Brucellosis In Camels Research Articles

English

The objective of this study was to estimate the sero-prevalence of brucellosis in camels in Shalateen city, Red sea Governorate. A total of 801 Sera were collected from apparently healthy dromedary camels from 2014 to 2015 spring. Sera were consequently serologically tested and confirmed using Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), buffer acidified plate antigen test (BAPAT) and complement fixation test (CFT). 103 (12.90%), 93 (11.60%), and 92 (11.50%) were positive for RBPT, BABAT and CFT, respectively. Young camels were more sero-positive than old one (13.30 vs.10.80%). In addition, females were more sero-positive than males (19.10 vs. 7.10%). Moreover, Brucella melitensis biovar 3 was isolated from stomach content of aborted camel fetus. Statistically, the apparent prevalence (AP) was estimated to be 11.50%, while true prevalence (TP) was 13.60% (95% CI: 11.20 to 16%; P < 0.05). There was non statistical significant association between different age groups, while a highly significant difference were detected between seasons and genders. This study documented a high prevalence of camel brucellosis in the area of study and there is a need for planning and implementation of joint programs by stakeholders in prevention and control of the disease as well as raising public awareness in decreasing the distribution of the disease. Key words: Camel brucellosis, Egypt, serological tests, sero-prevalence, Shalateen.

Review on Epidemiology of Camel and Human Brucellosis in East Africa, Igad Member Countries

Camel production is expanding in pastoral areas of the Eat African region {IGAD member countries} as a result of recurrent drought and its less susceptibility to drought relative to other livestock. It is an important domestic animal and the source of milk during dry season. Camel brucellosis is prevalent in the region. From review high prevalence of human brucellosis is observed with prevalence ranging between 1 to 46.5%, 2.15 to 60%, 5.8 to 17% and 2.15 to 7.5% by ELISA, RBPT, SAT and CFT respectively; whereas 3.1 to 40.5%, 2 to 39.9% and 1.6 to 7.6% by ELISA, RBPT and CFT in camels respectively. It is transmissible from animal to humans, causing acute febrile illness, undulant fever (inter¬mittent or remittent fever) which may persist for weeks or months accompanied by malaise, anorexia and prostration. Brucella species can enter mammalian hosts through skin abrasions or cuts, the conjunctiva, the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract and through reproductive tracts. It has economic importance and public health hazard particularly to pastoralist community because of a widespread traditional habit of consumption of raw animal products and close contact with livestock including camels. Since brucellosis has no effective treatment both in human and livestock; vaccination, hygiene and awareness creation are the best control and prevention strategies in the region. Therefore, the objective of the seminar paper was to review-the epidemiology of brucellosis in camel and human in East Africa with emphasis on Ethiopia.

Seroprevalence and molecular investigation of brucellosis in camels of selected districts of Punjab, Pakistan

Seroprevalence and molecular investigation of brucellosis in camels of selected districts of Punjab, Pakistan

Review on Epidemiology of Camel and Human Brucellosis in East Africa, Igad Member Countries

Camel production is expanding in pastoral areas of the Eat African region {IGAD member countries} as a result of recurrent drought and its less susceptibility to drought relative to other livestock. It is an important domestic animal and the source of milk during dry season. Camel brucellosis is prevalent in the region. From review high prevalence of human brucellosis is observed with prevalence ranging between 1 to 46.5%, 2.15 to 60%, 5.8 to 17% and 2.15 to 7.5% by ELISA, RBPT, SAT and CFT respectively; whereas 3.1 to 40.5%, 2 to 39.9% and 1.6 to 7.6% by ELISA, RBPT and CFT in camels respectively. It is transmissible from animal to humans, causing acute febrile illness, undulant fever (inter¬mittent or remittent fever) which may persist for weeks or months accompanied by malaise, anorexia and prostration. Brucella species can enter mammalian hosts through skin abrasions or cuts, the conjunctiva, the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract and through reproductive tracts. It has economic importance and public health hazard particularly to pastoralist community because of a widespread traditional habit of consumption of raw animal products and close contact with livestock including camels. Since brucellosis has no effective treatment both in human and livestock; vaccination, hygiene and awareness creation are the best control and prevention strategies in the region. Therefore, the objective of the seminar paper was to review-the epidemiology of brucellosis in camel and human in East Africa with emphasis on Ethiopia.

Sero-prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Brucellosis in Camel at Akaki Abattoir, Central Ethiopia

The present study was delineated to investigate the seroprevalence and risk factors of brucellosis in camels brought for slaughtering at Akaki abattoir, Ethiopia during the period between December 2015 and April, 2016. Serum samples from 201 apparently health camels were initially screened for the presence of Brucella antibodies by the Rose bengal Plate Test (RbPT) and positive reacting sera were further confrmed by the Complement Fixation Test (CFT). Out of total 201 samples tested for RBPT, 13 (6.5%) were positive for brucellosis, of these, 9(4.5%) were confrmed to be seropositive for brucellosis upon further testing by CFT. There was signifcant difference in seroprevalence (based on CFT) of camel brucellosis in different age groups (χ2=34, p< 0.05), sexes (χ2= 6.3, p<0.05), and animals with difference body score condition (χ2= 11.85, p< 0.05). The seroprevalence was signifcantly higher in animals of 5–9 years age group, females, poor body condition when compared to animals with other age groups, male animals and animal with medium or good body score condition respectively. The results of the present investigation indicate that Brucella spp. exists within the camels in Borena, Oromia region. Coordinated nationwide epidemiological surveillance in camel and other ruminants is required together with typing of infecting strains, thus enabling the transmission dynamics to be elucidated and initiating immunization campaigns, public health education and eradication strategies.

Laboratory Investigations after Eye Drop Immunisation of Dromedaries with Live Attenuated Brucellamelitensis Rev 1 Vaccine

The present study describes the laboratory investigations after a single right eye drop (3.1 × 109 CFU live bacteria) immunisation of 6 dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) with live attenuated B. melitensis Rev 1 vaccine. The experiment was conducted over a period of 5 months. The vaccine strain was isolated for 16 days from only the right eye of the vaccinated dromedaries, but not from the left eye and both nostrils. Similar pattern of results was obtained by polymerase chain reaction. It was negative for the left eye, both nostrils (except for one dromedary) and for EDTA blood and serum. All vaccinated dromedaries seroconverted from day 16 after vaccination until 4 months shown by Rose-Bengal test and slide-agglutination test. No serological reactions were found after 5 months. The complement fixation test remained negative throughout the experiment. Information about the vaccination against brucellosis in camels, the within host disperse of the vaccine strain and the serological response are scarce. The experiment provided basic data about the feasibility of Brucevac conjunctival vaccine in camels. However, to prove if the immunised dromedaries acquired a lifelong immunity against brucellosis, pregnant vaccinated dromedaries need to be challenged with a field B. melitensis strain. We also recommend changing the conjunctival vaccination route to subcutaneous or intramuscular to prevent accidental infection due to B. melitensis vaccine strain excreted by lacrimation.

Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Brucellosis in Camels Kept Under Pastoral Management in Fafen Zone, Somali Regional State, Ethiopia

Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Brucellosis in Camels Kept Under Pastoral Management in Fafen Zone, Somali Regional State, Ethiopia

Development and Validation of Protein G Based Indirect ELISA Versus Lateral Flow Assay As Screening Immunoassays for Brucellosis in Camels (Camelus Dromedarius)

Development and Validation of Protein G Based Indirect ELISA Versus Lateral Flow Assay As Screening Immunoassays for Brucellosis in Camels (Camelus Dromedarius)

Seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease, Blue Tongue Disease and Camel Brucellosis in Animals Imported into Libya

Seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease, Blue Tongue Disease and Camel Brucellosis in Animals Imported into Libya

Serological, molecular detection and potential risk factors associated with camel brucellosis in Pakistan.

Brucellosis is one of the most important zoonoses in developing countries and was considered the most widespread zoonosis in the world. Brucellosis was reported in camels and has been reported from all camel-keeping countries.The present study was performed in three districts (Jhang, Chiniot, and Bhakkar) of Punjab province of Pakistan. A total of 200 camel (Camelus bactrianus) sera were collected using random and multistage cluster sampling from different areas. Fifty samples were collected from one organized governmental farm. One hundred fifty samples were collected randomly from nomadic/pastoral production systems. All sera were tested with Rose Bengal plate agglutination test (RBPT) and confirmed by ELISA. Genomic DNA was extracted from all serum samples and tested by real-time PCR. Various potential risk factors (season, rearing with other animals, and abortion or orchitis history) recorded through questionnaires were statistically analyzed by Chi-square test.In total, 5% of investigated sera were positive by RBPT. Only 2% of the camel sera were CELISA positive. Brucella abortus DNA was detected in 1.5% of the investigated animals. Season, rearing of camels with other ruminants, abortion, and orchitis history were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05) disease for determinants.Camel brucellosis is a zoonotic disease in the Pakistani Punjab with various risk factors maintaining and perpetuating its spread. Therefore, there is a need for implementing control measures and raising public health awareness in prevention of brucellosis in Pakistan.

Seroprevalence of Camel Brucellosis and Molecular Characterization of Brucella melitensis Recovered from Dromedary Camels in Egypt

Seroprevalence of Camel Brucellosis and Molecular Characterization of Brucella melitensis Recovered from Dromedary Camels in Egypt

English

A sero prevalence study of camel brucellosis was carried out in three abattoirs of Northern Nigeria during the period of October to December, 2013. A total of three hundred and eleven (311) serum samples were collected from Kano, Sokoto and Maiduguri municipal abattoirs. The serum samples were screened using the Rose Bengal plate test with positive samples further tested with the lateral flow immmnoaassay. Out of 180 camel sera collected from Kano Municipal abattoir, 4 (2.2%) were positive for Brucella antibodies by Rose Bengal plate test of which one was confirmed by lateral flow immunoassay. Moreover, on sex distribution 3 (3.5%) female camels and one (1.1%) male camel were positive. There was no significant association with sex and prevalence of Brucella antibodies (P>0.05). On age distribution, 3 (12.5%) adult camels were positive by only one young camel (0.6%) was positive. The result was statically significant (P 0.05). None of the 99 serum samples collected from Maiduguri Municipal abattoir tested positive by Rose Bengal plate test. The study concluded that Brucella antibodies are present in camel and they were probably infected due to contact with infected cattle. The importance of these finding are discussed. Key words: Sero-prevalence, brucellosis, camel, Nigeria.

Genotyping of Brucella melitensis strains from dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) from the United Arab Emirates with multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis

Camel brucellosis is a widespread zoonotic disease in camel-rearing countries caused by Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus. The aim of this study was the first genetic analysis of B. melitensis strains isolated from dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). MLVA 16 and its MLVA 8 and MLVA11 subsets were used to determine the genotypes of 15 B. melitensis isolates from dromedary camels (11 strains) and other host species (4 strains) from the United Arab Emirates and the results were then compared to B. melitensis MLVA genotypes from other parts of the world. Five, including two novel genotypes were identified with MLVA 8. MLVA 16 further discriminated these five genotypes to ten variants. The eleven camel isolates clustered into four main genetic groups within the East-Mediterranean and African clades and this clustering correlated with the geographic origin of the hosts (United Arab Emirates, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Sudan) and the date of their isolation. The camel strains were also genetically related to strains isolated from wild and domestic ruminants from their close habitat or from other parts of the world. Although limited number of strains were analysed, based on our data imported animals from foreign countries, local small ruminants and wildlife species are hypothesized to be the main sources of camel brucellosis in the United Arab Emirates. MLVA was successfully applied to determine the epidemiological links between the different camel B. melitensis infections in the United Arab Emirates and it can be a beneficial tool in future disease control programs.

Seroprevalence and risk factors of brucellosis in camels in and around Alzulfi, Saudi Arabia

This cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2013 to November 2014 to determine the seroprevalence of brucellosis in camels and to investigate its risk factors in and around Alzulfi, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A total of 750 sera were collected from camels from 59 herds and tested using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Compelisa (cELISA). The overall seroprevalences were 6.5% using RBPT and 3.2% using cELISA while the herd-prevalence was 45.8% and the within-herd prevalence ranged from 1.0% to 9.9%. With exception of between-locations, there were no significant statistical variations between the seroprevalence estimated for the different categories of the investigated risk factors. In the univariate analysis, location (χ2=13.65, p=0.001) and watering (χ2=4.830, p=0.028) were statistically associated with RBPT-positivity whereas, location (χ2=4.304, p=0.038), age (χ2=6.306, p=0.043) and awareness (χ2=5.106, p=0.024) were associated with cELISA-positivity. The multivariate analysis showed that camels in Alzulfi (Exp(B)=3.13, p=0.001) and she-camels (Exp(B)=2.38, p=0.038) were related to RBPT-positivity and camels in Alzulfi (Exp(B)=5.76, p=0.001), the age-group 6–10 years old (Exp(B)=6.55, p=0.016) and semi-intensive husbandry (Exp(B)=5.80, p=0.009) were associated with cELISA-positivity. A substantial agreement between the 2 tests was shown by Kappa analysis. In conclusion, the seroprevalence reported in this study was not similar in and around Alzulfi. A wide-area multi-animal species survey of brucellosis is warranted in Saudi Arabia.

Sero-Prevalence of Brucellosis in one-Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Yabello District of Borana Pastoralist, Southern Ethiopia

Sero-Prevalence of Brucellosis in one-Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Yabello District of Borana Pastoralist, Southern Ethiopia To assess sero-prevalence of brucellosis in one-humped camel and its associated risk factors, cross-sectional study was conducted during 2011-2012 in Yabello district of Borana zone, in Oromia region, southern Ethiopia. Overall prevalence of camel brucellosis was 3% in present study. Known risk factors associated with brucellosis, such as age, sex and herd size was not associated with sero-positivity in present study, however, high association with history of abortion was observed. Thus, indicates needs for public awareness to prevent contamination with aborted materials to minimize risk of zoonotic transmission to herders in the future control strategies. Present study and previous reports indicated that prevalence of camel brucellosis was higher in Afar region in North East Ethiopia than camels in Borana of South Ethiopia. This merits afar region for its further study and control strategies to investigate responsible factors.

Brucellosis in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current challenges for management, diagnosis and control

Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella and affecting domestic and wild mammals. In this paper, the bacteriological and serological evidence of brucellosis in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and its epidemiological characteristics are discussed. The tools available for the diagnosis and treatment of human brucellosis and for the diagnosis and control of animal brucellosis and their applicability in the context of SSA are presented and gaps identified. These gaps concern mostly the need for simpler and more affordable antimicrobial treatments against human brucellosis, the development of a B. melitensis vaccine that could circumvent the drawbacks of the currently available Rev 1 vaccine, and the investigation of serological diagnostic tests for camel brucellosis and wildlife. Strategies for the implementation of animal vaccination are also discussed.

Public Awareness and Practices of Pastoral and Agro Pastoral Community Towards Zoonotic &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Brucella&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Infection in Afar Regional State of North East Ethiopia

Camel brucellosis represents a major public health hazard, which affects social and economic development in various developing countries including the pastoral areas of Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine public awareness, attitude and practices of the pastoralists, agro pastoralists, animal health assistants and human health professionals towards zoonotic <i>Brucella</i> infection in the region using a questionnaire. A total of 168 respondents (56 individuals from each district) were interviewed. According to the logistic regression analysis, Literacy was found statistically significant (P<0.05) in association with awareness of the community about the disease. All respondents expressed that they consume raw milk and they did not use any protective material while handling parturient camels, removing placenta and/or other aborted materials. Only 13 (7.7%) had knowledge about brucellosis and 98 (58.3%) of the respondents had family members with fever of unknown cause and other signs of brucellosis. During the study, 40 animal health assistants were participated and almost all had knowledge on zoonotic <i>Brucella</i> infection. Moreover, out of the 112 human health professionals included in the study, only 14 (12.5%) had knowledge on zoonotic <i>Brucella</i> infection. But none of them had ever diagnosed the disease in humans and the reason for the diagnosis problem was lack of facility and no attention was given to the disease. The questionnaire survey revealed that there was a knowledge gap not only in the community but also in the human health professionals about zoonotic <i>Brucella</i> infection in the study areas. Even though the animal health assistants had better awareness about the disease, they did not collaborate with human health professionals to create awareness to the community and to prevent the disease. Therefore, Public education on modern animal husbandry, disease prevention and risk of zoonotic <i>Brucella</i> infection should be imparted continuously.

Camelid brucellosis: a review.

Camel brucellosis has been diagnosed in all camel-rearing countries except Australia. In many countries the infection is on the rise in Old World camels (OWCs) due to the uncontrolled trade of live animals. Knowledge of camelid brucellosis has increased over the last decade through field investigations, experimental infection trials and comprehensive laboratory testing. Infection with Brucella melitensis is frequent in OWCs and rare with B. abortus. New World Camels rarely contract brucellosis. In East African countries the seroprevalence of brucellosis can reach 40% (herd level) and depends on the management system. The highest incidence is found when camels are kept together with infected small ruminants. Only a combination of serological methods can detect all serological reactors. Culturing the pathogen is still the preferred test method, although several assays based on polymerase chain reaction have been developed.

Animal brucellosis in Egypt.

Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonosis that affects the public health and economic performance of endemic as well as non-endemic countries. In developing nations, brucellosis is often a very common but neglected disease. The purpose of this review is to provide insight about brucellosis in animal populations in Egypt and help to understand the situation from 1986 to 2013. A total of 67 national and international scientific publications on serological investigations, isolation, and biotyping studies from 1986 to 2013 were reviewed to verify the current status of brucellosis in animal populations in Egypt. Serological investigations within the national surveillance program give indirect proof for the presence of brucellosis in cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, and camels in Egypt. Serologic testing for brucellosis is a well-established procedure in Egypt, but most of the corresponding studies do not follow the scientific standards. B. melitensis biovar (bv) 3, B. abortus bv 1, and B. suis bv 1 have been isolated from farm animals and Nile catfish. Brucellosis is prevalent nationwide in many farm animal species. There is an obvious discrepancy between official seroprevalence data and data from scientific publications. The need for a nationwide survey to genotype circulating Brucellae is obvious. The epidemiologic situation of brucellosis in Egypt is unresolved and needs clarification.

Serological Diagnosis of Camel Brucellosis at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt

Serological Diagnosis of Camel Brucellosis at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt