Brushing Group Research Articles

In Vitro Evaluation of Remineralization Potential of Five Toothpastes on Soft Drink-Eroded Human Enamel and Dentine.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the potential remineralization of enamel and dentine erosion lesions after the application of five different toothpastes. A total of 104 enamel and dentine samples were prepared from maxillary third molars. Each group was divided according to the toothpaste application mode (topical = 56; brushing = 48) and the toothpaste used seven topical groups and six brushing groups (n = 8). The groups included negative control (NC), positive control (PC), Sensodyne Pronamel (SP), Regenerate (R), Regenerate with boosting serum (R+), Colgate Duraphat 5000 (CD), and tooth mousse (TM). The statistical analysis showed significant surface microhardness (SMH) change. All enamel groups showed a significant decrease in SMH compared to NCfor both application modes. However, no significance was recorded between test groups. Similar results were observed between dentine groups and their relevant controls for both application modes, except brushed Rand R+groups, which were insignificant to their NC. For topical groups, TMshowed a significant increase in SMH. While Rand R+showed lower loss than SPand CD. All tested agents offered a degree of remineralization in both enamel and dentine with no significant difference between agents in enamel groups while R, R+, and TMoffered better results in dentine groups. For dentine groups, similar findings were observed with superior tooth surface protection with the application of TM over other agents. Tooth surface remineralization was achieved when agents were either applied topically or brushed over the surface.

Quantity and Size of Titanium Particles Released from Different Mechanical Decontamination Procedures on Titanium Discs: An In Vitro Study.

Complications such as peri-implantitis could ultimately affect the survival of a dental implant. The prevention and treatment of peri-implant diseases require managing bacterial biofilm and controlling environmental risks, including the presence of pro-inflammatory titanium (Ti) particles in the peri-implant niche. Objectives included the evaluation of the size and quantity of Ti particles released from moderately roughened Ti surfaces during common mechanical surface decontamination methods. One hundred and forty moderately roughened Ti discs were divided into seven groups (n = 20 per group); six groups received mechanical decontamination procedures (ultrasonic scaling (US) with a metal tip and poly-ether-ketone (PEEK) under low and medium power settings, air-polishing with erythritol powder, and Ti brush), and the control group underwent air-water spray using a dental triplex. The rinsing solution was collected for Ti mass analysis using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS), as well as for Ti particle size and count analysis under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). US metal tip instrumentation generated 34.00 ± 12.54 μg and 34.44 ± 6.08 μg of Ti under low and medium power settings, respectively. This amount of Ti generation was significantly higher than other instrumentation methods. The mean Ti particle size of the US groups ranged from 0.89 ± 0.27 μm to 1.25 ± 0.24 μm. No statistically significant difference was found in the particle size among US groups and Ti brush group (1.05 ± 0.11 μm), except for US with the PEEK tip, where a significantly smaller mean particle diameter was found at the low power setting (0.89 ± 0.27 μm). Mechanical instrumentation can produce Ti particulates and modify the implant surfaces. US using a metal tip generated the highest amount of Ti with smaller Ti size particles compared to all other commonly used mechanical surface instrumentations. The EDS analysis confirmed Ti in PEEK US tips. It can be suggested that deterioration from the PEEK US tip and Ti brush, as observed under SEM, is an additional source of Ti release during Ti surface decontamination.

Diagnostic Efficacy of a Novel Rotating Brush for Endoscopic Sampling of Malignant Biliary Strictures: A Multicenter Prospective Study.

Although cytologic examination of biliary stricture brushings obtained by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is commonly used for diagnosing malignant biliary strictures (MBSs), it has low sensitivity. Several new brushes have capabilities that are still being debated. We have developed a novel brush working from conventional back-and-forth movement to rotation in situ (RIS) that may be more efficient for MBS sampling. We aimed to compare the MBS detection sensitivity of our RIS brush with that of the conventional brush. In this multicenter prospective study, we enrolled patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for suspected MBSs involving biliary stricture brushings obtained using our RIS brush. The historical control group consisted of the 30-brushing arm of our previous randomized trial (patient inclusion, 2018-2020) that used the study design in the same centers and with the same endoscopists as were used in this study. The primary outcome was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of detecting MBSs by cytologic evaluation of biliary stricture brushings between the 2 groups. We enrolled 155 patients in the intent-to-treat analysis. Using the same number of brushing cycles, the RIS brush showed a higher sensitivity than the conventional brush (0.73 vs 0.56, P = 0.003). In per-protocol population, the sensitivity was also higher in the RIS brush group than in the conventional brush group (0.75 vs 0.57, P = 0.002). Multivariate analysis revealed that the RIS brush was the only predictive factor for MBS detection. No significant differences were observed in procedure-related complications between the 2 groups. The RIS brush was a promising tool for effective and safe MBS sampling and diagnosis. Further randomized studies are warranted to confirm our results (Chictr.org.cn, identifier: ChiCTR2100047270).

The effect of tobacco leave pastes (Nicotiana tabacum L.) 50% concentration as a denture cleanser on the surface roughness of thermoplastic nylon

Microporosity of thermoplastic nylon can lead to increased surface roughness values. Surface roughness of thermoplastic nylon can facilitate colonization of microorganisms that can lead to denture stomatitis. The mechanical cleaning process of denture using an electric toothbrush and denture cleaning paste is considered effective for removing plaque and microorganisms attached. To reduce surface roughness, the use of natural materials such as tobacco leaves is considered beneficial because it can reduce the content of abrasive materials. This study aims to determine the effect of tobacco leaf paste as a denture cleanser on the surface roughness of thermoplastic nylon. This study using a laboratory experimental design with a post test only control group design involving 27 samples sized 60 x 10 x 2.5 mm which were divided into three groups including the brushing control group without paste, the brushing group with placebo paste, and the brushing group with 50% tobacco leaf paste (TLP). The results showed that tobacco leaf paste was considered effective as a thermoplastic nylon denture cleanser and had an effect on reducing surface roughness values with an average surface roughness value that was still acceptable to the oral cavity. In conclusion, 50% tobacco leaf paste is recommended as an effective denture cleanser and produces surface roughness values acceptable to the oral cavity.

Effects of Different Anti-Epileptic Drug Groups and Brushing on the Color Stability of Restorative Materials Used in Pedodontics: An In Vitro Evaluation.

This study will evaluate the effects of anti-epileptic drugs and brushing used in children on the color change of three restorative materials by creating an in vitro study model. Forty samples of polyacid-modified composite resin (compomer), glass ionomer cement (GIC), and composite resin (CR) were prepared. Samples were split into four groups (n = 10) and soaked in three anti-epileptic drugs (Tegretol, Depakine, Keppra) and distilled water. For each group (n = 5), two subgroups (brushing and non-brushing) were created. Discolorations [CIEDE2000 (ΔE00)] were determined initially and on days 7 and 14. The data were analyzed with a four-factor repeated measures ANOVA analysis, and a post hoc analysis Bonferroni test was used. After the second week, the highest ΔE00 value was seen in the non-brushed compomer material in the Tegretol drug group (8.59 ± 0.43). In contrast, the lowest value was seen in GIC filling material-brushing-Depakine drug (3.45 ± 2.14). ΔE00 values in the brushing groups were statistically significantly lower than those in the no brushing groups (p < 0.05). It has been determined that the color stability of aesthetic restorative dental materials used in pediatric dentistry is affected by antiepileptic drugs. In addition, it has been determined that tooth brushing positively affects the color stability of restorative materials. Therefore, pediatric dentists should advise their patients and their relatives about this issue and take precautions.

Association between tea types and number of teeth: a cross-sectional study of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey

BackgroundPrevious studies have suggested that tea consumption may have a positive impact on oral health. However, the effects of different tea types on oral health remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between residual teeth and consumption habits of different types of tea (green tea, black tea, oolong tea, and scented tea) in older adults.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis using data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey in 2018. In a sample of 6,387 older adults, we performed logistic regression analysis to examine the relationship between persistent tea consumption and oral health according to sex and brushing frequency. The indices for particularly healthy oral health and relative health were set at more than 20 teeth and more than 10 teeth, respectively.ResultsThe study included 2,725 males and 3,662 females, both aged 65 and older. Among individuals with more than 20 teeth, drinking green tea significantly improved oral health in men (adjusted odds ratio [ORs]: 1.377; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.082–1.752) and drinking black tea significantly improved the oral health of women (ORs: 2.349, 95%CI: 1.028–5.366). In the daily brushing group, green tea had a significant beneficial effect on increasing the number of teeth in men and black tea had a significant beneficial effect in women. Among individuals with more than 10 teeth, drinking green tea significantly improved oral health in men (ORs: 1.539; 95% CI: 1.209–1.959) and drinking green tea and scented tea significantly improved the oral health of women (ORs: 1.447, 95%CI: 1.052–1.991; ORs: 1.948, 95%CI: 1.137–3.340). In the daily brushing group, consumption of green tea and black tea had significant beneficial effects on increasing the number of teeth in men, whereas that of green tea, black tea, and scented tea had significant beneficial effects in women.ConclusionLong-term green tea consumption in males and black tea consumption in females were significantly associated with maintaining functional dentition (≥20 teeth). Similarly, long-term green tea consumption in males and green tea and scented tea consumption in females were associated with avoiding severe tooth loss (≥10 teeth). Furthermore, in the daily tooth brushing group, long-term consumption of black tea was associated with avoiding severe tooth loss in both sexes. However, tea consumption alone had no effect on oral health without good brushing habits.

Change in surface properties of two different dental resin composites after using various beverages and brushing

BackgroundThe study aimed to evaluate the influence of various beverages; with and without brushing; on the surface mechanical properties of two resin composites.MethodsA total of 160 disc-shaped specimens were prepared for each of the following dental composites; nanohybrid ormocer (Admira fusion, VOCO GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany) and nanohybrid resin composite (Grandio, VOCO GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany). The baseline surface hardness and roughness measurements were carried out after 24 h. The composite samples were randomly distributed into one of the two groups; brushing and non-brushing, which were further divided into one of the four subgroups (n = 10); artificial saliva as control, coffee, red wine, and soft drink. In the non-brushing group, the specimens were immersed in the different beverages for five minutes three times daily for 30 days. The same procedure was done for the brushing group, in addition to brushing the specimens for five seconds. The surface hardness and roughness measurements were repeated after 30 days. One-way ANOVA and independent t-tests were used for statistical analysis.ResultsThe soft drink had the most deteriorating effect and artificial saliva had the least. The change in surface properties was higher in the brushing subgroups. Grandio exhibited a higher change in surface microhardness while Admira fusion exhibited a higher change in surface roughness.ConclusionsThe surface properties of both dental resin composites were negatively affected by using beverages and brushing.

Safety and Clinical Evaluation of a Sonic Tongue Brush

BackgroundTongue coating consists of oral bacteria, desquamated epithelium, blood cells, and food residues and is involved in periodontal disease, halitosis, and aspiration pneumonia. Recently, a tongue brush with sonic vibration was developed to clean the tongue. This comparative study examined the extent of tongue coating, its effects on the tongue, bacterial count particularly on the posterior dorsum of the tongue, and the degree of pain using a manual tongue brush and the newly developed sonic tongue brush. Materials and methodsPatients’ extent of tongue coating and the quantity of bacteria were analysed before and after brushing with a sonic or manual nylon tongue brush. Moreover, the impressions of the dorsum linguae were obtained before and after brushing to establish models that were observed under a stereo microscope to evaluate tongue trauma. Pain caused during the use of these brushes was evaluated based on the numerical rating scale (NRS). ResultsThe extent of tongue coating and number of bacteria decreased in both the sonic and manual nylon brush groups after tongue cleaning; however, no significant differences were noted. Tongue trauma evaluation revealed that the tongue surface was significantly scratched in the manual brush group compared with the sonic brush group. NRS-based pain evaluation revealed no significant differences. ConclusionsThe sonic brush was equally effective in removing tongue coating and bacteria compared with the manual brush. As the sonic brush does not cause tongue trauma, it may be considered a safe and effective cleaning tool of the tongue.

Evaluation of the Effect of Brushing on Vickers Microhardness of Acrylic Denture Base Resins Polymerized by Different Techniques

Objectives: In selecting a denture base material, different polymerization techniques might be considered to avoid adverse effects of brushing on the microhardness of the acrylic resin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the brushing effect on Vickers microhardness of acrylic denture base resins polymerized by different techniques. Material and Methods: One hundred disk-shaped specimens (15 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick) were fabricated from each acrylic resin (Integra and FuturaJet). Five different polymerization techniques were tested (n=20): conventional water-bath polymerization, short autoclave polymerization (60°C for 30 minutes, then 130°C for 10 minutes), long autoclave polymerization (60°C for 30 minutes, then 130°C for 20 minutes), injection-molding polymerization and auto-polymerization. Half of the specimens were subjected to simulated brushing in an automatic brushing machine using 54 000 brush strokes for each specimen. All specimens were then submitted to Vickers hardness test with a 300-g load for 15 s. Mann Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post-hoc test were used for results analysis, which were statistically significant at p &amp;lt; 0.05. Results: A statistically significant difference was observed between the control and brushing groups in all polymerization techniques (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Autopolymerized acrylic resin group showed significantly lower microhardness values than water bath, short and long autoclave polymerized resins in control and brushing groups (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Autopolymerization technique might has some disadvantages on avoid adverse effects of brushing on the microhardness, therefore tehniques of polymerization should be considered as microhardness of acrylic denture base resins.

Effects of Various Beverages and Tooth Brushing on Microhardness of Restorative Materials Used in Pediatric Dentistry

Purpose. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of beverages and tooth brushing on the microhardness of different restorative materials. Materials-methods. Disk-shaped samples of compomer (Dyract XP), glass ionomer cement (GIC) (Ionofil Molar AC), and composite resin (Filtek Z250) were prepared. The samples were randomly allocated to four groups and conditioned in various beverages (cheery juice, cola, chocolate milk, and distilled water) for 3 hours per day over 60 days. Each group was further subdivided to a brushing and a non-brushing subgroup. In the brushing group, samples were brushed once daily with toothpaste and an electric toothbrush. The surface hardness of the samples was measured at baseline and after 60 days. Results. The microhardness of composite resin group increased in all solutions (p&amp;lt;0.05). The compomer group exhibited a decrease in microhardness after immersion in cola and cherry juice (p&amp;lt;0.05). The surface hardness of the GIC was measured to be lower in all solutions (p&amp;lt;0.05). Brushing had no effect on the microhardness in any of the groups (p&amp;gt;0.05) Conclusion. Filtek Z250 composite exhibited better surface hardness values than compomer and GIC. Cola and cherry juice decreased the microhardness of compomer and GIC.

Çiğnenebilir, elektrikli ve manuel diş fırçalarının plak uzaklaştırma etkinliklerinin karşılaştırılması: Randomize klinik çalışma

Objective: A comparative evaluation of the plaque removal efficacy of manual, electric, and chewable toothbrushes. Material-Method: Our randomized and examiner-blinded clinical study involved 90 dental students. The students were divided into three groups: manual, electric, and chewable toothbrush users. The plaque removal efficiency of the brushes was evaluated using the Turesky modification of the Quigley–Hein Index (TMQHI). Results: Ninety participants, consisting of 32 males and 58 females, aged between 21 and 23 years (average age 220.47) were included in the study. The mean TMQHI score before brushing was 2.4±0.49 in the manual brushing group, 1.81±0.61 in the electric toothbrush group, and 1.93±0.6 in the chewable brush group. The mean for the manual brushing group was thus higher than that of the other two groups (p&amp;lt;0.001). The mean TMQHI score after brushing was 1.37±0.43 in the manual brushing group, 0.91±0.52 in the electric toothbrush group, and 1.31±0.67 in the chewable brush group. The effectiveness of the chewable brush in plaque removal in all regions of the mouth was lower than that of the other two (p&amp;lt;0.001). There was no statistical difference between the manual and electric toothbrushes. Conclusion: The plaque removal efficiency of the chewable toothbrush was found to be lower than that of the electric and manual toothbrushes.

The Evaluation of Different Polishing Techniques' Effects on the Post-operative External Staining of Enamel in Primary and Permanent Tooth.

Objective This study aimed to examine patient complaints on recoloration development after polishing applications in primary and permanent teeth that differed in enamel composition and to determine the ideal polishing method. Methods A total of 30 permanent upper incisors and 30 primary molars were randomly divided into three groups of 10 using three different polishing techniques. Each polishing method (rubber, brush, and air polishing) was applied to the test surface of its own group. Milk and coffee were used in the coloring processes. A spectrophotometer was used for color measurements. Color change (∆E) was calculated between control and test surfaces and between the three measurement points. Results In the primary teeth's test surfaces, the rubber and brush groups were significantly more colored than the air-polishing group, when compared between after polishing and after coloration (p ˂ 0.05). Furthermore, the color difference of the permanent teeth between the initial measurements and after coloration was significantly higher in the rubber group's test surface compared to the air-polished group (p ˂ 0.05). The average ∆E values in both primary and permanent teeth were as follows: rubber > brush > air polishing. Conclusions Compared to rubber or brush polishing, air polishing seems safer to avoid predispositionto postoperative enamel discoloration. Primary teeth are more colored than permanent teeth. The effect of polishing on postoperative coloring should always be considered, and air polishing should be preferred whenever possible.

Antimicrobial capacity of Triclosan and Aloe vera against E.coli strain (ATCC 25922) in Toothbrushes: An in vitro study

Aim: This study is to evaluate in vitro the efficiency of Triclosan and Aloe Vera dentifrices in reducing the contamination of toothbrush bristles by a standard strain of E.coli after brushing. Settings and Design: Methods and Material: Nine Toothbrushes were divided, randomly, into 3 brushing groups, with 3 toothbrushes in each group (i.e) no dentifrice, dentifrice containing Aloe vera (Danthkanthi(R)) and dentifrice containing Triclosan (Colgate total(R)) An initial culture was made with the standard strain of E.coli(ATGC 25922) in a nutrient broth which was incubated. The dentifrices were distributed over the bristles with the tip cut from its handle and brushing was performed for 1 min on autoclaved teeth. The trimmed bristles of each toothbrush were stored in individual test tubes which were kept incubated at 37°C for 48 hrs. Streaking was done in Nutrient Agar medium kept incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The number of colony forming units was manually counted. Results: The number colony forming units is highest in the control group and the least in Triclosan containing dentifrice. Conclusions: It can be concluded that both Aloe vera and Triclosan can be used as dentifrices that help reduce E.coli count on toothbrushes.

Comparison of various methods for removing double antibiotic paste from root canal walls during regenerative endodontic therapy

ABSTRACT Aim: This study investigated the efficacy of Endoactivator, Pro-agitator tip system (PATS) Vario, BF brush, and dual side-vented needle irrigation to remove double antibiotic paste (DAP) from the root canal. Methods: Biomechanical preparation till size #25 (F2) was carried out utilizing the Protaper Universal System on 92 extracted teeth with single root and root canal. All the canals were filled with DAP for 21 days, and the roots were split into two halves (n = 20) and divided into four groups randomly based on the irrigation method, using either dual side-vented needle irrigation, BF brush, Endoactivator, or PATS Vario. Under a stereomicroscope, the quantity of medication still present at every root half was assessed using a four-grade scoring system. Results: PATS Vario (0.46 ± 0.50) followed by Endoactivator (0.46 ± 0.52) groups were substantially more effective at eliminating DAP from the root canal than BF brush groups (0.98 ± 0.58) and dual side-vented irrigation tips (2.29 ± 0.53) (P &lt; 0.05) However, none of the methods succeeded in entirely removing antibiotic paste from canal walls. Conclusion: PATS Vario Group was more efficient than Endoactivator at eliminating DAP from root canal walls, but the difference was not statistically significant (P &gt; 0.05).

Pigmentation techniques of a 4YSZ: Effect on the fatigue mechanical behavior of a 4YSZ adhesively luted onto dentin analog.

To characterize the effect of pigmentation techniques on the fatigue behavior of a 4YSZ ceramic adhesively luted onto dentin analog (glass fiber-reinforced epoxy resin). 4YSZ ceramic discs (Ø= 10mm, 1mm thickness) were allocated into 5 groups: Ctrl - unshaded (IPS e.max ZirCAD MT BL); Manuf - shaded by the manufacturer (IPS e.max ZirCAD MT A2); Brush - unshaded pigmented, pre-sintering, using a brush; Stain - unshaded pigmented, post-sintering, during glaze application; Brush+Stain - combination of both techniques. Color assessments ensured the same perceived color (Vita Classical A2). Dentin analog discs (Ø= 10mm, 2.5mm thickness) were obtained, paired with the 4YSZ discs, and adhesively luted using a resin cement. Cyclic fatigue testing (n=15) was run (20Hz; 10,000 cycles/step, initial load 200N; step-size 100N up to 700N; then 50N until specimen failure). Fractographic, roughness and topography analyses were performed. No statistical (p>0.05) detrimental influence were observed for fatigue outcomes (Ctrl = Manuf = Brush = Stain = Brush+Stain). However, the Brush+Stain technique induced inferior statistical (p<0.05) fatigue performance compared to Stain. All failures were radial cracks with origin at the ceramic intaglio surface. The staining technique triggered statistically higher roughness (p<0.05). Uniformly sized zirconia crystals were seen in the Ctrl, Manuf and Brush groups, and a smooth vitreous surface with encrusted pigments in the Stain and Brush+Stain groups. Pigmentation techniques (Vita Classical A2 shade) have no detrimental effect on the mechanical fatigue properties of 4YSZ ceramic adhesively luted onto dentin analog.

Oral Microbiome in Orthodontic Acrylic Retainer.

The oral microbiome can be shifted if the patients wear the acrylic retainers for a lengthy period. It is essential to understand the components of the plaque in order to forestall the development of dental caries and gingivitis. The aim of this study is to report the bacterial communities that adhere to the acrylic retainers by full-length nanopore 16S sequencing. Six healthy participants were allocated into 2 groups (chemical tablet and brushing groups). Plaque samples were collected from the acrylic retainer surfaces before and after cleaning. The bacterial communities were reported using full-length nanopore 16S sequencing. The results showed that 7 distinct phyla were identified by sequencing. The most prevalent of these was the Firmicutes. We found a total of 72 genera. The most common microorganism across all samples was Streptococcus, followed by Neisseria, Rothia, and Gemella. The beta diversity showed a significant difference between before and after cleaning (p < 0.05). This study revealed the novel finding that a combination of chemical and mechanical cleaning methods was the most effective method of eliminating retainer biofilms. Moreover, retainer cleaning tablets did not alter the homeostatic balance of the bacterial communities adhering to the acrylic retainers.

Effectiveness of Apple Cider Vinegar and Mechanical Removal on Dental Plaque and Gingival Inflammation of Children With Cerebral Palsy.

BackgroundThis study was designed to evaluate the effect of apple cider vinegar (ACV) 5% and mechanical plaque removal with a manual toothbrush on dental plaque and gingivitis. The objective was to study available, natural, and inexpensive ways to improve oral health status among the studied group.Materials and methodsA randomized clinical trial was performed on 50 children with cerebral palsy aged from three to six years. Participants were divided into two groups (n=25, apple cider vinegar, manual brushing without toothpaste). Plaque accumulation and gingival status were evaluated using Turesky of the Quigley-Hein plaque index (TQHPI) and modified gingival index (MGI) seven times: pre-intervention baseline (T0), post-intervention at one month (T1), two months (T2), three months (T3), four months (T4), five months (T5), six months (T6).ResultsPlaque accumulation and gingivitis decreased significantly for the ACV group between T0 and T6 (p<0.05) and demonstrated significantly lower plaque accumulation and gingivitis compared to the manual brushing group (p<0.05) at T5 and T6. The manual brushing group showed decreasing in TQHPI between T0 and T3, then TQHPI increased significantly (p<0.05) at T4, T5, and T6.ConclusionsTo sum up, this in vitro study has demonstrated the possibility of using apple cider vinegar to reduce plaque and gingivitis. In addition, without additives, apple cider vinegar has both mechanical and chemical effects on dental plaque, and it may be a natural, available, inexpensive, and harmless substance that can improve the quality of oral care for difficult groups of children and people with special needs. Unlike toothbrushes, especially electric toothbrushes, they are effective, but they may be expensive and not available to all children.

The Effect of Composite Brushing with Different Types of Toothpaste on Stain Due to Immersion in Coffee, Tea and Cuko Pempek Water

ABSTRACTComposite is a tooth-colored filling material that can change color by extrinsic staining such as coffee, tea and cuko pempek. Abrasive toothpaste can reduce stains but increase surface roughness. This study aims to determine the effect of the type of toothpaste for brushing on the formation of stains caused by coffee, tea and cuko pempek. This research is a quasi-experimental with pre and post control group design. 39 composite discs with a diameter of 1 cm and a thickness of 5 mm were prepared and divided into several groups, 1 group of negative control without treatment, 3 groups of immersion. Each immersion group was divided into 4 brushing groups, namely without brushing, brushing without toothpaste, brushing with abrasive paste and brushing with non-abrasive paste. Pre and post treatment discs were photographed and color changes were assessed using the CIE L*a*b and E system. Friedman, Kruskall Wallis and Mann Whitney U non-parametric analysis test was used to compare color values and color differences within groups and between groups. Based on this study, it can be concluded that there were significant color changes before and after the soaking treatment with coffee, tea and cuko pempek. The color change in coffee was significantly greater than that of tea and cuko pempek. There was no significant difference in color change between tea and cuko pempek. Conclusion: Brushing with toothpaste Keywords: composite; coffee; tea; cuko pempek; CIE LAB

Long-term effect of gastric juice alternating with brushing on the surface roughness, topography, and staining susceptibility of CAD-CAM monolithic materials

Statement of problemStudies on the behavior of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) monolithic materials subjected to gastric juice alternating with brushing—as occurs in patients with bulimia nervosa—are lacking. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate, over a simulated 5-year period, the effect of gastric juice alternating with brushing on the roughness, topography, and staining susceptibility of CAD-CAM monolithic materials. Material and methodsDisks of Lava Ultimate (LU), Vita Enamic (VE), IPS Empress CAD (EMP), IPS e.max CAD (EMAX), and Vita Suprinity (VS) were randomly allocated to artificial saliva+brushing or gastric juice+brushing groups, simulating 1, 3, and 5 years of clinical function. The roughness (Sa) and topography were evaluated at baseline (T0) and at each simulated year. For the staining susceptibility (ΔE00), the CIELab color coordinates were registered at baseline, and, at the end of the fifth simulated year, the specimens were immersed in deionized water, coffee, or cola before the second reading. Roughness data were submitted to mixed repeated-measures ANOVA and Bonferroni, and the staining susceptibility data were analyzed by 3-way ANOVA and the Games-Howell test (α=.05). ResultsThe gastric juice+brushing led to higher roughness than artificial saliva+brushing only in the VE at T3 and T5 (P<.01). In both treatments, the LU and VE showed topography changes and an increase in roughness over time (P<.001), in addition to higher roughness than the other materials (P<.001). The staining susceptibility of the materials to each staining solution was not affected by the treatment (P>.05). The LU and VS groups were more stained by coffee (P<.001), while the VE and EMP groups were more stained by cola (P≤.016), except for the EMP in the gastric juice+brushing, where no significant difference was found between cola and coffee (P>.05). The EMAX was imperceptibly affected by the 3 solutions. ConclusionsConcerning roughness and topography, the LU and VE were the most affected by both treatments. The staining susceptibility of the materials was not affected by the treatment.

Long-term effects of simulated gastric juice alternated with brushing on hardness, substance loss, flexural strength and reliability of CAD-CAM monolithic materials.

Objectives:The purpose of this study is to evaluate, over a simulated 5-year period, the effect of simulated gastric juice alternated with brushing on CAD-CAM monolithic materials considering microhardness, substance loss, flexural strength, and reliability of the materials.Methodology:Blocks from Lava Ultimate (LU), Vita Enamic (VE), IPS Empress CAD (EMP), IPS e.max CAD (EMAX), and Vita Suprinity (VS) were milled into cylinders and sliced into disks. The EMAX and VS were crystallized, and all specimens were polished with silicon carbide papers and allocated as follows: 1) artificial saliva + brushing or 2) simulated gastric juice (0.113% hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution in deionized water, pH 1.2) + brushing, simulating 1, 3, and 5 years of clinical function. Each year of clinical function was simulated by three repetitions of immersion for 3 hours in artificial saliva or simulated gastric juice followed by 1,217 brushing cycles. The microhardness and substance loss were evaluated at baseline (T0) and at each year by using a Vickers hardness tester and an analytical balance. The biaxial flexural strength (BFS) test was performed in a mechanical testing machine at the end of the 5th year. Weibull modulus was calculated from the BFS data.Results:The microhardness of the LU was not influenced by the treatment, whereas that of the other materials, in certain years, was significantly lower in the gastric juice + brushing groups in comparison with artificial saliva + brushing groups. In general, the materials did not present a significant change in microhardness over time, for either of the treatments. The LU alone showed greater substance loss in the gastric juice + brushing groups for every year. In both treatments, the LU, VE, and EMP exhibited a significant increase in the substance loss over time. The treatment did not affect the BFS of the materials. The gastric juice + brushing decreased the reliability of the VE.Conclusions:All materials were somehow impaired by the gastric juice + brushing in at least one of the evaluated parameters, except for the BFS. However, in a deeper analysis, the LU would be the least indicated materials, followed by VE, for patients with eating disorders.