Brown Oil Research Articles

Effect of antioxidant activity of mixture obtained from brown seaweed and wheat germ oils using different extraction methods

Brown seaweeds have a low lipid content compared with wheat germ, thus being a low source of nutritional energy. Nevertheless, it is worth mentioning that the lipid fraction might contain higher levels of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids compared with wheat germ, which might be of interest if we consider the brown seaweeds. Thus, when mixing the brown seaweed and wheat germ oil can make new oils contained a variety of fatty acids, polyphenols, tocopherols, and fucoxanthin for antioxidant activity. Combination of brown seaweed and wheat germ was progressed two ways. One way was mixing the powder samples before the extraction, and another way was mixing the oil samples after extraction. Brown seaweed oil mixed wheat germ oil after SC-CO2 at 40°C and 300–400 bar and hexane extraction showed higher antioxidant activity than the oil extracted from mixture of brown seaweed and wheat germ powder in all experimental conditions.

Visualizing the 17th century underpainting in Portrait of an Old Man by Rembrandt van Rijn using synchrotron-based scanning macro-XRF

In 17th century Old Master Paintings, the underpainting generally refers to the first sketch of a composition. The underpainting is applied to a prepared ground using a monochrome, brown oil paint to roughly indicate light, shade and contours. So far, methods to visualize the underpainting—other than in localized cross-sections—have been very limited. Neither infrared reflectography nor neutron induced autoradiography have proven to be practical, adequate visualization tools. Thus, although of fundamental interest in the understanding of a painting’s genesis, the underpainting has virtually escaped all imaging efforts. In this contribution we will show that 17th century underpainting may consist of a highly heterogeneous mixture of pigments, including copper pigments. We suggest that this brown pigment mixture is actually the recycled left-over of a palette scraping. With copper as the heaviest exclusive elemental component, we will hence show in a case study on a Portrait of an Old Man attributed to Rembrandt van Rijn how scanning macro-XRF can be used to efficiently visualize the underpainting below the surface painting and how this information can contribute to the discussion of the painting’s authenticity.

Crystal structure of {2-[2-(1H-inden-3-yl)-2-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazolylκN1}- tris[N,N-diethylamido-kN]ti ta nium(IV), C32H47N5Ti

C32H47N5Ti, orthorhombic, Pbca (no. 61), a =1 6.100(2) A, b =1 9.904(2) A, c =2 0.196(2) A, V =6 472.3 A 3 , Z =8 , Rgt(F) =0 .0405, wRref(F 2 ) =0 .1178, T =2 93 K. Source of material Initial ligand, 2-[2-(1H-inden-3-yl)-2-phenylethyl]-1Himidazole, (II): 1-diethoxylmethyl-2-methyl-1H-imidazole (2.84 g, 0.01 mol) was metallated with n-BuLi (4.5 mL of a2 .2 M solution in hexane, 0.01 mol) in THF (50 mL )a t2 33 K. The mixture wa sk ep ta tt he same temperature for 30 min and treated with as olutio no f1 -phenylmethylidene-1H-inden e( 2.04 g, 0.01 mol) in THF (30 mL). After keeping overnight at 293 K, the dark brown solution was quenched with excess of aqueous HCl (0.5 M solution), the water phase was washed by diethyl ether (3 times 100 mL), neutralized, extracted with CH2Cl2 (3 times 100 mL), and the extract was concentrated till dryness under reduced pressure. Recrystallization of the crude product (brown oil) from diethyl ether gave (II )a sal ight-yellow powder (1.40 g, 31.7%). Complex (I) was prepared by ad irect treatment of (II) (1.086 g, 3.0 mmol) with Ti(NEt2)4 (1.504 g, 3. 0m mol) in toluene (35 mL) at 353 Kd uring 12 h. On removal of all of the volatiles under vacuum ,t he residue (brown oil) was extracted with hexane several time sa nd th eh exan ee xtract sw er es tore da t2 50 Kf or several hour st ha tg av e( I) as yellow crystallin em aterial (1.2 5g ,7 2%). A single crystal of (I) suitable for the X-ray diffraction analysis was picked up directly from the isolated material, mounted into a Lindeman ng lass capillary (a nN 2-filled glove box) and sealed off. Experimental details Non-H atoms were refined anisotropically .Ha toms were treated as ridin ga toms with distance sC –H =0 .9 6( CH3) ,0 .9 7( CH2), 0.98 (CH) ,0 .9 3A( CArH), and Uiso(H) =1 .5 Ueq(C), 1.2 Ueq(C), 1.2 Ueq(C), 1.2 Ueq(C), respectively.

4,5,6,7-Tetrachloro-2-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)isoindoline-1,3-dione

4,5,6,7-Tetrachloro-2-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)isoindoline-1,3-dione was obtained by reaction of 2-aminoimidazole with 3,4,5,6-tetrachlorophthalic anhydride in refluxing acetic acid.

Effects of process variables and additives on mustard oil hydrolysis by porcine pancreas lipase

Selective hydrolysis of brown mustard oil (from Brassica juncea) with regioselective porcine pancreas lipase was studied in this work. Buffer and oil phase were considered as the continuous and dispersed phases, respectively. Effects of speed of agitation, pH of the buffer phase, temperature, buffer-oil ratio and enzyme concentration on hydrolysis were observed. The best combination of process variables was: 900 rpm, pH 9, 35 oC, buffer-oil ratio of 1:1 and enzyme concentration of 10 mg/g oil. These standard conditions led to 50% hydrolysis and selective production of 55% erucic acid in 6 h. Cations like Mg2+ and Ca2+ increased hydrolysis, but Cu2+ strongly inhibited it. Organic solvents decreased hydrolysis, though the decrease was minimum for isooctane. A mixed surfactant comprising of Span 80 and Tween 80 increased erucic acid production by 57% at a buffer-oil ratio of 0.2:1.

Komplexchemie perhalogenierter Cyclopentadiene und Alkine, Teil 31 [1]. Darstellung von 2,3-Dichlor- und 2,3,4-Trichlor-1-(2-pyridyl)ferrocen [CpFe{C5H2-nCl2+n(2-C5H4N)}] (n=0, 1). Molekülstrukturen von [Cpe{C5HCl3(2-C5H4N)}] und {C5HCl2(PPh3)(2-C5H4N)g, einem unerwarteten Nebenprodukt / Coordination Chemistry of Perhalogenated Cyclopentadienes and Alkynes, Part 31. Synthesis of 2,3-Dichloro- and 2,3,4-Trichloro-1-(2-pyridyl)ferrocene [CpFe{C5H2-nCl2+n(2-C5H4N)}] (n=0, 1). Molecular Structures of [CpFe{C5HCl3(2-C5H4N)}] and {C5HCl2(PPh3)(2-C5H4N)}, an Unexpected Side Product

Lithiation of 1,2-dichloro- or 1,2,3-trichloroferrocene with lithium tetramethylpiperidinide, followed by transmetallation with ZnCl2 and Pd(II)-catalyzed coupling with 2-bromopyridine, yield the pyridylferrocenes [CpFe{C5H2-nCl2+n(2-C5H4N)}] (2a, b, n=0 or 1) as brown oils of low stability. Recrystallization of 2b produced a small number of X-ray quality crystals, which could be shown to have the proposed constitution. However, from the recrystallization solution of 2a a few crystals precipitated whose X-ray structure determination identified them as a metal-free phosphonium ylide {C5HCl2(2-C5H4N)(PPh3)} (3)

Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci for Lipid Metabolism in Rice Seeds

Plant seed oil is important for human dietary consumption and industrial application. The oil trait is controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs), but no QTLs for fatty acid composition are known in rice, the monocot model plant. QTL analysis was performed using F(2) and F(2:3) progeny from a cross of an indica variety and a japonica variety. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed significant differences between parental lines in fatty acid composition of brown rice oil, and 29 associated QTLs in F(2) and/or F(2:3) populations were identified throughout the rice genome, except chromosomes 9 and 10. Eight QTLs were repeatedly identified in both populations across different environments. Five loci pleiotropically controlled different traits, contributing to complex interactions of oil with fatty acids and between fatty acids. Nine rice orthologs of Arabidopsis genes encoding key enzymes in lipid metabolism co-localized with 11 mapped QTLs. A strong QTL for oleic (18:1) and linoleic (18:2) acid were associated with a rice ortholog of a gene encoding acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), and another for palmitic acid (16:0) mapped similarly to the acyl-ACP thioesterase (FatB) gene ortholog. Our approach rapidly and efficiently identified candidate genes for mapped QTLs controlling fatty acid composition and oil concentration, providing information for improving rice grain quality by marker assisted selection.

Denitrification and environmental factors influencing nitrate removal in Guaymas Basin hydrothermally altered sediments

We measured potential nitrate removal and denitrification rates in hydrothermally altered sediments inhabited by Beggiatoa mats and adjacent brown oil stained sediments from the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California. Sediments with Beggiatoa maintained slightly higher rates of potential denitrification than did brown sediments at 31.2 ± 12.1 versus 21.9 ± 1.4 µM N day−1, respectively. In contrast, the nitrate removal rates in brown sediments were higher than those observed in mat-hosting sediments at 418 ± 145 versus 174 ± 74 µM N day−1, respectively. Additional experiments were conducted to assess the responses of denitrifying communities to environmental factors [i.e., nitrate, sulfide, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration)]. The denitrifying community had a high affinity for nitrate (Km = 137 ± 91 µM NO3−), in comparison to other environmental communities of denitrifiers, and was capable of high maximum rates of denitrification (Vmax = 1164 ± 153 µM N day−1). The presence of sulfide resulted in significantly lower denitrification rates. Microorganisms with the potential to perform denitrification were assessed in these sediments using the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) functional gene libraries. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene clone library was dominated by Epsilonproteobacteria (38%), some of which (e.g., Sulfurimonas sp.) have a potential for sulfide-dependent denitrification. The nosZ clone library did not contain clones similar to pure culture denitrifiers; these clones were most closely associated with environmental clones.

Geochemistry of source rocks in the Es3 and Es4 members in the Shahejie Formation of the Western Depression, Liaohe Oilfield, China

The Western Depression of the Liaohe Basin is the major exploration area of the Liaohe Oilfield, and its main source rocks consist of the third and fourth members of the Shahejie Formation (Es3 and Es4). These source rocks are widely distributed in the depression, with semi-deep lake and fan delta as the main sedimentary facies, brown oil shale and black gray-dark gray mudstone as the main rocks, and a total thickness of 270–1450 m. The kerogens are mainly of the types I and IIA, and partly of the type IIB and least of the type III. The Ro values range from 0.4%–0.8%, indicating an evolution stage from immature to mature. The maturity of Es4 source rocks is relatively high, reaching the early mature stage, but their distribution and thickness are lower than those of Es3. Besides, according to biomarker analysis, it is thought that the source rocks of Es3 and Es4 are characterized by mixed input, and most of the source rocks were formed in the brackish water-saline and strongly oxygen-free environment. Furthermore, the Qingshui, Niuxintuo and Chenjia sags are believed to possess greater potential for hydrocarbon generation and expulsion, for they are source rocks with a larger thickness, have higher organic carbon contents, belong to better organic matter types and possess higher maturities.

Microstructure Characteristics of the Black-Glazed Shreds Excavated from the Qingliangsi Kiln

The black-glazed shreds from Qingliangsi kiln were studied. The glaze and body micro- structures, compositions and crystal phases were observed and analyzed by field emission scanning electron, microscope multiple functions electron probe-energy spectrum instrument and field emission transmission electron microscope. The iron oxide crystal in oil spot was mainly the ε-Fe2O3 in the orientation of the zone axis [001], and also few content of ε-Fe2O3 in the orientation of the zone axis [412]. The brown oil spots on the glaze surface were aggregations of a great deal of iron oxide hematite crystals. Bodies of black-glazed shreds have high Al2O3(26.47 % ~ 30.48%) and low SiO2 (62.77% ~ 66.20%), which pertained to the typical recipe of north porcelain bodies. The glaze are attributed to calcium-alkali glaze, and according to the ratio of Al2O3:SiO2, it belongs to the crystallization glaze.

Extraction of Alkaloids and Oil from Karanja (<i>Pongamia pinnata</i>) Seed

The present study deals with the extraction of alkaloids and oil from Karanja seed. It was observed that Karanja seed grown under the soil and climatic condition of Bangladesh contains alkaloids and 32% of bitter, red brown thick oil. Using hexane as the only organic solvent alkaloids and oil were recovered from the seeds and defatted kernels by two extractions.. The oil and those alkaloids which occurred as free bases were recovered first with hexane from the dried crushed seeds. Then hexane-insoluble salts of the alkaloids retained in the defatted kernels were converted into hexane-soluble free bases by the treatment with aq. sodium carbonate or ammonium hydroxide. Then after the free bases, soluble in hexane thus obtained were recovered by another extraction with hexane. Thus a proteinaceous meal was obtained containing very low alkaloid without losing any proteins. The alkaloids which were dissolved in the oil were then converted into water-soluble salts by treating with aq. hydrochloric acid. Thereafter, the water soluble salts were completely removed by repeated extraction with water. Keywords: Pongamia pinnata; Oil; Alkaloid; Extraction. © 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi:10.3329/jsr.v3i3.7227 J. Sci. Res. 3 (3), 669-675 (2011)

Study of the pyrolysis of municipal solid waste for the production of valuable products

To obtain information on the potential of thermal conversion (pyrolysis) of municipal solid waste (MSW), a thermogravimetric study (TGA) is performed in a stream of nitrogen. Based on TGA results, pyrolysis experiments are carried out in a semi-batch reactor under inert nitrogen atmosphere. Slow pyrolysis is performed up to 550 °C (heating rate of 4 °C/min). Fast pyrolysis is performed at 450, 480, 510 and 550 °C and different input transfer rates (12 or 24 g material/min). The pyrolysis products are studied on composition and yield/distribution and investigated for their use as valuable product. The liquid obtained by slow pyrolysis separates spontaneously in a water rich product and an oily product. For all fast pyrolysis conditions, a viscous, brown oil which contains a poly(ethylene-co-propylene) wax is obtained. Composition analyses by GC/MS of the oil products (slow/fast pyrolysis) show that aliphatic hydrocarbons are the major compounds. The pyrolysis oils have high calorific value (between 35 and 44 MJ/kg), low wt% of water (around 6 wt%) and a low O/C value (between 0.2 and 0.3). The presence of waxy material is probably due to incomplete breakdown of poly(ethylene-co-propylene) present in MSW under study. The optimal pyrolysis conditions, regarding to oil yield, fuel properties, and wax yield is fast pyrolysis at 510 °C with 24 g material/min input transfer rate. The fast pyrolysis gases contain mainly hydrocarbons and have an averaged LHV around 20 MJ/Nm 3. ICP-AES analyses of pyrolysis products reveal that almost none of the metals present in MSW are distributed within the liquid fractions.

Seed and Fruit Variability in Pongamia Pinnata (L.) Pierre from Konkan Region of Maharashtra

Karanj (Leguminoceae, subfamily Papilionoideae) is a medium sized tree. Native to humid and subtropical environments, mature trees can withstand water logging and slight frost. A thick yellow-orange to brown oil is extracted from seeds. The oil has a bitter taste and a disagreeable aroma, thus it is considered as non- edible oil. In India, the oil is used as a fuel for cooking and burning of lamps. The oil is also used as a lubricant, water -paint binder, pesticide, and in soap making and tanning industries. Seeds of Karanj have about 30-35 percent oil and upto 27-28 percent oil can be expressed in crusher and most of the physical and chemical properties of the oil are almost similar to those of the diesel. Twenty seed sources of Pongamia pinnata were collected from Konkan region of Maharashtra from different agro climatic zones. Pod length varied from 14.50 mm to 69.69 mm and Pod thickness also varied significantly among all seed sources. Avg. pod weight varied from 2.80 g to 7.64 g. Maximum value for seed length (27.75 mm) was observed and maximum avg. seed weight (3.18 g) was recorded. The seed thickness varied from 5.00 to 10.00mm. The oil contain varies from 31.17 to 42 percent was recorded. The variability in seed source attributes is lar gely attributed to the heterogeneity of the genotypes and the genotype X environment interactions.

REAKSI PENATAAN ULANGFRIES PADA EUGENIL ASETAT

Fries Rearrangement of eugenyl acetate in order to study allilic substituent group influence has been done. Fries rearrangement of eugenyl acetate was done by heating at 120°C for 3 hours under AlCl3, dichloromethane as the catalyst and solvent, respectively. The structure of the compound was identified using Infra Red spectrometry (IR) and GC-MS. The result of te research showed that rearrangement fries of eugenyl acetate are not formed, but yielded lightly brown oil of dimmer.

Erucic acid production using porcine pancreas lipase: Enhancement by mixed surfactants

Application of mixed surfactants coupled with statistical optimization in lipase catalyzed oil hydrolysis is presented for the first time in this study. Selective hydrolysis of brown mustard oil to erucic acid by porcine pancreas lipase was enhanced by mixed surfactants comprising of an oil-soluble nonionic surfactant (Span 80) and a watersoluble nonionic surfactant (Tween 80). The production of erucic acid was maximized using statistically designed experiments and subsequent analysis of their result by response surface methodology. The most significant variables were enzyme concentration and concentration of Tween 80. Small changes in pH and concentration of Span 80 also produced a significant change in the production of erucic acid. Temperature and speed of agitation were insignificant variables and were fixed at 35oC and 900 rpm, respectively. Under these conditions, the optimal combination of other variables were pH 9.65, 2.13 mg/g enzyme in oil, 9.8 × 10−3 M Span 80 (in oil), and 4 × 10−3 M Tween 80 (in buffer). These conditions led to formation of 99.69% of the total erucic acid in 1.25 h. Interaction of enzyme concentration with pH significantly affected erucic acid production.

THE EFFECT OF BIODIESEL FUEL FROM RUBBER (HEVEA BRASILIENSIS) SEED OIL ON A DIRECT INJECTION (DI) DIESEL ENGINE

The extensive biodiversity of ASEAN countries includes many plants producing fatty-oils with yield potentials sufficient for biodiesel production. Seed of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is perhaps one with significant potential because of the extensive areas of rubber plantations within ASEAN. Rubber seed oil is virtually unexploited commercially, probably because it is non-edible. Consequently, it has the potential to replace/substitute for edible oils such as palm oil, coconut oil, etc. as a raw material for biodiesel during periods of high food sector demand. Currently, the main product of the rubber tree is rubber milk, the raw material for latex and rubber industries. Rubber seed is a byproduct. The kernels constitute 50 to 60% of the seed and contain 40 to 50% brown oil. In this study, the engine test bed procedure for testing coking of DI diesel engine injector nozzles was utilized to examine the effect of using neat Rubber seed oil biodiesel (RSB), and blends with diesel oil as fuel. The effect of the fuels on engine components and exhaust gas emissions such as Hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Smoke and Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) was investigated. The performance and emissions of B5 fuel was comparable with diesel fuel; the use of B100 resulted in significantly higher BSFC (23%); higher emissions (20.83% CO, 27.78% THC, 20.80% opacity before commencement of the endurance test, 13.73% CO, 5.79% THC, 33.33% opacity after endurance test). Pure RSB and B5 reduced deposits on the cylinder head (38.74% and 35.82% respectively) but RSB increased deposits on the piston (37.42%).

Analytical characterization of mandarin (Citrus deliciosa Ten.) essential oil

AbstractAn investigation was performed on 124 samples of Sicilian mandarin essential oils (Citrus deliciosa Tenore), industrially cold pressed by different extraction techniques (Brown Oil Extractor and screw press). The samples were collected during the entire productive season (from September 2008 to March 2009). The aim of the study was to determine the composition of the volatile fraction by GC/FID and GC/MS‐LRI, of the non‐volatile oxygen heterocyclic components by RP‐HPLC/PDA and LCMS‐IT‐TOF, as well as the determination of the enantiomeric ratios of some volatile components by multidimensional GC (MDGC) with chiral column in the second dimension. Three new components were identified by LCMS‐IT‐TOF in the non‐volatile fraction (demethyl‐nobiletin, isosinensetin, demethyl‐tangeretin). The results obtained are discussed to evaluate seasonal variation of the composition of the essential oil as well as the influence of the extraction techniques. This study gives a wide view on the composition of Sicilian mandarin (C. deliciosa Ten.) essential oils industrially produced during the entire productive season, useful to identify quality parameters for the analytical characterization of this product. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Sicilian lemon oil: Composition of volatile and oxygen heterocyclic fractions and enantiomeric distribution of volatile components

A total of 92 samples of Sicilian lemon oils (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.) produced from September 2008 to June 2009, industrially cold-pressed by different extraction techniques (Brown Oil Extractor and Food Machinery Corporation), were analyzed by GC-flame ionization detector (FID) and GC/MS-LRI to investigate the volatile fraction; by RP-HPLC/PDA to determine the non-volatile components and by enantio-GC-FID to determine the enantiomeric ratios of 12 volatile components. This study provides a detailed investigation on the composition of Sicilian lemon essential oils industrially produced during a productive season, with the aim to recognize quality parameters for the characterization of this product. The results obtained are discussed to evaluate seasonal variation, influence of the extraction techniques, and are compared with those obtained for samples produced during different seasons.

Percentage oil yield and physiochemical properties of different groundnut species ( Arachis hypogaea )

Percentage oil yield and physicochemical properties of five different groundnut species (Valencia (Gargajiya), Virginia (Kampala Mubi and Michika) and Runner (Kwachamba brown and red) cultivated locally was determined. Results obtained showed that Gargajiya species yielded the highest amount of oil (37.80 ± 2.21%), closely followed by kampala michika (37.40 ± 3.20%) while kwachamba brown yielded the lowest percentage of oil (20.00 ± 2.06). The physicochemical properties of the groundnut oils showed that the crude kampala michika oil had significantly higher free fatty acid and acid values (3.95 ± 0.03% and 7.85 ± 0.28 mg/KOH/g) compare to the lowest value observed in crude kwachamba brown and kwachamba red (1.55 ± 0.03% and 3.09 ± 0.20 mg/KOH/g) respectively. The Saponification and iodine value were highest in crude and refined Gragajiya oil (220.20 ± 0.20 and 97.13 ± 1.56 g/100 g respectively). There was no significant difference at p < 0.05 in the refractive index of all the samples. Peroxide value was significantly higher at p < 0.05 in crude kwachamba brown (25.03 ± 0.07) compare to the lowest value observed in the same refined kwachamba brown oil (1.30 ±0.02 mg/kg). Thus suggesting that though Gargajiya and Kampala Mubi yielded highest, Kwachamba brown and kwachamba red are better for human consumption in terms of their physicochemical properties. Key words: Groundnut, varieties, oil content, chemical and physical properties.

Pterodon pubescens seed extract induces the cell cycle arrest of leukemic cells by deregulating cyclin D1 and E2 mRNA levels

Plant-derived compounds are important sources of effective anti-cancer agents. Pterodon pubescens is a native Brazilian plant popularly known for its anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects. The ethanolic extract of its seeds (EEPp) is a viscous, brown and fragrant oil containing geranylgeraniol, farnesol, naphthalene, dimethyldodecatrienol and vouacapan diterpene derivatives, in addition to other compounds. This study investigated the in vitro anti-leukemic properties of EEPp using the resistant human leukemia cell line K562. The EEPp anti-proliferative effect was demonstrated by the inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell growth, and the induction of cell cycle arrest in the G(1) phase. Furthermore, cyclin E2 mRNA levels were down-regulated, while those of cyclin D1 were up-regulated. An EEPp anti-leukemic effect may have also triggered apoptosis, as it increased the number of shrunken cells and phosphatidylserine cell membrane exposure. These observations suggest that EEPp deregulates cyclin D1 and E2 expression, inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of leukemic cells.