Bruguiera Parviflora Research Articles

Estimasi Populasi dan Habitat Rusa Timor (Rusa timorensis Blainville1882) dalam Kawasan Taman Wisata Alam Menipo

Knowing the population and habitat conditions of Timor Deer (Rusa timorensis), which is a protected animal, is very important to ensure the survival of this species. One of the most important habitats for Timor Deer is Menipo Nature Park, which must be well managed to support the welfare and sustainability of the species. Good management includes protection of natural habitats, regular population monitoring, and sustainable conservation efforts so that Timor Deer can survive in their natural environment. The purpose of this study was to estimate the population and habitat conditions of Timor deer in Menipo. The method used is a combination of point and path, while the habitat is described descriptively. From the results of research on the 571 ha habitat area, the population of timor deer was estimated to be 399 individuals with a population range of 366 to 432 individuals at the 95% confidence interval with a population density of 1.14 individuals per hectare. The population structure showed an inverted pyramid, indicating less than optimal conditions in terms of population age distribution. The sex ratio was 2:5 for juveniles, 2:3 for adults, and 1:1 for the old age group. This sex ratio is not good for the timor deer population as 1:5 is good. The most common type of grass for deer is timor grass (Ischaemum timorensis). Other grass species are Microlaena stipoides, Paspalum scrobiculatum, Imperata cylindrical, and Desmodium capitulum shrub. However, some areas of this habitat are covered by alien invasive species, Cromolaena odorata, which needs to be eradicated to maintain food availability. Mangrove parts eaten by Timor deer (Rusa timorensis) include young leaves, young stems, and exfoliated bark. Mangrove species commonly found as food for deer include Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera parviflora, and Sonneratia alba. Keywords: habitat, Menipo, population, timor deer, Rusa timorensis

Keanekaragaman Jenis Mangrove Di Kawasan Hutan Mangrove Di Desa Mirring Polewali Mandar

This study aims to determine the types of mangroves that grow in the Mirring Village Mangrove Forest Area Polewali Mandar Regency and Know the diversity of mangrove plant species that thrive in Mirring Village Polewali Mandar Regency. The population in this study are mangroves that grow in the Mirring Village mangrove forest area. The sample in this study was all types of mangroves in the Mirring Village mangrove forest area. This research uses quantitative methods. Data collection uses the striped path method, which combines the transect method with the plot method. Data analysis was done by calculating the composition of vegetation types and ecological indices of mangrove forests The results showed that the types of mangroves found in Tappina Hamlet Mirring Village there are 9 types namely Sonneratia alba, Rizhopora Stylosa, Xylocarpus muloccesnsis, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizopora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera Parviflora, dolichandrone spathacea, excoecaria agallocha. Mangrove species diversity level showed moderate species diversity including trees 1.41, saplings 1.58 and seedlings 1.59. Keywords: Mangrove, Diversity, Polewali.

Mangrove Diversity as An Indicator of Ecosystem Health on Ambon Island, Indonesia

The research aims to determine the species richness, diversity and distribution of mangrove populations in forest areas, which is one of the parameters of forest health in the Passo Village’s mangrove forest. It was conducted from July to August 2023 on Ambon Island using the Forest Health Monitoring Field Methods Guide. The research covered 2 hectares of mangrove forest with 3 clusters of 12 observation plots. It was found that seven species of mangroves were found in the area, namely Sonneratia alba, Rhizophorastylosa, Avicennia marina, Aegiceras corniculatum, Bruguiera gymnorrhyza and Bruguiera parviflora. Cluster 1 had 260 trees. Cluster 2 had 321 trees, and Cluster 3 had 193 trees. The highest value of mangrove species richness was at the sapling level of 1,003. Meanwhile, the species diversity was classified as low at only 0.701 at the seedling level. The highest density of the Sonneratia alba species was 4,290, the species dominance of the Sonneratia alba was 22,240, and the highest importance index occupied by the Sonneratia alba was 160.95. Considering the low level of mangrove forest biodiversity on Ambon Island, rehabilitation and reforestation efforts are needed to maintain the quality and health of the ecosystem, especially in facing the impact of climate change on small islands.

Inventarisasi tumbuhan mangrove di Hutan Lindung Tanjung Prapat Muda, Kecamatan Batu Ampar, Kalimantan Barat

Each mangrove ecosystem is diversed which constituted of different vegetations. This also apply for the mangrove area in the Tanjung Prapat Muda Protected Forest, Tanjung Harapan Village, Batu Ampar District. A study of an inventory of mangrove plants was carried out to identify species make up the Tanjung Prapat Muda Protected Forest area. Data collection is conducted alongside the lanes which created by applying the combination of transect and grid lines (transect-plots design). There are 3 lanes with each line consist of 10 plots placed in a zig-zag (right-left) manner. Each plot had sub-plots of different sizes starting from the levels of seedlings (2×2 m), saplings (5×5 m), poles (10×10 m), and trees (20×20 m). Identification was carried out in the field and laboratory. Any unidentified species in the field is documented as herbarium to help identification in the laboratory later. The results shows that there are 7 mangrove species. Five of them are major mangroves (true mangroves), 1 is minor mangrove, and the other 1 are classified as associated mangroves. All the 7 species of plants are belong to 3 families: the Rhizophoraceae, Pteridaceae, and Moraceae families. Five species belong to Rhizophoraceae, namely Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera parviflora, and Ceriops tagal. The Pteridaceae family consists of one species, namely Acrostichum speciosum, while the Moraceae family only consists of one species, namely Ficus retusa.

Distribution of density and zoning patterns of mangrove forest in eastern coastal Sumatera, Indonesia

Indonesia has the largest mangrove forest in the world, touching 3.2 million hectares or the equivalent of 22.6% of the total mangrove forests, and the results of the updated national mangrove map in 2021 cover an area of 3,364,080 hectares. One of the mangrove ecosystems located in Wonosari Village, Panai Hilir District, Labuhanbatu Regency, focuses on analyzing each zone’s density distribution and formation. This study aims to analyze the density distribution of mangrove vegetation in 2002 and 2022 and the formation of mangrove vegetation. The method used in this research is NDVI analysis and IVI analysis by conducting vegetation analysis. The results obtained are the density of vegetation in 2002 and 2022, the highest density class value, namely density with an NDVI value range of 0.3 – 0.4 with an area of 415.61 ha in 2002 and 2022 with an area of 495.53 ha. The vegetation density class in 2002 and 2022, which experienced the greatest increase, was the vegetation density class covering an area of 79,92 ha, and the very dense vegetation density decreased by 111.80 ha. The mangrove vegetation formation is divided into three zones: the open zone found Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera parviflora, and Avicennia alba. In the middle zone found the species of Rhizophora mucronata and Bruguiera parviflora, and in the back zone, which is on the mainland, found the species of Xylocarpus granatum, Acrostichum aureum, Excoecaria agallocha.

Ethnobotanical and ecological study of medicinal plants of mangroves in Siak District, Riau Province, Indonesia

The mangrove forest in Kayu Ara Permai Village, Sungai Apit, Siak Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia, is a mangrove forest managed by the local community as the "Historic River" Mangrove Ecotourism Area. Mangrove forests have become a tourist attraction for many local and national tourists. The purpose of this study was to identify plants that have potential as medicinal plants in mangrove ecotourism areas of "Sungai Bersejarah" Kayu Ara Permai Village, Sungai Apit, Siak Regency, Riau Province. This study used a survey method in mangrove forests to conduct an inventory of the medicinal plants scattered throughout the area. Observations were made using a combination of the path and plot methods. The investigation was carried out by cross-checking the traditional use of medicinal plants by the surrounding community with the scientific literature. The results showed 7 species of medicinal plants from 5 different families, namely Avicennia alba, Rhizophora apiculate, Bruguiera parviflora, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Xylocarpus granatum, Sonneratia alba, and Acrostichum aureum. Mangrove density levels were in the sparse category (1,000 trees/ha) and had low diversity levels, with two dominant species, Rhizophora apiculata and Xylocarpus granatum.

Mangrove Plant Community Structure of Kwala Indah Village, Batu Bara Regency

Coastal areas are transitional areas between land and marine ecosystems that have high biological productivity. Mangroves are a type of plant that grows in coastal areas or river estuaries and has an ecological function by acting as the last defense against sea waves after coral reef and seagrass ecosystems, as sediment traps, as a place to find fish food, as a fish spawning ground, as a shelter, and as a place for fish farming. Mangrove Plant Community Structure Research in the Kwala Indah Village Area was conducted in August–October 2023 with the aim of knowing the types of mangroves, mangrove diversity and uniformity, dominance, Important Value Index (INP), and mangrove crown cover in Kwala Indah Village. The method used in the observation of mangrove plant community structure is to use the quadrant transect method by analyzing species density, relative density, species frequency, relative frequency, species dominance, relative dominance, and important value index at the tree, sapling, and seedling levels, as well as crown cover. Based on the results of the study, 7 species were found, namely Xylocarpus granatum, Xylocarpus mekongensis, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Soneratia alba, Bruguiera parviflora, and Excoecaria agallocha. Xylocarpus and Rhizopora have the highest INP, diversity, uniformity, and dominance. Canopy cover is in the medium category; coastal areas are transitional areas between terrestrial and marine ecosystems that have high biodiversity values.

Composition and Structure of Mangrove Species in Sekurau Bawah Hamlet, East Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan

The aim of this research is to explore the species composition and structure of mangrove forests in Sekurau Bawah Hamlet, Sekerat Village, Bengalon District, East Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province. Although the mangrove vegetation in Sekurau Bawah Hamlet is thick, there is still a lack of information on the composition and structure of the species. Therefore, research is needed to explore the biological resources around the mangrove forest area. The collection of vegetation data was done by combining the path method and compartmentalizing it. The plot areas for each growth stage are seedling, sapling and tree levels. The point of observation is determined purposively. The results of the study showed the highest Important Value Index (IVI) for growth for both seedling and sapling growth was of the Bruguiera parviflora species, while the tree level was of the Avicennia marina specie based on the representative condition of the mangrove vegetation studied.

Does age matter? Unravelling the effects of replanted mangrove forests on the total ecosystem carbon stocks

Mangrove replanting is a fundamental approach for restoring the ecosystem services in the mangrove ecosystems. This study assesses and compares the total ecosystem carbon stock (TECS) in different stand ages of replanted mangrove forests (1, 2, 5, 9, 10 and 21 years old and an Intact/Undisturbed Forest as the control) in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The preferred species for planting are Rhizophora mucronata, R. apiculata and Bruguiera parviflora, while the Intact Forest only has one species, Avicennia marina. Most sites recorded additional species recruits after a few years. The study determines the total ecosystem carbon stock (TEC) based on the above-ground standing trees, below-ground, dead wood and soil, uses the established allometric equations to calculate the biomass and carbon stock in vegetation, and determines the soil carbon using the LI method. In general, the results showed a linear relationship between the TECS and stand age (R=0.86, y=70.993x + 353.51). The ten-year-old stand had the highest TECS (875.79 Mg C ha −1), the one-year-old had the lowest (376.91 Mg C ha −1), and the Intact Forest was moderate at 530.57 Mg C ha −1. In all cases, soil contributed the highest percentage of 75%–98% to the TECS. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that the primary determiners of the TECS are the stand age, followed by mangrove tree structure and soil carbon accumulation capacity.

Diversity, distribution and conservation status of mangrove species in Pulias Bay, Indonesia

As an ecosystem, the mangrove ecosystem serves various purposes. The objectives of this study are to (1) identify the community structure of the important value index; and (2) evaluate the importance of the mangrove species diversity index in Pulias Bay in Ogodeide District, Tolitoli Regency. The study was conducted in 2021 using a quantitative descriptive methodology and survey method. The number of discovered species will be used to establish the species composition. The structure of the mangrove communities is being evaluated by calculating the relative density (RD) and frequency (FR). The data is tabulated to calculate the Important Value Index (IVI) value according to the Shannon-Wiener formula. There were 18 different species of mangroves discovered, including Rhizophora apiculata, Rh. mucronata, Rh. stylosa, Bruguiera parviflora, B. gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, C. decandra, Sonneratia alba, S. caseolaris, S. ovata, Avicennia lanata, Xylocarpus moluccensis, Acrostichum aureum, Nypa fruticans, and Pemphis acidula. The Rhizophoraceae family predominated at each observation station, according to the findings of the vegetation analysis. Meanwhile the most rarely found species of mangrove were Acrostichum aureum, Sonneratia casiolaris, and Xylocarpus moluccensis, each with two specimens. The community structure reveals that X. moluccensis has the lowest IVI value of 12.7%, while Rhizophora mucronata has an IVI value of 101.3%. The mangrove Diversity Index (H') has a value of 2.48 and meets the standards for moderate diversity. Physical and chemical parameter measurements often indicate that the four stations or sites where the data was collected have similar conditions. Interestingly, we also found Avicennia lanata, a mangrove species that falls under the Vulnerable category. The collected information can be used to manage the mangrove forest in Pulias Bay in the Ogodeide Sub-District of the Tolitoli Regency and serve as a database for efforts to conserve mangroves and mitigate the effects of global warming.

Distribution of mangroves with different aerial root morphologies at accretion and erosion sites in Ca Mau Province, Vietnam

Aerial roots are a vital feature that allow mangroves to survive in anaerobic and unstable soil conditions. Mangrove species have different aerial root characteristics and show their own site-specific distribution. The distribution of three types of aerial roots with different morphological characteristics was investigated between accretion and erosion sites in Ca Mau, Vietnam. Stilt roots, pneumatophores and knee roots were the three main aerial root types in the study area. Stilt roots of Rhizophora apiculata BL. and pneumatophores of Avicennia species were the two most abundant root types at the study sites, dominating erosion and accretion sites, respectively. Stilt roots had a higher number of primary roots in seaward plots than in landward plots (p < 0.05), supporting the ability of R. apiculata to withstand erosion of the surface. Tidal erosion moved away sediment and exposed roots, which resulted in higher aboveground stilt root height in seaward plots than in landward plots at erosion sites (p < 0.05). The higher density and biomass of pneumatophores in seaward plots than those in landward plots at accretion sites (p < 0.05) confirmed the adaptation of Avicennia to newly accreted sites where tidal inundation and anaerobic conditions limited mangrove growth. The density of A. alba decreased with the distance from the sea at both erosion and accretion sites, implying that this species was a pioneer species adapted to newly accreted sites or disturbed sites among mangrove species. Bruguiera parviflora with knee roots was distributed in more stable conditions. Mangrove species with different root types displayed a zonal distribution with increasing distance from the shoreline. This distribution reflects mangrove species adaptabilities and species-specific roles in the context of coastal processes and site conditions, which should be considered in coastal mangrove restoration.

Potential of prospective medicinal plants of Rhizophoraceae from North Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract. Egra S, Kuspradini H, Kusuma IW, Batubara I, Imra, Nurjannah, Wahyuni E, Yamauchi K, Mitsunaga T. 2023. Potential of prospective medicinal plants of Rhizophoraceaefrom North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 1346-1355. The abundance of mangrove forests in the equatorial region necessitates proper management, including the sustainable use of plant parts for functional products such as food, medicine, etc. This study aimed to assess the medicinal potential of five mangrove plants through phytochemical analysis, antibacterial assays against Streptococcus sobrinus, DPPH free radicals, and toxicity assay using Artemia salina L., Bruguiera parviflora(Roxb.) Wight and Arn. ex Griff, Bruguiera cylindrica(L.) Blume, Ceriops tagal(Perr.). The plants used were Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob, Rhizophora mucronata Poir, and Rhizophora apiculata Blume. Plant samples were extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol in that order, and then the obtained plant extracts were subjected to various assays. The results showed that B. cylindrica wood and C. tagal leaf extract had the highest antibacterial activity, with more than 50% relative inhibition. The C. tagal leaf methanolic extract had the highest antioxidant activity, by 91% relative inhibition. Followed by R. mucronata wood ethyl acetate extract and B. parviflora leaf methanolic extract, with 87% and 86%, respectively. The highest value in the cytotoxicity assay was discovered in the B. cylindrica in the very strong category with an LC50value of 22.9 µg/mL. The present study revealed the potential of mangrove plant extracts to have strong antibacterial, cytotoxic, and antioxidant properties.

Studi Keanekaragaman Dan Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Hutan Mangrove Di Desa Tiwatobi Kecamatan Ile Mandiri Kabupaten Flores Timur Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur

This study aimed to determine the level of diversity and community perceptionof the existence of mangrove vegetation in Tiwatobi village, East Flores regency, EastNusa Tenggara province. This research is survey research. Based on the data collectiontechniques, this study employed observation techniques on 13 Mangrove plotsmeasuring 2m x 2m, 5m x 5m, and 10m x 10m to determine the diversity of mangrovevegetation. Furthermore, the interview technique and the distribution of thequestionnaire to 82 respondents based on the Slovin formula were carried out to specifycommunity perceptions of mangrove vegetation. The results revealed five types ofmangroves grouped into three families. The most elevated relative density at the treelevel was RhyzophotaMucronata (29.94), and the lowest was Bruguiera Parviflorawhich was 11.98. Based on the pile and stake levels, the highest relative density valueswere occupied by Bruguiera Parviflora (42.59), Munto (26.03). RhyzophoraStylosa(0.0) and Bruguiera parviflora (13.01) had the lowest relative density values. BruguieraParviflora is the species with the highest density of all levels, with a density value of42.59. Meanwhile, RhyzophoraStylose has the lowest relative density value of 0.0. Theoutcomes of this study also confirmed that the vegetation of the mangrove ecosystem inTiwatobi village, the index of importance, diversity, and richness of mangrovevegetation with the classification of 'medium' value caused by the environmentalcircumstances of mangroves that grow on muddy substrates and only a few species thatcan grow. In addition, community activities on the coast also vandalize the mangroveecosystem, especially for the mooring land construction to meet the family's economy.Furthermore, the community's perception of mangrove vegetation existence has acritical role in the viewpoints of physical, ecological, and economic, as evidenced by thepositive response to the existence, function, and preservation of mangrove forests inTiwatobi village.

Antioxidant activity of isolated compounds from ethyl acetate extract of Bruguiera parviflora

Bruguiera parviflora belongs to Bruguiera genus, which possesses several biological activities such as antidiabetic, anti-inflammation, antioxidant. Phytochemical investigation of the ethyl acetate extract from Bruguiera parviflora leaves was carried out bioassay guided isolation and obtained three known compounds, namely kochioside A (1), oleanolic acid (2) and quercitrin (3). The chemical structure of isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis as well as the comparison of their NMR data with the ones published in the literatures. All isolated compounds were evaluated for antioxidant activity with the free radical scavenging ability on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Among them, quercitrin (3) was the most potent compound against DPPH with the IC50 value of 16.4 ± 0.2 g/mL, compared to vitamin C, which was used as positive control.

BIOLOGICAL CYCLING OF MACRO-NUTRIENTS (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) IN BRUGUIERA PARVIFLORA DOMINATED MANGROVE FOREST AT KUALA SELANGOR NATURE PARK, MALAYSIA

Biological cycling of macro-nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) were studied by synthesizing the previous and new data from Bruguiera parviflora dominated mangroves at Kuala Selangor Nature Park, Malaysia. The total stock and annual accumulation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in plant biomass were 60.11 kg ha-1y-1; 11.48 kg ha-1y-1, 36.25 kg ha-1y-1; 72.75 kg ha-1y-1; 31.32 kg ha-1y-1 and 82.12 kg ha-1y-1 respectively. The annual return of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in the form of litter fall were 59.82 kg ha-1, 10.93 kg ha-1, 23.43 kg ha-1, 118.31 kg ha-1, 29.25 kg ha-1 and 54.15 kg ha-1 respectively, which yield the annual uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S were 119.92 kg ha-1, 22.41 kg ha-1, 59.69 kg ha-1, 191.07 kg ha-1, 60.57 kg ha-1 and 136.26 kg ha-1, respectively. The return/accumulation ratios of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S showed that accumulation = return for N, return &gt; accumulation for Ca, accumulation &gt; return for P, K, Mg and S. The calculated turnover period of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S were 10 yr, 10 yr, 15 yr, 6 yr, 10 yr and 14 yr respectively.

Keanekaragaman Flora Mangrove pada Tingkat Pohon di Cagar Alam Pulau Dua Banten

Abstract. One of the countries that has the largest mangrove forest is Indonesia, the area of mangrove forests in Indonesia reaches 3.1 million ha. Mangroves can live in tropical and subtropical climates, mangroves have so many benefits, one of which is to prevent disasters such as tsunamis and protect beaches from erosion. This research was conducted in the Pulau Dua Nature Reserve in the Banten area. This study uses a linear quadratic transect method by determining the location of the study as many as 2 station points. Data analysis was carried out quantitatively using vegetation analysis. Based on the results of the research conducted, it shows that the value of the mangrove flora diversity index is classified as low, namely H'&lt;1. The species of mangrove flora were found such as Avicennia germinans, Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, Bruguiera parviflora, and Rhizophora apiculata. The condition of the mangrove forest in the Pulau Dua Banten Nature Reserve is still relatively natural, because it is still very well preserved and the diversity of flora and fauna is still high.Keywords: mangrove, nature reserve, dua banten island

Anti-Inflammatory and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Chemical Constituents from Bruguiera parviflora Leaves

Bruguiera parviflora (Rhizophoraceae) is one of the Bruguiera genus-based mangrove plants which has not been investigated for the chemical compositions as well as biological activities so far. The present study was aimed at investigating the phytochemicals as well as anti-inflammatory and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of B. parviflora leaves. The results showed that the crude extract and its fractions significantly increased the percentage inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and decreased NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The most effective fraction BP5 was further chromatographed and purified. As a result, eight compounds were isolated and elucidated, including five flavonoids (1–5) and three triterpenoids (6–8). All isolated compounds were evaluated for the anti-inflammatory and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects. The results indicated that flavonoids namely taxifolin (1), quercetin (2), myricetin (3), rutin (4), and kaempferol (5) exhibited potent anti-inflammatory as well as α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Among them, compound 2 showed the most potent inhibitory effect against an α-glucosidase activity with an I C 50 value of 3.4 ± 0.5 μ g / mL and the LPS-induced NO production of 11.8 μM at the concentration of 100 μg/mL. These findings suggest that flavonoids (1–5) from B. parviflora leaves may be useful as the potential α-glucosidase inhibitor as well as anti-inflammatory agent.

De Novo Reference Assembly of the Upriver Orange Mangrove (Bruguiera sexangula) Genome.

Upriver orange mangrove (Bruguiera sexangula) is a member of the most mangrove-rich taxon (Rhizophoraceae family) and is commonly distributed in the intertidal zones in tropical and subtropical latitudes. In this study, we employed the 10× Genomics linked-read technology to obtain a preliminary de novo assembly of the B. sexangula genome, which was further scaffolded to a pseudomolecule level using the Bruguiera parviflora genome as a reference. The final assembly of the B. sexangula genome contained 260 Mb with an N50 scaffold length of 11,020,310 bases. The assembly comprised 18 pseudomolecules (corresponding to the haploid chromosome number in B. sexangula), covering 204,645,832 bases or 78.6% of the 260-Mb assembly. We predicted a total of 23,978 protein-coding sequences, 17,598 of which were associated with gene ontology terms. Our gene prediction recovered 96.6% of the highly conserved orthologs based on the Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) analysis. The chromosome-level assembly presented in this work provides a valuable genetic resource to help strengthen our understanding of mangroves’ physiological and morphological adaptations to the intertidal zones.

A chromosome-scale reference genome assembly of yellow mangrove (Bruguiera parviflora) reveals a whole genome duplication event associated with the Rhizophoraceae lineage.

Mangrove forest ecosystems support a diverse flora and fauna of marine and terrestrial species and have important direct and indirect economic, ecological and social values to mankind. Yellow mangrove (Bruguiera parviflora) belongs to the Rhizophoraceae family and is widely distributed in the intertidal zones along sheltered coastal areas in tropical latitudes. Here, we present a high-quality, chromosome-level assembly of the B.parviflora genome. We employed the 10x Genomics linked-read technology to obtain a preliminary assembly, which was subsequently scaffolded using the long-range chromatin contact mapping technique (HiC) to obtain a final assembly containing 213,026,782 bases in 10,045 scaffolds with an N50 length of 10,906,948 bases. Our gene prediction recovered 96.5% of the highly conserved orthologues in the Embryophyta lineage based on the Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologues (BUSCO) analysis. We analysed the transversion rate at fourfold-degenerate sites from orthologous gene pairs and discovered evidence supporting a recent whole-genome duplication event in B.parviflora and other Rhizophoreae members. Comparative studies based on single-copy orthologous genes indicated that B.parviflora and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza diverged approximately 24.1 million years ago. The population structure analysis revealed that 63 B.parviflora accessions from different geographical regions in Thailand were an admixture of two subpopulations. The examination of alternative splicing events in B.parviflora showed that the most prevalent splicing mechanism was intron retention. This high-quality genome assembly together with the genetic diversity information obtained from the germplasm provide useful genomic resources for future studies on comparative phylogenetics and evolution of adaptive traits in mangrove species.

Characteristics of Microbial Community and Function With the Succession of Mangroves.

In this study, 16S high-throughput and metagenomic sequencing analyses were employed to explore the changes in microbial community and function with the succession of mangroves (Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora apiculata, and Bruguiera parviflora) along the Merbok river estuary in Malaysia. The sediments of the three mangroves harbored their own unique dominant microbial taxa, whereas R. apiculata exhibited the highest microbial diversity. In general, Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, and Anaerolineae were the dominant microbial classes, but their abundances varied significantly among the three mangroves. Principal coordinates and redundancy analyses revealed that the specificity of the microbial community was highly correlated with mangrove populations and environmental factors. The results further showed that R. apiculata exhibited the highest carbon-related metabolism, coinciding with the highest organic carbon and microbial diversity. In addition, specific microbial taxa, such as Desulfobacterales and Rhizobiales, contributed the highest functional activities related to carbon metabolism, prokaryote carbon fixation, and methane metabolism. The present results provide a comprehensive understanding of the adaptations and functions of microbes in relation to environmental transition and mangrove succession in intertidal regions. High microbial diversity and carbon metabolism in R. apiculata might in turn facilitate and maintain the formation of climax mangroves in the middle region of the Merbok river estuary.