BS In Chemistry Research Articles

Editorial introductions

Editorial introductions

A spotlight on microneurotrophins: the future of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis treatment?

James P Bennett Jr* speaks to Daphne Boulicault, Commissioning Editor: James P Bennett, Jr is a native of St Petersburg, FL, USA. He received a BS in chemistry (with Honors) from the University of Florida (1970), then attended Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine for his MD (1974) and PhD (pharmacology, 1977) degrees. He worked in the laboratory of Dr Solomon Snyder, MD, for 6 years while in medical and graduate schools and trained in neuropharmocology. He then trained clinically for 2 years in internal medicine (1978–1980), followed by Neurology residency at the University of Virginia (UVA; 1980–1983) where he was Chief Resident (1982–1983). He became a faculty member in the UVA Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Pharmacology (1983–2009) and held the Ebbert Chair in Medical Science. In 2009, he moved to Virginia Commonwealth University, where he is the Bemiss Professor, was Chair of Neurology (2009–2013) and is founding Director of the Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorder Center (2009–2015). He has held multiple NIH grants and directed the NIH-funded Udall Parkinson’s Center at UVA. He investigates mitochondrial dysfunction in adult neurodegenerative diseases. He holds multiple patents related to experimental therapies of degenerative disorders.

Jay Donald Ostrow: The yellow giant

Jay Donald Ostrow: The yellow giant

Editorial introductions

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology was launched in 1990. It is one of a successful series of review journals whose unique format is designed to provide a systematic and critical assessment of the literature as presented in the many primary journals. The field of Ophthalmology is divided into nine sections that are reviewed once a year. Each section is assigned a Section Editor, a leading authority in the area, who identifies the most important topics at that time. Here we are pleased to introduce the Journal's Section Editors for this issue. SECTION EDITORS Alex V. LevinAlex V. LevinDr Levin is the Chief of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics at Wills Eye Institute, Philadelphia, USA. After graduating from Muhlenberg College in Allentown, Pennsylvania, USA, and Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, USA, Dr Levin completed a pediatric residency at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA and continued on there as a staff child abuse pediatrician. He then completed an ophthalmology residency at Wills Eye Hospital in Philadelphia. This was followed by a pediatric ophthalmology fellowship at The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada, where he continued as a staff ophthalmologist and Professor in the Departments of Pediatrics, Genetics and Ophthalmology and Vision Science at the University of Toronto, Canada, for over 16 years. He was the Director of the Pediatric Ophthalmology Fellowship program and Co-Director of their Ocular Genetics program. He completed a MHSc in Bioethics at the University of Toronto and was the university's Director of Postgraduate Bioethics Education. In 2008 he relocated back to Wills where he is also Professor of Ophthalmology and Pediatrics. He holds US Board certification in pediatrics, ophthalmology, and child abuse pediatrics. Dr Levin has a long-standing interest in ocular manifestations of child abuse, pediatric cataract, pediatric glaucoma, ocular genetics and the ophthalmic manifestations of pediatric systemic disease. Richard C. AllenRichard C. AllenRichard C. Allen MD PhD attended Duke University in Durham, North Carolina USA and graduated magna cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa with a BS in Chemistry where he received the Departmental Award in Chemistry. He was accepted into the Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas USA where he received his MD and PhD degrees. His dissertation was under the direction of John W. Belmont MD PhD in the Dept. of Human and Molecular Genetics. His dissertation “Molecular Genetics of X-linked Immunodeficiencies Affecting B Lymphocyte Function” was awarded the Sigma Xi Thesis Excellence Award. Other awards included first place for basic sciences for the MSTP class entering 1987 and the Medical Student Research Award from the Society of Pediatric Research. Dr Allen completed an internship in Internal Medicine at the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA and residency in ophthalmology at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA. Under the mentorship of Edwin M. Stone MD PhD and Thomas A. Oetting MD MS, he completed a fellowship in molecular ophthalmology and comprehensive ophthalmology at the University of Iowa. In 2000, Dr Allen joined the faculty in the Dept. of Ophthalmology at Baylor College of Medicine where he was Chief of the Ophthalmology Service at Ben Taub General Hospital. In 2002, he joined the faculty in the Division of Ophthalmology, Dept. of Surgery at the University of New Mexico, School of Medicine. From 2004 to 2006, he completed additional fellowship training in oculoplastic surgery at the University of Iowa under the direction of Jeffrey A. Nerad MD and Keith D. Carter MD, sponsored by the American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (ASOPRS). In 2006, Dr Allen returned to New Mexico where he rejoined the faculty at the University of New Mexico and also built a substantial oculoplastics practice at Eye Associates of New Mexico. Upon the departure of Dr Jeffrey Nerad from the University of Iowa in 2009, Dr Allen returned to Iowa City where he is currently an Associate Professor in the Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and the Dept. of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery. His practice is limited to ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery. Dr Allen is a member of ASOPRS and the American Eye Study Group, among others. He has published numerous peer-reviewed papers and book chapters. He is a reviewer for multiple medical journals and is a member of committees in ASOPRS, the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO), and the International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO). He is an active lecturer for many universities, hospitals, and medical societies worldwide. His research interests include genetic diseases of the eyelids, orbit, and lacrimal system. He lives in Iowa City with his wife Missy, son Gus, and daughter Sophie.

Frederic Holtzberg

Materials scientist Frederic Holtzberg passed away in Greenport, New York, on 24 April 2012 after an extended illness. He was a distinguished member of the IBM Research Division, where he worked from 1952 through 1993. Although trained in chemistry, he had diverse interests that encompassed other disciplines, particularly physics. Holtzberg made outstanding contributions to our understanding of rare-earth materials, especially magnetic semiconductors and materials with strong electron correlations. He was the co-recipient, with Francis DiSalvo Jr, of the American Physical Society’s 1991 International Prize for New Materials for his discovery of new materials characterized by strong electron correlations.Born in New York City on 12 April 1922, Holtzberg served in the US Army, including some time in India. He received his BS in chemistry at Brooklyn College in 1947, and under the guidance of crystallographer Isidor Fankuchen, in 1952 he completed his PhD on the structure of formic acid at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. That year he joined the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center at Columbia University. From 1959 to 1960 he took a leave of absence to become a technical assistant and consultant with the White House office of science and technology. He then rejoined the Watson Research Center, which had moved to Westchester County, New York.Holtzberg’s career as a materials scientist spanned many of the important developments in rare-earth research. With interdisciplinary insight and talent, he performed new syntheses and fabricated novel materials that led to the exploration of new physical phenomena. His creation and study of new rare-earth materials were critical in developing several still-active fields of research, including magnetic semiconductors, intermediate valence, and high-temperature superconductors. He was aided in his efforts by his wide family of collaborators, which included solid-state physicists and chemists from the US, the UK, Germany, and France. Not only did Holtzberg create samples that made the experiments possible, but he also initiated ideas and directions for such experiments.Following the 1961 discovery by Bernd Matthias and colleagues that europium oxide was a ferromagnetic insulator, Holtzberg and Siegfried Methfessel embarked on original studies on the Eu chalcogenides and their alloys. Holtzberg and Methfessel had the idea to produce magnetic semiconductors made from that class of materials. That led to their well-known 1964–66 work establishing the magnetic phase diagrams of solid, insulating Eu chalcogenide solutions with trivalent rare-earth metals. The importance of those studies cannot be overemphasized, since at that time all interest in Eu compounds focused on pure materials. Holtzberg showed that the entire series of solid solutions could be produced in single-crystal form, that adding the trivalent rare earths made the materials good conductors, and that the electrons modified the magnetic exchange. That insight influenced rare-earth research thereafter and swiftly led to major efforts at ETH Zürich, MIT, and IBM.His expertise in rare-earth materials led Holtzberg naturally to the subject of intermediate valence. In 1970 Aiyasami Jayaraman at Bell Labs had discovered in samarium sulfide a pressure-induced insulator–metal transition, in which the color changed from black to gold and the lattice constant collapsed by 5% without a change in crystal structure. Holtzberg discovered in 1973 that he could induce the transition by “chemical pressure” in solid solutions of samarium sulfide with lanthanum and yttrium sulfide. Independently, Jayaraman reported on a similar study using gadolinium sulfide the same year.In 1975 Holtzberg visited the low-temperature research center of CNRS in Grenoble, France, and started an effective rare-earth research program. Until that time, the center’s work had involved principally transition-metal alloys. Holtzberg’s presence changed the emphasis of the center’s materials research. His effectiveness as a collaborator and leader may best be highlighted by the fact that of his last 150 publications, only one third involved colleagues solely from IBM.Among the many other materials Holtzberg prepared and studied were spin glasses, manganese-doped II-VI semiconductors, and some of the first single crystals of reentrant superconductors. Of particular importance, Holtzberg, with his postdoctoral colleague Debra Kaiser, developed the first technique for growing free-standing crystals of high-temperature yttrium-based superconductors. Such crystals were essential for transport, magnetization, IR absorption, and tunneling-spectroscopy experiments to probe the underlying mechanism for superconductivity.Holtzberg will be remembered by his many colleagues for his wisdom and great sense of humor. In his years at IBM, he taught and mentored two generations of younger scientists, including the three of us. He attacked each materials problem with dedication, humility, and extraordinary skill. It is a testament to his innate modesty that he was not a coauthor of many of the first detailed studies on rare-earth alloy systems, since his samples had not been specifically made for the reported experiments. Holtzberg was one of the pioneers of multidisciplinary materials research, and his achievements remain a model for excellent science in a truly interactive mode between chemists, ceramicists, and physicists.Frederic HoltzbergPPT|High resolution© 2012 American Institute of Physics.

ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Coordination: Predesigned Metallacycles and Metallacages via Self‐Assembly

AbstractReview: 63 refs.

A Brief History of the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences' First 50 Years

A Brief History of the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences' First 50 Years

Lester S. Skaggs

Medical physics lost one of its innovators when Lester S. Skaggs died of natural causes on 3 April 2009 in Chicago. Skaggs made seminal contributions to the application of radiation to cancer treatment and the development of its technology and instrumentation.Skaggs, who was born on 21 November 1911, was raised on a farm in northern Missouri. He went to a one-room country elementary school and made the three-mile trek to high school on a pony. He studied at the University of Missouri and received a BS in chemistry with a minor in mathematics in 1933 and an MS in physics in 1934. At the University of Chicago he worked under Samuel Allison on the precise determination of the energy released in the production of deuterium from proton bombardment of beryllium, which earned him a PhD in 1939.Skaggs spent the following two years as a postdoctoral fellow in nuclear physics at the University of Chicago. At the same time, he held a part-time job at the nearby Michael Reese Hospital. The radiation oncologist there was interested in acquiring a betatron, recently invented by Donald Kerst, to extract an electron beam and use it to treat cancer. However, because of World War II, the project did not get off the ground. Instead, Skaggs was drafted to work at the department of terrestrial magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington and developed an antiaircraft detection system. After moving to the Manhattan Project in 1943, he transformed his system into a fuse to detonate the first atomic bomb. He created a radar-based proximity device with two backup systems. After the first test at Alamogordo, New Mexico, he decided to delay the time of detonation by an additional 30 seconds to ensure that the aircraft would reach a safe distance.At the end of the war, Skaggs was still interested in the possible use of electrons for cancer therapy. He was hired by the Michael Reese Hospital and sent to work with Kerst at the University of Illinois in Urbana, where they succeeded in extracting the 22-MeV electron beam from the betatron. Soon after, he and several other scientists developed a radiation-treatment technique to use on a physics graduate student who had been diagnosed with an inoperable brain tumor. It was the first such treatment that used electrons.In 1946 Congress passed the Atomic Energy Act, which provided for the creation of the Argonne Cancer Research Hospital at the University of Chicago. Skaggs took a position with the university in 1948 and led the development of the radiation therapy facility at the ACRH, which was completed in 1953. With Lawrence Lanzl, Skaggs designed, built, and calibrated a 2000-curie cobalt-60 rotating treatment unit, the first in the US. Skaggs arranged for a 5- to 50-MeV linear accelerator, developed at Stanford University, to be installed at the ACRH. To obtain multiple electron beams aimed at the tumor from different angles without moving the patient, he contracted with Varian Co in California to build a rotating gantry. The electron beam was 12 cm in diameter mechanically scanned over a custom-shaped irregular field. The design, construction, and calibration of the project cost $450 000. First used to treat a patient in 1959, the linac was in clinical use for 34 years.To foster the growth of medical physics, Skaggs started a graduate training program at the master’s level in the mid-1950s, expanded it to the doctoral level in the 1960s, and added postdoctoral training in the 1970s. He directed the program until 1979.In the mid-1960s the ACRH got funding for a small cyclotron to produce short-lived isotopes for diagnostic research. Contemporarily, at the Hammersmith Hospital in London, cyclotron-produced neutrons from the Be(d,n) reaction were being tested as a possible cancer treatment tool. In the early 1970s, after I joined Skaggs’s group, we developed a high-pressure cryogenic deuterium-gas target used for the D(d,n) reaction to produce a neutron therapy beam; it was the first hospital-based neutron therapy facility in the US. After leaving the University of Chicago, Skaggs spent five years at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital in Saudi Arabia, where he installed a commercial cyclotron-based neutron therapy facility and established a dosimetry calibration laboratory. He returned to the university and continued as a professor emeritus in the department of radiation and cellular oncology until his death.Skaggs was a natural teacher and a true gentleman who graciously shared his wisdom, common sense, and deep knowledge of medical physics. His students, colleagues, and friends deeply miss his guidance and generosity.Lester S. SkaggsPPT|High resolution© 2010 American Institute of Physics.

Obituary: A Tribute to Roger G. Bates (1912–2007)

Roger Gordon Bates, Emeritus Professor of Chemistry at the University of Florida, since 1979, died on August 20, 2007 in Gainesville, Florida at the age of 95. Born in Cummington, Mass. in 1912, he graduated with a BS in Chemistry at University of Massachusetts in 1934 and received Masters and Ph.D. degrees from Duke University in 1937. Following graduate study, he was awarded a two-year Sterling Fellowship at Yale University. He was a member of the staff of the National Bureau of Standards (now NIST) from 1939 until 1969 when he ‘retired’ to become professor of chemistry at the University of Florida, Gainesville. At NBS he rose to chief of the Electrochemical Analysis Section and assistant chief of the Analytical Chemistry Division. He obtained funding to support visitors to his section for extended periods, which is how I first met him in 1966, when I spent an invigorating five months determining the ionisation constant of heavy water (using 2 L), which had first been determined 30 years earlier by my head of Department in Newcastle, W.F.K. WynneJones (using 2 mL). (My colleagues in Newcastle impertinently enquired whether I would be coming back if I got a different value from Wynne-Jones’! They had no need to worry: I was in very safe hands.) Roger had a long-term collaboration and friendship with the itinerant Professor Robbie (R.A.) Robinson, who spent periods in Roger’s laboratory (as well as in others world wide) after he had retired from University of Malaya. An important result of their collaboration was the convention for single-ion activities based on Robinson’s theories of ion hydration, and a conventional scale of ion activities, for the standardization of ion-selective electrodes. In 1969, he joined Herb Laitinen in the Chemistry Department, University of Florida at Gainesville setting up with him a new graduate analytical course, and his own research group, which welcomed visitors from all over the world. This continued beyond his (second) retirement in 1979, whilst still enjoying the Florida weather for his year-round relaxation with tennis (and music, for he was an extremely accomplished keyboard player).

Paul Christian Lauterbur

Paul Christian Lauterbur

Richard Errett Smalley

Richard Errett Smalley

Richard Bersohn

Richard Bersohn, a chemical physicist best known for his elegant, powerfully simple studies of molecular photodissociation and chemical kinetics, died of cancer on 18 November 2003 in New York City. He was the Higgins Professor of Natural Science at Columbia University.Born 13 May 1925 on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City, Richard earned his BS in chemistry from MIT at age 19. After receiving his degree, he entered the US Army, passed through basic training, and then worked on chemical separations at Clinton National Laboratory (now Oak Ridge National Laboratory) as part of the Manhattan Project.Deeply interested in physics, Richard began his theoretical studies in 1946 as a student of John Van Vleck at Harvard University. He did his PhD thesis on dipole interactions in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which had just been discovered in Edward Purcell’s laboratory at Harvard. In 1949, he took a postdoctoral fellowship in theoretical quantum electrodynamics with Willis Lamb at Columbia and in 1951, began his academic career at Cornell University. He moved back to Columbia in 1959 to become a professor of chemistry, and remained at Columbia for 44 years. He held an adjunct appointment at the Weizmann Institute of Science, in Rehovot, Israel, where he spent his summers for many years, and had strong, long-lasting collaborations in both that country and in Japan.At Cornell, Richard started research work in theory, but as computers came of age, he realized that he did not enjoy numerical work. He would sometimes quote Peter Debye, with whom he interacted at Cornell, who said, “You should understand the physics, write down the correct equations, and then let Nature do the calculations.” With his first Cornell students, he began experiments in molecular physics and spent a sab-batical, beginning in 1958, working on the optical pumping field with Alfred Kastler at the École Normale Supérieure.At Columbia, Richard established experimental groups in optical probes of molecular kinetics and in biophysics. A pioneer in biophysics, he used both Förster energy transfer and NMR methods to study the tertiary structure of proteins. Having recognized quite early the value of short-pulse lasers in biology, he collaborated in that area with Peter Rentzepis and with Erich Ippen and Charles Shank at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey, where Richard was a long-standing consultant.In molecular kinetics, Richard invented “photolysis mapping,” which reveals the symmetry of the excited state in a photodissociation process through the relative spatial pattern of the resultant fragments. That experiment, which came simultaneously with the molecular beam revolution in chemical kinetics, had a deep effect on the entire community of photo-chemists and photophysicists. It was a forerunner of modern multidimensional product velocity mapping.Richard was a quiet and gentle soul who was widely respected in both the molecular physics and chemistry communities. He was a minimalist in his personal and professional life, shunning fluff and venality. As a boy, his great enthusiasm was for experiments, and he never lost that youthful fascination. Almost two years before his passing, he wrote his scientific memoirs in volume 54 of the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry , and that fascination animates his recollections. Richard’s understanding of chemistry and physics was deep and broad, and his colleagues invariably turned to him for advice on any new project.An insightful judge of people and ideas, Richard was instrumental in building the chemical physics community at Columbia during his long academic career. He showed leadership and scientific courage by personal example and gave his students the freedom to explore—and to learn from their failures—in their scientific endeavors. He championed the cause of the junior faculty and gave freely of his time not only to the Columbia chemistry department, but also to the wider scientific community. Anyone felt fortunate to be among Richard’s friends.In 1985, Richard won the American Physical Society’s Herbert P. Broida Prize. He was head of APS’s division of chemical physics in 1971 and chair of the advisory committee to Brookhaven National Laboratory’s chemistry department (1981–84). He was chairman of the chemistry department at Columbia (1990–93) and associate editor for chemical physics for Physical Review Letters (1995–98). He had been planning to retire in 2004.A scientist, colleague, and mentor of exceptional intellectual creativity and talent, Richard is sorely missed by his family, friends, and the scientific community.Richard BersohnCOLUMBIA UNIVERSITYPPT|High resolution© 2004 American Institute of Physics.

William Glenn Sly

William Glenn Sly, professor emeritus of chemistry at Harvey Mudd College in Claremont, California, died of a stroke on 9 September 2002 at his home in Valley Center, California.Bill was born on 15 June 1922 in Arcata, California. He attended San Diego State University, where he received his BS in chemistry in 1951. He pursued his doctoral research at Caltech. There, he worked closely with his thesis adviser, Holmes Sturdivant, and with Dick Marsh, Verner Schomaker, and others on x-ray diffraction. Bill’s work on a large number of structures was timely, interesting, and difficult, although he did not publish a great deal about those structures. His thesis focused on the structures of β-carotenes and principally on the three-dimensional structure determination of 15,15′-dehydro-β-carotene, at the time a formidable and very interesting molecule due to its long trans chain of alternating single and double bonds. He then reported on a redetermination of the structure of KBrF4 and “marshed” an earlier report of the structure. He also determined the structure of dicobalt hexacarbonyl diphenylacetylene, one of the first organometallic compounds with a metal-metal bond to be investigated using x-ray diffraction. Bill earned his PhD in chemistry in 1955.Following graduation, Bill worked with David Shoemaker at MIT on programming the then new IBM 704 and made improvements on the 3D Fourier and Patterson map calculations that were based on Verner Schomaker’s “M-card” system at Caltech (which was on the IBM 402 tabulator and sorter). During this period, Bill focused on two very interesting structures: cyclooctatetraenecarboxylic acid (from Arthur Cope’s lab at MIT) and the R-phase of the ternary compound Mo-Co-Cr. He investigated the acid, which has alternating single and double bonds, to ascertain the molecule’s shape—either tub or crown—and the details of its bonding. The ternary compound in the R-phase is a complicated structure; Bill explored the relationship of its structure with those in the σ, δ, and P-phases, a feat that was incredibly difficult at the time.In 1958, Bill joined the faculty of Harvey Mudd College and pursued his teaching and research interests in physical chemistry. His students nicknamed him “Wild Bill” and “The Snowman” because of the amount of information he presented in his courses: He set and maintained the college record of filling 17 boards during a 50-minute physical chemistry lecture and often didn’t use any notes. Although formidable in his lecturing style, Bill was completely approachable one-on-one. He possessed a wide range of diverse skills—glassblower, instrument maker, and electronics whiz—that were invaluable in designing laboratory experiments; undoubtedly those were skills acquired from his early days working for Sturdivant at Caltech. Many of the lab experiments that he designed at the college more than 30 years ago are still in use.Bill enjoyed crystallography, and intermittently followed the advances in the field. He took a sabbatical with Joe Kraut’s group at the University of California, San Diego, in the late 1970s, and later worked with me at Caltech on the structure of an organometallic photolysis product. After a seminar I gave at Harvey Mudd College on microcrystallization and advances in structural genomics, he continued to ask a number of interesting and probing questions over lunch. Bill retired in 1992; at the time, his tenure of 34 years was the second longest in college history. He continued to teach laboratory courses part-time.In addition to his rigor and love of science, Bill was an avid sportsman. He enjoyed tennis, softball, fishing, camping, and skiing. Legend has it that he once fielded first base in a soft-ball game at Caltech with a full, hard leg cast (his leg broken from a skiing accident); fortunately, when he came to bat, the other team let him use a pinch runner.Another story concerns the research proposals Caltech students often prepared and defended after presenting their dissertations to the faculty. Not surprisingly, one of Bill’s proposals was a detailed plan on how to improve the Caltech chemistry soft-ball team. At Harvey Mudd College, he was critically important in developing and nurturing the athletics program and was well known throughout Southern California for his participation in the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. He also designed and installed the first sound system in the college’s Ducey Gym. Bill was a dedicated Los Angeles Dodgers fan; it was not unusual to find him working in the lab or his office with a ballgame on the radio in the background.An early letter of recommendation received by the chemistry faculty at Harvey Mudd College stated that Bill was a “diamond in the rough.” He was, indeed, multifaceted, brilliant, sharp, tough, and without polish. His students, colleagues, friends, and family miss his friendship, intellect, energy, and support. William Glenn Sly PPT|High resolution© 2003 American Institute of Physics.

Larry Kevan

Larry Kevan

Carl Louis Gregory: Life through a lens

O ne of the results of the continuing investigation of our cinema heritage is the re-evaluation of those individuals previously relegated to the shadows of the Motion Picture Industry. While the contributions of major players are well recorded by history, there is a group of remarkable people, many unknown to us, who have also had an impact on events and developments in the industry. Their names may have faded from memory, in much the same way as the images they once worked so hard to produce. However, much as we work to restore these images, we should also work to bring back to the forefront the contributions of these industry pioneers. One of the most versatile was Carl Louis Gregory. A pioneering cinematographer, inventor, consultant, colour expert, writer, and preservationist whose career spanned six decades, from his beginnings as a college photographer through his later years as motion picture engineer at the United States National Archives, Carl Gregory remained at the forefront of technical developments in the industry. His expertise was sought by such companies as Technicolor, Thanhouser, Edison, Disney, and Universal Studios. He was the first to successfully shoot motion pictures underwater as part of the Williamson Brothers expedition in 1914. He traveled to the Far East in the early 1920's and filmed in such locations as Manila, Hawaii, Shanghai, Bombay, and many other exotic locales. Gregory was responsible for training recruits in the US Signal Corps during WWI in the art of cinematography. As Dean of the New York Institute of Photography he helped offer aspiring cameramen and photographers a place to hone their craft. In the 1920's he developed the first of his many optical printers, and was often called on to provide printers and technical expertise to various film related concerns. During this period his book, Motion Picture Ph tography,' was reprinted in a second edition by the Falk Publishing Company. A comprehensive technical manual, it also provided insight into areas larg ly neglected in training. Chapters on Industrial and Educational filmmaking were included as well as advice on how to be prepared and work together with other cast and crew. As one of the pioneering members of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers he helped to devise standards used throughout the industry. Upon his employment with the US National Archives, Gregory was a driving force behind many of the policies and procedures developed during the 1930s and 1940s in the Archive's Motion Picture Division. Carl Louis Gregory was born in Walnut Kansas on 9 September 1882 to Jay and Mary Ida Gregory. He was the oldest of six children, with five sisters.2 During the last decade of the 19th century the Gregory family resettled in Geneva, Ohio where Jay Gregory found work as a contractor and builder. At the age of 11 Carl Gregory began his lifelong fascination with photography when he fashioned a camera out of a cigar box and a pair of spectacle lenses. He attended high school in Cleveland, and became quite proficient in the photographic field. In 1900 he enrolled at Ohio State University, helping to defray some of his tuition costs by earning money providing photographic services for the school yearbook, as well as photographing specimens for the medical and science labs.3 In 1902 he received his degree as a pharmacist, and in 1904 he received a BS in Chemistry.

My life at the National Bureau of Standards and the National Institute for Standards and Technology

I had just completed my BS in chemistry at Northwestern University in 1928 and had passed the Civil Service Chemistry Examination, and my fiance had passed an examination for the Civil Service Commission and had been offered a job at that agency in Washington. So we got on a train and came to DC, arriving 15 March 1928. I went to the Civil Service Commission (now called the Office of Personnel Management) and was directed to NBS where there were a number of openings for a P1 chemist. There I talked to Dr. Wichers in Chemistry and to J. Murray in the Lime and Gypsum Section. I took a job in the latter. On 31 March, we got married and on Monday, 2 April 1928, I started work in the Lime and Gypsum Section of the Clay and Mineral Products Division.

The Need for Standardization and Uniformity*

Edward G. Feldmann is associate executive director for scientific affairs of APhA. He holds a BS in chemistry from Loyola University, an MS in pharmacy and a PhD in pharmaceutical chemistry from the University of Wisconsin. Feldmann joined APhA in 1959. For 15 years he was editor of the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. From 1960 to 1969 he served as director of the National Formulary and as chairman of the NF Board. He currently serves as a member of the National Research Council, a delegate to the United States Pharmacopeial Convention and as a member of the Expert Advisory Panel on the International Pharmacopeia, World Health Organization. He has authored over 60 published articles.