Brown Pileus Research Articles

Five new species of Inocybe (Agaricales) from tropical India

Five new species of Inocybe, I. iringolkavensis, I. keralensis, I. kuruvensis, I. muthangensis and I. wayanadensis, are described from Kerala state, India, based on morphological and molecular data. All are associated with trees belonging to Dipterocarpaceae. Inocybe iringolkavensis is characterized by nodulose to somewhat stellate basidiospores, 1–4-spored basidia, and caulocystidia restricted to the stipe apex. Inocybe keralensis has a yellowish brown pileus, lamellae with whitish, serrate edges, smooth, ellipsoidal basidiospores and a duplex pileipellis with the superficial hyphae devoid of encrustations and encrusted hyphae beneath. The diagnostic features of I. kuruvensis include a dark brown pileus, stipe with a whitish base and grayish brown, floccose-fibrillose surface, nodulose basidiospores with saddle-shaped projections and faintly encrusted paracystidia with refractive contents. Violet basidiomata with a rimose, hygrophanous pileus, densely pruinose stipe with a marginate-bulbous base, and nodulose basidiospores are the major features of I. muthangensis. Inocybe wayanadensis is characterized by small, whitish basidiomata, a viscid pileus with a rimulose surface, a densely pruinose and fibrillose stipe with a marginate-bulbous base, nodulose basidiospores, thick-walled pleuro- cheilo- and caulocystidia and an ixotrichoderm-type pileipellis. The phylogenetic relationships of these new species are inferred from an analysis of nuc rDNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and the 28S gene. Except I. keralensis, which belongs to the Pseudosperma clade, all other species belong to the Inocybe clade. This study represents the second report of an Inocybe species (I. muthangensis) that combines violet basidiomata with nodulose basidiospores.

Inocybe kohistanensis, a new species from Swat, Pakistan

Inocybe kohistanensis, a new species, is described from Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, on the basis of morphological characters as well as molecular phylogenetic analyses. The new species is characterized by a fibrillose reddish brown pileus, pruinose stipe with a prominent marginate bulb, and nodular spores. Sequences from the internal transcribed spacer region suggest that I. Kohistanensis is distinct from all other Inocybe species sampled.

Two New Cuboid-Spored Species ofEntolomas. l. (Agaricales, Entolomataceae) from Southern China

Abstract Two cuboid-spored species of Entoloma (E. laccarioides and E. parvifructum) are described from S-China. Entoloma laccaroides is recognized by the umbilicate and whitish pileus, cuboid basidiospores, numerous conspicuous broadly fusoid to utriform pleurocystidia, cutis-like pileipellis with intracellular pigment, and presence of clamp connections. Entoloma parvifructum is characterized by the small, conico-convex and pale brown to brown pileus, comparatively large cuboid basidiospores, and cutis-like pileipellis with intracellular and encrusting pigment. The phylogenetic position and taxonomic relationships of E. laccaroides are compared and discussed with nrLSU sequences reported for various other cuboid-spored species kept in GenBank.

Galerella xalapensis sp. nov. found in an urban green area in Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

While monitoring species diversity of urban green areas in Xalapa city (Veracruz, Mexico), a new species of Galerella was found in an abandoned urban green area. After macro- and microscopic analysis it is proposed as a new species, Galerella xalapensis, characterized by a faintly plicate-sulcate dry pale grayish brown pileus, white to yellowish glabrous stipe, thick-walled rusty-brown ellipsoid basidiospores, utriform cheilocystidia, and clampless hyphae. The new taxon is described and illustrated, and a comparison with similar species is provided. This is the first Galerella recorded from Mexico.

First Report of <i>Panaeolus sphinctrinus</i> and <i>Panaeolus foenisecii</i> (Psathyrellaceae, Agaricales) on Elephant Dung from Sri Lanka

P. sphinctrinus (Fr) Quel. and P. foenisecii (Pers.) J. Schrot. are described from Sri Lanka for the first time. Both were collected from elephant dung in dry zone forest reserves of Sri Lanka. Identity was confirmed by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region in the nuclear ribosomal repeat unit, using the primers ITS1F and ITS4B. The morphological studies and phylogenetic analysis were carried out to characterize the fungus. Accordingly, P. sphinctrinus consists of a grey brown pileus with whitish margin and citriform, blakish brown basidiospores with a distinct germspore. Whereas P. foenisecii has a characteristic white to smoke grey, hygropanus pileus and various shaped cheliocystidia. Further in the phylogentic analysis, the two species clustered with their respective groups.

The genus Imleria (Boletaceae) in East Asia

The genus Imleria can be easily distinguished from other genera of Boletaceae by the combination of the following characters: a chestnut brown pileus and stipe, a cream to pale yellow hymenophore, a viscid pileal surface when moist, a cyanescent context and hymenophore on handling or exposure, an ixotrichodermal pileipellis and smooth spores. The monophyly of Imleria and the detection of four independent species were highly supported by phylogenetic analyses using 5 gene markers. The four species, including the previously recognized Im. badia, Im. obscurebrunnea, plus the newly discovered Im. parva and Im. subalpina, are fully documented with taxonomic descriptions and illustrations, and a key to the taxa is provided. Geographically, Im. badia is widely distributed in Europe, North America and probably in Far East Asia, yet there is some intraspecific divergence between specimens from Europe and North America caused probably by geographic isolation. Imleria subalpina and Im. obscurebrunnea might diverge from each other relatively recently with the uplifts of the eastern Himalayas and Hengduan Mountains. An epitype collected from Sweden was designated for Im. badia.

Ganoderma leucocontextum, a new member of the G. lucidum complex from southwestern China

Ganoderma leucocontextum was described from Tibet Autonomous Region and Sichuan Province of China. The new species was characterized by red brown to purplish or blackish red brown pileus, white to cream pore surface, white context, thickset stipe, broadly ellipsoid basidiospores (9.5–12.5 × 7–9 μm) with coarse echinulae, and the mostly regular cuticle hyphae. Ganoderma leucocontextum was known only grow on deciduous wood and closely related to the G. lucidum complex.

<span lang="EN-US">Three new species of Crinipellis and one new variety of Moniliophthora (Basidiomycota, Marasmiaceae) described from the Republic of Korea</span>

Three new species of Crinipellis (Basidiomycota, Marasmiaceae), and one new variety of Moniliophthora are described from the Republic of Korea. Crinipellis birhizomorpha is characterized as having a short stipe arising from both substrate and rhizomorphs, and as forming rhizomorphs of two types, one forming abortive pilei; C. pallidipilus has golden brown, then distinctly pallescent pileus hairs, very long, hairy rhizomorphs of one type, and rather wide basidiospores in comparison with other species described here; and C. wandoensis has a brown to dark brown pileus, hairy rhizomorphs of one type, and both non-dextrinoid and slightly dextrinoid basidiospores. A new combination, Moniliophthora conchata is proposed. A new variety, Moniliophthora conchata var. brevispora differs from the type variety in having smaller basidiospores. Their detailed macro- and microscopic descriptions are given, and their taxonomic positions were confirmed using DNA studies. A key to the identification of Crinipellis and Moniliophthora taxa recorded in this country is also provided.

Cortinarius pseudofallax (Cortinariaceae, Agaricales), the first records from the Iberian Peninsula and Fennoscandia, and taxonomic notes on the C. parvannulatus/cedriolens group

Diverse collections of Cortinarius pseudofallax from several European countries were studied using morphological characters and ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 genes from sequence data. They were compared with some close species such as C. cedriolens, C. neofallax and C. parvannulatus. All these taxa share some features like a light brown pileus, a stipe provided with a more or less developed whitish veil, small and well-ornamented spores and, above all, a typical strong and perfumed acidulous smell; in addition. the phylogenetic tree built with the ITS gene sequences of these vouchers showed that they clustered in a well-supported clade, here treated as section Parvuli. Our specimens of C. pseudofallax are morphologically described and illustrated with pictures of fresh specimens and basidiospores seen under SEM. A discussion of their taxonomic relationships with another group of similar species belonging to the C. decipiens sensu lato complex is presented.

Chlorolepiota indica sp. nov.—A new species from India

A new species Chlorolepiota indica is reported from Patiala in Punjab, India. The fungus is characterized by convex brown pileus covered by concentrically arranged brown scales with yellow tinge around the umbo. The stipe of the fruiting body is cream to pale yellow, pinkish to reddish brown near the pileus, and yellowish to dark grey brown towards the base.

Phaeocollybia nigripes (Agaricomycetes), a new species from Brazil

Phaeocollybia nigripes is described from an Atlantic Forest fragment in Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil. It is characterized by a stipe that is uniformly slender with a slightly swollen base and dark grayish brown below to almost black at the apex, brown pileus, large basidiospores that average 12.4 × 6.6 μm, hyphoid to narrowly clavate cheilocystidia, and abundant clamp connections. The holotype of P. megalospora var. megalospora, the putatively most similar taxon, was examined. A key to the six taxa reported from Brazil is also presented.

Ganoderma mutabile sp. nov. from southwestern China based on morphological and molecular data

Ganoderma mutabile is described as new from Yunnan Province, southwestern China. Morphologically, G. mutabile is characterized by the sessile basidiocarps, laccate and reddish brown pileus, white pore surface, cinnamon to fulvous context, broadly ellipsoid basidiospores (9.7–11.2 × 7–7.8 μm) with coarse echinulae, and the strongly irregular diverticulated cuticle hyphae of diverse shapes. Phylogenetic analysis of nuc-ITS sequences shows that G. mutabile is closely related to the G. applanatum complex.

Mycena guldeniana – a new alpine species from Norway

Mycena guldeniana (section Polyadelphia) is proposed for an agaric found in alpine areas of south Norway that is here described, illustrated and compared with other species of the section. The new species grows on fallen, decaying leaves under Salix spp. or occasionally on small twigs in the same habitat and is characterized by its small size, greyish brown pileus, 4-spored basidia, smooth cheilocystidia, prominent, wide terminal cells of the pileipellis hyphae, and clamp connections. Phylogenetic analyses of nucLSU support the taxon within Mycena and genetically distinct from the morphologically similar M. terena.

Cortinarius sanguineus and equally red species in Europe with an emphasis on northern European material

The red species of Cortinarius subgenus Dermocybe in Europe were studied based on morphological and molecular data. Three completely red species were recognized: C. sanguineus (syn. C. sanguineus var. aurantiovaginatus), C. puniceus (syn. C. cruentus, C. rubrosanguineus) and C. vitiosus comb. nov. Cortinarius sanguineus has dusky red to red pileus, reddish yellow mycelium and lacking or with only slightly encrusted hyphae in pileipellis. It occurs in mesic to damp forests with Picea, often on rich soil in the boreal and montane areas of Europe, presumably also in eastern Canada. Cortinarius puniceus differs from C. sanguineus by its stronger purplish red, narrower spores and spot-like encrusted hyphae in pileipellis. It grows with deciduous trees in the temperate zone of Europe. Cortinarius vitiosus is known only from Fennoscandia and occurs in dry to mesic coniferous forests. It has fairly thin, often zonate, dark red to dark reddish brown pileus, pale red mycelium, small spores and encrusted lamellar trama and pileipellis hyphae. In addition to these three species C. fervidus and C. phoeniceus occasionally have red basidiomes. The relationships of the species were inferred by analysis of ITS sequences. Our study suggests that the section Sanguinei, as earlier defined, is polyphyletic. Here the section is limited to include C. sanguineus, C. puniceus and North American D. sierraensis. The relationships with other red species were not determined. Section Dermocybe, including C. cinnamomeus, C. croceus and C. uliginosus, formed a monophyletic group, and the section Malicoriae had some support. A total of 34 new sequences are published including nine from type specimens.

A new species and a new record of Marasmius from China

Marasmius pseudoconfertus is described and illustrated as a new species of section Sicci series Leonini. It has a reddish brown pileus, subdistant lamellae, a fuscous to dark brown stipe, basidiospores 13–16 × 4–5 μm, and lacks pleurocystidia and caulocystidia. Marasmius suthepensis is reported for the first time from China.

A new Cantharocybe from Belize with notes on the type of Cantharocybe gruberi

A new species of Cantharocybe, C. brunneovelutina, is described and illustrated from the Orange Walk District of Belize. The species is characterized by the subvelutinous brown pileus, brownish gray stipe and microscopically by cheilocystidia that have prong-like appendages. Analysis of nLSU rDNA sequences relates this species to Cantharocybe gruberi, the sole member of a previously monotypic genus of uncertain placement. We also provide a microscopic description and illustrations of the type collection of Cantharocybe gruberi and compare the two species. Morphological comparisons among Cantharocybe and its sister genus, Cuphophyllus (= Camarophyllus), and allied genera are discussed.

Marasmiellus celebanticus (Agaricales, Omphalotaceae), a new species of Marasmiellus sect. Candidi collected in the Mediterranean area

Marasmiellus celebanticus, collected in the coastal area of northeast Spain, is illustrated and described as a new species on the basis of morphological features and ITS sequence analysis. According to molecular data it is close to M. candidus in section Candidi, in which it occupies an isolated position due to its brown pileus and clavate cheilocystidia.

Lepiota in California: species with a hymeniform pileus covering

Eight Lepiota species with a hymeniform pileus covering that are known in California are presented and discussed. Lepiota phaeoderma is described as new; this species is characterized by a dark pileus surface, which splits open into small patches around the umbo, and the absence of an annulus. Lepiota neophana, a species with an annulus and a closed brown pileus surface, and L. lilacea, with a conspicuous dark annulus, are both recorded for the first time west of the Rocky Mountains. The identity of L. neophana is reviewed and clarified based on morphological and molecular data. The type collection of L. rufipes was studied, and L. rufipes was placed in synonymy with Cystolepiota seminuda. A key to the species is given.

Second report of Polyporus longiporus and its phylogenetic position

Polyporus longiporus, belonging to group Polyporellus, is newly reported from Japan in what also constitutes the second report of the species since its original description. This species is characterized by radially elongated pores, smooth and brown to dark brown pileus, and cylindrical and slightly curved basidiospores. Phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS region revealed that P. longiporus forms a terminal, strongly supported clade that is closely related to P. ciliatus. A description and illustrations of the present species and a key to the species of group Polyporellus are provided.

Three species of Heterobasidion (Basidiomycota, Hericiales), H. parviporum, H. orientale sp. nov. and H. ecrustosum sp. nov. from East Asia

We describe and illustrate three Heterobasidion species distributed in East Asia, based on both dried specimens and cultures. Heterobasidion parviporum, formerly known as H. annosum from Asia, is characterized by effused-reflexed basidiocarps with cuticulate pilei, small round pores, thin context and short tubes in each layer. Examination of the type specimen of Trametes insularis revealed that this is distinct from the East Asian species widely known as “H. insulare”. No prior correct name for this taxon exists, and thus we propose the name H. orientale sp. nov. Heterobasidion orientale is characterized by sessile to effused-reflexed basidiocarps covered by a thin crust, reddish brown pileus with a marginal white zone and regular to labyrinthiform pores. Heterobasidion ecrustosum sp. nov. is characterized by convex basidiocarps frequently covered by a crust only at the base, large regular pores and long tubes. Morphological characters of these three species are compared with other Heterobasidion species. Cultural characters of these three species are also described. All isolates show oedocephaloid conidiophores bearing subglobose to ovoid conidia. Conidia of H. parviporum are smaller than those of the other two species. Descriptions and a key to the known species of Heterobasidion are provided.