the importance of its early detection. Methods: This study followed a cross-sectional research design, which included 400 adult Saudi women, without breast cancer, who live in Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia. An online study questionnaire was developed in a simple Arabic language. It comprised participants’ personal characteristics; their awareness about breast cancer; assessment of risk factors for breast cancer; and their attitude and screening practices for breast cancer. Results: Only 59.4% of the participants were aware that breast cancer could be inherited in some families. The majority of the participants (78%) were aware that breastfeeding could protect against breast cancer. Early menarche and late menopause were recognized as risk factors for breast cancer by only 13.5% and 21.3% of the respondents respectively. Similarly, only 24.3% of the respondents answered correctly that the late age of first full-term pregnancy is a risk factor for breast cancer. More than half of the respondents (54.5%) were aware that hormonal replacement therapy is a risk factor for breast cancer. Women who had higher levels of education showed significantly more sufficient knowledge regarding breast cancer risk factors compared to those who were illiterate (48.2% versus 16.4%, P<0.001). The majority of women, 91.5%, who have heard of BSE, recognized that it should bedone to search for tumours, while only 37.8%, 18.5%, and 27.4% recognized that the objective of BSE is to look for nipple discharge, nipple changes, and changes in the skin of the breast, respectively. Most of the participants in the 18-30 years age group (76.0%) have heard of BSE as compared to only 13.5% of those aged over 50. This association between women’s ages and hearing of BSE was statistically significant (P<0.001). The majority of non-married women have heard of BSE (82.9%) as opposed to 53.1% of married women (P<0.001). More employed women have heard of BSE than non-employed women (81.0% vs. 54.0%, p<0.001). More women with a university education have heard of BSE than those who are illiterate and those who have a school education (79.8% vs. 18.2% and 62.5% respectively, P<0.001). Conclusions: Knowledge levels of adult Saudi women in Aseer Region about breast cancer risk factors and screening methods are suboptimal. The awareness and practice of BSE among them is generally poor. Primary healthcare professionals have a limited role in educating women regarding breast cancer issues. Key Words: Awareness, attitude, practice, Women, Early detection of breast cancer, Saudi Arabia.

Practice of breast self-examination and associated factors among female students of College of Health Technology, Aba, Abia State, Nigeria

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is a type of malignant tumor that starts in the cells of the breast and commonly occurs in women, particularly in low and middle-income countries. It has been described as the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women and the leading cause of cancer death globally. It demands immediate action to prevent and detect BC early through the different screening methods. To facilitate early detection of BC, practice on the screening methods is essential. Objective: To assess practice of breast self-examination and associated factors among female students of college of Health Technology, Aba, Abia State, Nigeria. Materials and methods: A descriptive-cross sectional study was conducted among female students of college of health technology Aba. Abia state. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain data from the female students which were entered into SPSS version 26 for analysis. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify variables having a significant association with students’ knowledge. Results: The mean age of the respondents is 23±3.461, 398 (93.3%) students participated in the study with a non-responsive rate of 6.7%. Majority of the study participants 279 (70.1%) were in the 18-23 year-age group and 350 (87.9%) were single. The dominant tribe and religion were Igbo 380 (95.5%) and Christianity 387 (97.2%) respectively, 44 (11.1%) of them have children. One hundred and thirty-five (33.9%) had poor practice. Students’ aged ≤ 23 years (AOR; 5.210 p = 0.002), students’ husband educational level (AOR: 4.223, P=0.03), family history of breast cancer (AOR: 5.309, P=0.001) were statistically associated with students’ practice of BSE. Conclusion: Respondents had low level of practice of Breast self-examination. Husband’s educational level, marital status, family history of breast cancer age and were predators to knowledge of BSE.

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICE OF MARRIED FEMALE REGARDING BREAST CANCER PREVENTION AT A RURAL COMMUNITY, LAHORE

This study was conducted in a rural community to study the status of knowledge, attitude, and practice of breast self-examination among married females above 30. Breasts are crucial in defining the female body's special function. One should have a brief idea of what is normal for the breast and not. The reason for conducting this study was to enable women to know the facts and causes of breast cancer and amputation in later stages to stimulate the women of the area to seek proper medical attention when needed. To identify married females' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding breast cancer prevention in a rural community, Lahore. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural community. For this purpose, a simple random sampling technique was utilized for participant recruitment. A sample size of 80 was calculated for predicted event frequency. The researchers in the community administered the questionnaire. The data was evaluated using SPSS Statistical Software. And presented as frequency and percentage. Eighty females were selected from the community, and an adaptive, closed-ended, self-administered questionnaire was used to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice of BSE in the community. The majority of the women were literate. The study revealed that among the 68.8% of females who have heard about breast self-examination, 95% of females think that breast self-examination is necessary. 88.8% of females think breast self-examination helps in the early detection of breast cancer. 65% of females know that breast self-examination should be performed once a month and 58.8 % know how to perform breast self-examination correctly. 62.5% of females are fully aware of its benefits. 52.5% of females know that breast self-examination is performed on the arm and upper chest areas. 76.3% don't have a family history of breast cancer. 61.3% of females think that if there is no history of breast cancer, there is no need to practice breast self-examination. 92.5% of females know that breast self-examination is a good practice for all women must be taught. The study's result was that the community's knowledge was good. The efforts of the health department and the collaboration of media groups can further increase it.

Practice, confidence and continuity of breast self-examination among women in Thailand during COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study

ObjectiveBreast self-examination (BSE) is the most feasible screening tool compared with clinical breast examination and mammography. It is crucial to address the associated factors of practising BSE to develop a...

“Effectiveness of Structural Teaching Programme on Knowledge and Practice Regarding Breast Self-Examination among Female Students – A Quasi Experimental Study”

Background of the study: Breast cancer is a major public health issue in both developed and developing countries and it is the leading cause of illness and mortality in women. Every year, about 1.15 million new instances of breast cancer are diagnosed worldwide. The high death rate among women owing to breast cancer is exacerbated by late-stage diagnosis. Aim: To evaluate the impact of a teaching program on female students' knowledge of breast self-examination. Methodology: The quantitative educational and evaluative research approach was deemed the most suitable for this investigation. The research design was "A Quasi Experimental Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of a Structured Teaching Program on Breast Self-Examination Knowledge and Practice among Female College Students in a Selected College in Panipat." Stratified random sampling was utilized to determine the sample. The data collection instruments were self-administered. Two-part multiple-choice questionnaire, with the first section containing demographic data and the second assessing knowledge of breast self-examination. The data were analyzed and hypotheses tested using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Chi square, paired "t" test). Results: At the 0.05 level, a comparison of the pre-test mean of 8.35 and the post-test mean of 24.18 for breast self-examination knowledge was found to be statistically significant. This study demonstrates that an educational program is effective at increasing breast self-examination awareness. Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study showed that female students' understanding and practice of BSE were greatly improved because to the structured training program. Therefore, an effective health education campaign should be developed to raise awareness and encourage regular self-breast examination among college-aged women in order to detect breast cancer at an earlier stage.

Breast self-examination: Knowledge, practice and associated factors among 20 to 49 years aged women in Butwal sub-metropolitan, Rupandehi, Nepal.

Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in the world and also among Nepalese women. Breast self-examination is an important, cheap, and easy method for early diagnosis of breast cancer which can be cured in the majority of cases if diagnosed in the early stages. In developing countries like Nepal where the awareness regarding breast cancer and breast self-examination is poor, breast cancers are diagnosed at late stages resulting in a poor prognosis of the disease. The study assessed knowledge, practice, and factors associated with breast self-examination. A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 262 women in the Butwal sub-metropolitan adopting multi-stage sampling. A pre-tested structured interview schedule and an observation checklist were used to collect the data. Data was entered in EPI-data and necessary univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were done in SPSS. The study found that more than half of the participants (55.3%) had poor knowledge of BSE. Only one-fourth (27.1%) of them were practicing BSE and among them, most of them (93.0%) had poor practice. The factors such as ethnicity from Brahmin/Chhetri [AOR = 2.099, 95% CI (1.106-3.981)], use of contraceptive devices [AOR = 9.487, 95% CI (2.166-41.558)], personal history of breast lump [AOR = 12.502, 95% CI (1.639-95.387)], family history of breast cancer [AOR = 5.729, 95% CI (1.337-97.512)], and knowledge of BSE [AOR = 4.407, 95% CI = 2.160-34.650)] were significant determinants of BSE practice among 20-49 years women. The study concluded that most of the women had poor knowledge and practice of breast self-examination. The study also indicated the influence of ethnicity, contraceptives, personal and family history of cancer/early warning signs, and knowledge for practicing breast self-examination. There is an immediate need to increase the knowledge and practice of breast self-examination to prevent and detect breast cancer in its early stage.

Breast Self-Examination Among Female Adolescents in Nigeria: An Integrative Review

Earlier research on breast self-examination among female adolescents has formed different results. This integrative review aimed to summarize the evidence and to compare all existing evidence on the knowledge, attitude, perception, and practices of breast self-examination among female adolescents in the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria, comprising 36 states. A total of 10 articles were included in the final analysis. The article included in the review was limited to articles published in English between 2017 and 2022. The majority of the respondents in this review had a low knowledge level of breast self-examination for both the cross-sectional studies and the baseline (pre-intervention) assessment for intervention studies, had a poor attitude/perception towards BSE, and also had a poor practice of BSE. The major source of information for female adolescents about BSE is the internet, while pamphlets, and face-to-face interaction greatly improved knowledge for intervention studies. The studies further revealed that hearing about BSE does not translate into knowledge and practice. Intervention programs aimed at improving knowledge and practice of BSE among female adolescents are highly advocated as this would enhance their screening practices, improve early detection rates and sustain changes in behaviour towards BSE. Also, the review further identified peer education as a strategy that can be used to improve BSE knowledge and practices in female adolescents.

Predictors of Practice of breast self-examination among women in District Ambala (Haryana)

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and its early detection is critical to improve survival. Breast self-examination is a cheap, basic and non-intellectual method to detect breast cancer. Aims and objectives: 1To determine the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding breast self-examination2. To explain the various factors which affect the practice of BSE Material and Methods: The present study was carried out among 300 women residing in rural and urban areas of district Ambala using a self-designed pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Results: In this study 127 (42.3%) of the participants had heard of BSE and 107 (35.7%) of the participants knew how to perform BSE. Overall, 47.7%, 30.3%, and 22% of the study participants had poor (<50%), medium (50–75%), and good knowledge (>75) on BSE, respectively. Educational qualification, knowing the three positions to perform BSE, knowing how often should BSE be done, taught how to do BSE, BSE is a useful tool to detect breast cancer were seen to be significantly associated with practice of BSE. Conclusion: This study elucidates that the knowledge as well as practice of BSE was significantly low in the population. This study provides insights into the various factors which affect the practice of BSE .

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Breast Self-Examination in Nigeria: A 10 Year Systematic Review

Background: Among the screening methods for the early detection of breast abnormalities that could lead to breast cancer, Breast self-examination is the basic, simplest, cost effective, self-administered and very important technique. It allows women to get acquainted with the nature of their breasts and therefore allows them to discover any deviation. Early detection goes a long way in successful treatment of BC and this is easily come by with good and adequate knowledge, good attitude towards and excellent skill to administer BSE. Consequently, we drew out the data on BSE knowledge, attitudes and practice among Nigeria women. Methods: A systematic review was done among studies conducted in Nigeria using Arskey and O’Malleys’ framework as a guide. The databases searched include PubMed, Google, Google Scholar, Jstor, Intech Open, Proquest and PubMed Central for relevant studies on women’s knowledge, attitude and practice on BSE. Studies included in the review were from thirteen states in Nigeria. The articles reviewed in this systematic review were journals published between August 2012 to July 2022, a 10-year systematic review. Results: Sixty-three (63) articles were firstly extracted to be eligible for review; thirty-seven (37) were excluded due to duplication of content, lack of focus on the concept and incomplete content. Another nine (9) were discarded for muddling up result with another concept and for not involving at least two of the variables, i.e., knowledge, attitude and practice of breast self-examination. The seventeen (17) articles were conducted in thirteen states of which two (2) were conducted in Osun State as well as Sokoto State and three in Oyo State while one (1) each in other ten states, namely Benin, Kano, Imo, Akwa-Ibom, Ekiti, Ebonyi, Abia, Ondo, Awka, and Lagos States. Twelve (12) studies reported evidence on BSE knowledge, attitude and practice; three (3) on knowledge and practice; and two (2) reported on attitude and practice of BSE. The findings of this study submit varying knowledge levels on BSE though—averagely good knowledge but poor practice among women in Nigeria. Conclusion/Recommendation: The findings from these studies show that the knowledge of BSE among women folk in Nigeria is averagely low though women’s attitude seems good. Similarly, the practice of BSE among women in Nigeria is poor. Therefore, proactive measures need to be taken to increase the level of knowledge of BSE through educational programs among every category of women to reduce morbidity and mortality from breast cancer in Nigeria in the nearest future.

Breast Cancer Knowledge and Screening Practice among Women in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Objectives: This study aimed to estimate the level of current knowledge regarding breast cancer in Saudi Arabia. We assessed the knowledge of breast cancer risks, the knowledge regarding the BSE and mammogram in Saudi Arabian females using a survey-based study.
 Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered survey to assess the knowledge and practice of Saudi women toward Brest cancer examination. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS program.
 
 Results: A total number of 499 surveys were collected. The data showed that there was general lack of practice of BSE in the sample only 186 (37%) reported that they practiced regular BSE and only 16 (3%) reported that they went to the clinic for breast examination. Among all participants around 54% had poor overall knowledge of breast cancer 65% had poor knowledge regarding breast cancer risk and 93% had poor knowledge regarding clinical examination. Surprisingly, 56% had good knowledge regarding the clinical picture of breast cancer.
 Conclusion: This clearly showed that the lack of breast self-examination, mammogram and clinical examination is not a result of total lack of knowledge but due to lack of knowledge regarding risks and examination. This set of data provide a guideline for the focus and planning of future breast cancer awareness campaigns.

PENYULUHAN DAN PRAKTEK SADARI UNTUK DETEKSI DINI KANKER PAYUDARA PADA REMAJA PUTRI DI PANTI ASUHAN AL-AKBAR PEKANBARU

Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood, where there is dynamic and rapid growth and development in physical, psychological, intellectual, social, sexual behavior associated with the onset of puberty. Problems related to adolescent reproductive health include breast cancer and cervical/cervical cancer. Cancer is one of the biggest causes of death in the world. Based on data from the Global Burden of Cancer (GLOBACAN) released by the World Health Organization (WHO) states that the number of cases and deaths from cancer until 2018 was 18.1 million cases and 9.6 million deaths in 2018. Cancer deaths is estimated to continue to increase to more than 13.1 million in 2030. According to the Ministry of Health (2019), the incidence of breast cancer is 42.1/100,000 population with an average death rate of 17/100,000. Meanwhile, according to the Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) in 2018, the prevalence of cancer in Indonesia reached 1.79/1000. This service aims to determine the description and early detection of breast cancer in adolescents. The method used in the service is to conduct counseling and practice BSE on young women at the Al Akbar Orphanage Pekanbaru. It is hoped that with this BSE counseling and practice, the knowledge level of young women will increase and make them more concerned about their health condition. The results of this service will be published in the community service proceedings. Keywords: Early detection, breast cancer, young women

A Quasi Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of IEC on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Breast Self-Examination among Female Supportive Staff Working in A.C.S Medical College Hospital

Breast cancer is a cancer that begins in the tissue of the breast. It occurs when the breast cells alter anddevelop out of control. Normally, the cells form a tumor. The cancer is referred to as “invasive” if it hasgone beyond the breast. It’s possible that it’ll only spread to adjacent tissues and lymph nodes. To assessthe Pretest and Posttest level on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice regarding BSE among female supportivestaff. To assess the Effectiveness of IEC on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice. To assess the Relationshipbetween Knowledge, Attitude and Practice regarding BSE. To find out the association between mean differedscore of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice regarding BSE with selected socio demographic variable. Aquasi-experimental study was conducted in A.C.S medical college and hospital with female supportive staff.The technique were selected Simple Random sampling technique based on the inclusive and exclusivecriteria. Overall sample is 75 female supportive staff. They are divided into three groups and the data iscollected by pre and posttest method. After collecting the pretest data the IEC booklet was distributed to theparticipants. In pretest most of the female supportive staff (93.33%) had inadequate knowledge, (4%) hadmoderate knowledge and (2.67%) had adequate knowledge regarding BSE. Whereas in the post test afterthe administration of IEC, (89.33%) had adequate knowledge and (10.67%) had moderate knowledge. In thepretest most of the female supportive staff (100%) had inadequate practice regarding BSE. In posttest after theadministration of IEC, (48%) had inadequate practice, (32%) had moderate practice and (20%) had adequatepractice. In the pretest most of the female supportive staff (49.3%) had moderately favorable attitude, (48%)had unfavorable attitude and (2.67%) had favorable attitude. In posttest after the administration of IEC, (56%)had moderately favorable attitude, (38.67%) had favorable attitude and (5.33%) had unfavorable attitude.The pretest mean score of knowledge was 4.65±1.89, mean score of practice was 0.15±0.36 and the pretestmean score of attitude was 7.33±2.26. Comparison revealed that the mean pretest and posttest Knowledge,Attitude and Practice regarding BSE. The demographic variables of female supportive staff significantlyassociated with the Knowledge and there is no significant association with Attitude and Practice. This studyconcludes that there is improvement in the level of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of BSE among femalesupportive staff which indicates that the Information booklet is effective.

A cross-sectional research of breast self-examination awareness and practice in rural women in central India

Breast carcinoma is the most frequent carcinoma in females around the world, and it can be diagnosed early with self-examination. BSE is a low-cost, easy-to-use, noninvasive approach for detecting breast carcinomas early. As a result, understanding the process and practicing it consistently could protect females from severe morbidity and mortality from breast carcinoma. This research compared the knowledge and practice of BSE among females in Central India before and after they participated in the survey. This six-month cross-sectional research took place in the Tertiary Healthcare Centre’s Rural Health Training Centre (RHTC) service region in Central India. The research comprised 500 females who were over the age of 30. A questionnaire was utilized to collect data on understanding of breast carcinoma and BSE, as well as attitudes and BSE practices. The importance of BSE, how it's done, and how often it's done were all explained to the females. The same residences were visited again after a week, and females were asked if they practiced BSE, the actions they took, any findings they had, and whether they had contacted a surgeon. Three hundred and eighty (78%) of the 500 subjects were aware of breast carcinoma. Breast Self-Examination was known by 174 people (35%). (BSE). After receiving BSE education, the percentage of females carry outing BSE jumped from 21% to 85%. After taking part in the research and learning about BSE, the number of females who don't know anything about BSE dropped from 74 percent to 12 percent. BSE is regarded as a low-cost, fast, non-invasive, and non-hazardous technique. One of the most common reasons why females do not conduct BSE is a lack of knowledge about how to do it. Efforts should be made to develop educational initiatives to improve females’ understanding and practice of breast self-examination. Keywords: Awareness, Breast self-examination, Breast carcinoma, Females.

A Quasi Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of IEC on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Breast Self-Examination among Female Supportive Staff Working in A.C.S Medical College & Hospital

Breast cancer is a cancer that begins in the tissue of the breast. It occurs when the breast cells alter anddevelop out of control. Normally, the cells form a tumor. The cancer is referred to as “invasive” if it hasgone beyond the breast. It’s possible that it’ll only spread to adjacent tissues and lymph nodes. To assessthe Pretest and Posttest level on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice regarding BSE among female supportivestaff. To assess the Effectiveness of IEC on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice. To assess the Relationshipbetween Knowledge, Attitude and Practice regarding BSE. To find out the association between mean differedscore of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice regarding BSE with selected socio demographic variable. Aquasi-experimental study was conducted in A.C.S medical college and hospital with female supportive staff.The technique were selected Simple Random sampling technique based on the inclusive and exclusivecriteria. Overall sample is 75 female supportive staff. They are divided into three groups and the data iscollected by pre and posttest method. After collecting the pretest data the IEC booklet was distributed to theparticipants. In pretest most of the female supportive staff (93.33%) had inadequate knowledge, (4%) hadmoderate knowledge and (2.67%) had adequate knowledge regarding BSE. Whereas in the post test afterthe administration of IEC, (89.33%) had adequate knowledge and (10.67%) had moderate knowledge. In thepretest most of the female supportive staff (100%) had inadequate practice regarding BSE. In posttest after theadministration of IEC, (48%) had inadequate practice, (32%) had moderate practice and (20%) had adequatepractice. In the pretest most of the female supportive staff (49.3%) had moderately favorable attitude, (48%)had unfavorable attitude and (2.67%) had favorable attitude. In posttest after the administration of IEC, (56%)had moderately favorable attitude, (38.67%) had favorable attitude and (5.33%) had unfavorable attitude.The pretest mean score of knowledge was 4.65±1.89, mean score of practice was 0.15±0.36 and the pretestmean score of attitude was 7.33±2.26. Comparison revealed that the mean pretest and posttest Knowledge,Attitude and Practice regarding BSE. The demographic variables of female supportive staff significantlyassociated with the Knowledge and there is no significant association with Attitude and Practice. This studyconcludes that there is improvement in the level of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of BSE among femalesupportive staff which indicates that the Information booklet is effective.

Meta-Analysis: Effect of School-Based Health Promotion Strategy on Smoking Habits in Adolescents

Background: Smoking is the biggest preventable cause of death in the world. Tobacco1 is a global problem experienced by both developed and developing countries, the gap in smoking rates between those in high and low socioeconomic groups has widened over the same period. Smoking behavior is not only in adults but also among school students. Peers have previously been reported to play a role in initiating smoking behavior in school-age students. Students' attitudes and behavior related to smoking behavior are influenced by personal knowledge and how peers behave. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of school-based health promotion strategies on smoking habits in adolescents based on the results of previous studies. Subjects and Method: This study is a meta-analysis study with Population: adolescents. Intervention: using school-based health promotion strategies. Comparison: not using school-based health promotion strategies. Outcome: success in not smoking. The article search process is carried out through the Pubmed web search engine and is a research article published from 2013-2022. The articles obtained will be filtered using the stages according to the PRISM flow diagram. Results: A total of 9 articles used in this study were reviewed and met the requirements for a meta-analysis, the research conducted in these articles was carried out in various continents such as European, America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Where from the meta-analysis of 9 randomized controlled trial articles, it is known that school-based health promotion strategies increase succes not smoking, and it was statistically significant (OR= 0.49; 95 % CI= 0.43 to 0.56; p= 0.001) Conclusion: The perceived benefit was not statistically significant in predicting the practice of BSE in women. Keywords: smoking, school-based health promotion, youth. Correspondence: Bhre Diansyah Dinda Khalifatulloh. Polytechnic of Jember, East Java. Jl. Mastrip, Krajan Timur, Sumbersari, Jember, East Java 68121. Email: Bhrediansyah98­@gmail.com. Mobile: +6281333085809. Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2022), 07(02): 132-141 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2021.07.02.05

Carcinoma of Breast: A Case Report

Background: In Indian women, breast cancer is the most frequent type of cancer. Breast cancer affects 30 out of every 100,000 women in India.
 Case Report: A female patient of 70 years old was admitted to Female surgery Ward-33, Unit-3, AVBRH on 19th January with a chief complaint of lump in upper outer quadrant of the right breast, hardness and non-tenderness of right breast since 2 months. The patient was ok. She had complained of a lump in the upper outer quadrant of her breast for 2 months, and it had appeared gradually. During a physical examination, some clinical findings were obtained i.e., lump in a breast was gradually progressive, and non-tenderness and a nonmobile lump in upper outer quadrant of right breast, no history of fever, nausea vomiting, bloody discharge from a nipple. After that patient was undergone on the routine investigation in that Haemoglobin- 8.4gm% was decreased, Total Red Blood Cell count 2.88 cumm decreased, Total Leucocyte Count -17800 cumm increased. Fine needle aspiration cytology show metastasis of breast and ultrasonography shows an irregular strangulated hypoechoic mass of approximately 3.5*1.9 cm at the outer upper quadrant of the right breast. After histopathology report revealed that patient having metastasis of right breast and she was undergone on treatment of chemotherapy.
 Conclusion: This case report was of great relevance for academics, its provided to improve knowledge about breast cancer, to encourage the practice of BSE making women aware of the importance of this exam.