Brown Glass Bottles Research Articles

Changes in the Physicochemical Properties of Pale Lager Beer during Storage in Different Packaging Materials

The aim of this research was to quantitatively evaluate the changes in the physicochemical properties of pale lager beer during a six-month storage period. The measured parameters were: original and apparent extract, specific gravity, alcohol by volume, pH value, color, bitterness, polyphenols, turbidity (haze), dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, and foam stability. The beer was filled and stored into four different packaging types: brown glass bottles, polyethylene terephthalate bottles (PET), aluminum cans, and stainless-steel beer kegs, all at a temperature of 20 ± 1.0 °C. There were changes in haze (turbidity), color, and dissolved oxygen values in all of the beer samples stored in the different types of packaging (expressed with the coefficient of variance) with the most significant changes in general found in the beer stored in the PET bottles. The most similar changes were found when correlating changes in beer samples stored in the glass packaging with changes in beer samples stored in kegs (a correlation factor of r = 0.971), while the beer samples stored in glass packaging when compared with the changes in beer samples in PET bottles showed the most change (r = 0.870).

Nutritional and Compositional Changes in α-tomatine Rich Ready-To-Serve Beverage From Matured Green Tomato (Solanium Lycopersium)

The study aimed to develop and evaluate the storage stability of α-Tomatine rich ready-to-serve (RTS) beverages from green tomato juice at low temperature (LT, 4±1 °C) up to 90 days. The results indicated the α-tomatine content in green tomato juice and in RTS beverage was found to be 43.23±3.59 mg/100 mL and 3.94±0.21 mg/100 mL respectively. The stability of the product stored in a Brown glass bottle (BB) container was excellent with better retention of α-Tomatine (2.31±0.29 mg/100 mL), total phenolic content (1.42 mg GAE/100 mL), ascorbic acid (17.66 mg/100 mL), total chlorophyll (1.07 mg/100mL) and viscosity (15.46 cp), with high sensory scores (7.6) as compared to the quality of the product (with 6.8 sensory scores)stored in a white glass bottle (WB) container. The microbial counts of products stored in both containers after 90 days indicated within the permissible limit.

Hospital preparations of ethanol-free furosemide oral solutions: Formulation and stability study.

Furosemide is a diuretic frequently used in the therapeutic management of edema associated with cardiac, renal, and hepatic failure and hypertension. However, there are a very low number of pharmaceutical dosage forms containing furosemide that are suitable for children under 6- years old. Therefore, there is a real need to develop hospital preparations, especially in the hospital. Four oral pediatric solutions of furosemide (2 mg/Ml) were formulated. Two of those solutions did not contain ethanol. For each formulation, 12 batches of 1600.0 Ml were prepared and packaged in 250.0 Ml brown glass bottles with polypropylene screw caps. The physicochemical properties (visual appearance, pH, osmolarity, drug content) and microbiological quality of the finished product were determined on the freshly prepared solutions and after 90 days of storage at 30°C/65% RH. The physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of the freshly prepared solutions were within the prescribed specifications. After 90 days of storage at 30°C/65% RH, the solutions containing sucrose and those without ethanol showed a slight decrease in pH and furosemide content of about 2.5%–4.5% (w/w). Despite this slight decrease, the characteristics remained within the prescribed specifications. Based on the stability profile of the ethanol-free solution containing sorbitol, it could be implemented in hospitals for the care of pediatric patients.

Cometabolic biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes with methanotrophs in anaerobic/aerobic simulated aquifer

Aim: This study explores anaerobic/aerobic biodegradation efficiencies of aerobic cometabolism with methanotrophs when contaminants trichloroethylene (TCE) and cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (cDCE) are present individually or in tandem. Methodology: Batch tests and an anaerobic/aerobic column system were used to simulate saturated, contaminated aquifers. A brown glass bottle with an effective volume of 44 m l-1 was prepared for the batch test. An integrated one-dimensional sequential anaerobic/aerobic column system was used to simulate the accumulative intermediates such as TCE, cDCE and VC caused by incomplete degradation of PCE during the upgradient anaerobic stage in the saturated aquifer. In the downgradient aquifer, aerobic cometabolism was employed to degrade the intermediates. Methanotrophs in the aerobic aquifer were inoculated to degrade the by-products of incomplete degradation of PCE by aerobic cometabolism. Results: In the batch test, biodegradation of TCE was significantly inhibited by cDCE. However, biodegradation of cDCE was not significantly inhibited by TCE. In the simulated aquifer test, aerobic cometabolism completely degraded intermediates (TCE, cDCE, and VC) produced by incomplete anaerobic degradation of tetrachloroethylene (PCE). The results showed that methane, a by-product of anaerobic reductive dechorination of PCE, was used as a primary substrate for aerobic degradation, at a utilization rate of almost 100%. Interpretation: Biodegradation of TCE was significantly inhibited by cDCE. Bioremediation should have sufficient oxygen and methane at aerobic stage to ensure that chlorinated ethenes fully mineralize.

INFLUENCE OF THE WASTE GLASS USES ON THE CEMENT MORTAR PROPERTIES

in two different forms was used: the glass cullet with a particle size of 0.125-4.00 mm as a fine aggregate and the glass powder with a particle size below 0.125 mm as cement replacement. Both types of glass were obtained by crushing and milling brown glass bottles. The tests were carried out on mortars in which sand was entirely replaced by glass cullet or 20% of cement was replaced by glass powder. The effect of glass cullet and glass powder on the properties of cement mortar, such as setting time, consistency, flexural and compressive strength was determined. Moreover, the role of glass cullet as a potential source of expansion resulted from the alkali-silica reaction was investigated. The microstructure of hydrated composites was also examined with a scanning electron microscope.

The Influence of Glycerol Monostearate Concentration and Storage Condition on Tomato Powder’s Contents Using Foam Mat Drying Method

Tomato is a seasonal horticultural product that has beneficial effects on human health. It contains a high concentration of lycopene and vitamin C. However, tomato production, which continues to increase in Indonesia, is not balanced with its consumption. Due to its high moisture content, harvested tomato relatively has a short shelf-life. Resultantly, the unconsumed tomato will end up being wasted. One way to prolong tomato’s shelf-life is by converting it into powder form. In this research, the tomato was shifted into tomato powder using a foam mat drying method. The weight ratio of GMS to tomato juice was varied: (1) 4%-w/w, (2) 5%-w/w, and (3) 6%-w/w. Tomato powder was then stored in two types of materials (sealed brown glass bottle and laminated aluminium foil (LAF) resealable zipper) and three conditions (refrigerator ( ± 4 ℃), room temperature (± 25.2 ℃) and sun-exposed (± 30 ℃)). According to the results, foam mat drying could maintain the nutrients of the tomato powder. Increasing GMS larger than 5%-w/w had no big impact on reserving lycopene and vitamin C. At 5%-w/w GMS, tomato powder consisted of 1.09%/w/w moisture, 42.58 mg/100 g lycopene, and 123.28 mg/100 g vitamin C. It was found that moisture and vitamin C on tomato powder content was influenced by storage conditions, while lycopene content was influenced by storage material. Moisture content and vitamin C were best maintained at the sun-exposed condition and room temperature, respectively. While lycopene was best stored in the laminated aluminium foil (LAF) resealable zipper.

Deadly trap or sweet home? The case of discarded containers as novelty microhabitats for ants

The presence of anthropogenic waste in the environment is one of the most pervasive pollution problems affecting wildlife around the world. Among different types of rubbish, beverage containers represent an ecological trap for invertebrates. However, it also may serve as a nest site. In the present study, we aim to assess if ants can exploit discarded containers as nesting sites, the intensity of mortality of ant workers foraging discarded containers, and ant preferences toward particular features of containers. The study was conducted in September 2018 in 10 woodland areas in the city of Wrocław, Poland. In total, 4.4% of 939 collected containers were used as nest sites by four ant species. Additionally, we found 698 dead workers, representatives of at least 11 species, in 10.3% of investigated containers. Most frequently, ants inhabited brown plastic and glass bottles, and an increase in neck diameter of containers decreased the possibility of nest occurrence. Dead workers were marginally significantly more often found in colourless glass bottles when compared to brown ones and were more frequent in sweet drink and vodka bottles than in beer bottles. Additionally, larger capacity increased the frequency of occurrence of dead ants. Although ants use anthropogenic waste as nest sites, it predominantly appears as a threat for foraging ant workers, most probably attracted by the smell of fermenting beverages or decomposing carcasses of previously trapped animals. Thus, to protect species inhabiting human-disturbed habitats, we suggest developing tools helping to prevent the accumulation of waste in urban woodlands.

Screening of Polyphenols and Antioxidative Activity in Industrial Beers.

Antioxidative molecules, such as polyphenols can preserve and prolong the freshness of packaged beers. The aim of this work was to assess the content of polyphenolic compounds (by Folin-Ciocalteu and standard European Brewery Convention method) in different types of industrially produced beers (lager, pilsner, black and dark), packaged in brown glass bottles. The results of this research indicate that there are significant changes in polyphenol concentrations in correlation with beer type. Polyphenolic content was highest in dark and black beers. Antioxidative activity was also more pronounced in dark and black beers. Most prominent phenolic acid in all samples was gallic acid. Two samples of dark and three samples of black beers had >10 mg/100 mL of this polyphenol, with maximal value of 14.22 mg/100 mL in sample CK (black beer). This would indicate that black beers are richer in polyphenolic content than the light (lager and pilsner) beers and the moderate consumption of such beer could contribute to the health of consumers.

Preparation of a reserpine certified reference material for calibration and analysis of liquid chromatography

A certified reference material (CRM) for reserpine was investigated by raw material purification, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, homogeneity testing, stability testing, characterization, and uncertainty evaluation. The candidate reference material was prepared by recrystallization of purchased reserpine. After purification and drying, the candidate materials were enclosed in brown glass bottles. The chemical composition of the candidate reserpine reference material was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance. The homogeneity and stability of several sample bottles of the candidates were studied by stratified random sampling. With the cooperation of eight qualified laboratories, the purity of reserpine was analyzed by a mass balance method (including area normalization, water content, ash content and residual solvent analyses by liquid chromatography) with a certified purity mass fraction of 99.3 % and an expanded uncertainty of 0.5 % (k = 2). This reference material has been identified as a Chinese national-grade secondary CRM, which is numbered GBW(E) 090901, and is expected to be used in the calibration of instruments such as those used for liquid chromatography or method evaluations in food, medicine, environmental, and cosmetic analyses.

Examining the effects of storage on the initiation behaviour of ionic liquids towards the cure of epoxy resins

Four structurally related ionic liquids (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethyl phosphate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate) are examined for their storage characteristics and the effect on their ability to initiate the cure of epoxy resins. At ambient temperature, epoxy formulations containing 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate display marked colour changes to yield dark red samples with greatly increased viscosity after one day; after six days both samples have undergone vitrification. The epoxy formulation containing 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate continued to polymerise even at sub-zero temperatures. Storage in dark bottles retarded the reaction during the 30-minute period that the sample is removed from the freezer prior to an aliquot being taken, but once the autocatalytic low temperature reaction has started, the dark glass no longer provides effective protection. Samples of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide/epoxy were also stored and sampled in the same manner, but no differences were exhibited between the samples in clear and dark brown glass bottles. Infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance studies confirmed that the hygroscopic ionic liquids pick up water readily (coordinating to the H atom at the 2-position on the imidazolium ring), but once dried the initiating ability is lost.

Volatiles and Tendency of Radical Formation of Cold‐Pressed Brazil Nut Oil During Ambient Storage

AbstractCold‐pressed Brazil nut oil (BNO) is a value‐added nontimber forest coproduct of market interest, despite the lack of knowledge about its ambient storage stability. The objective of the present study was to investigate oxidative changes in BNO stored in clear and brown glass bottles under retail conditions with a focus on monitoring for the first time the formation of volatile aroma compounds (VAC), the depletion of tocopherol analogs, and the tendency of radical formation. VAC, whose formation continuously increased and correlated with storage time, were detected using headspace‐solid‐phase microextraction‐gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Depletion of tocopherols was more pronounced for the oil stored in clear glass bottles and the content loss was higher for alpha‐tocopherol than for gamma‐tocopherol. Furthermore, the tendency of radical formation was detected using a spin‐trapping electron spin resonance spectroscopy method, which was demonstrated to be a simpler, faster, and less sample‐demanding tool to monitor the oxidative status of BNO stored under retail conditions and its results significantly correlated with those obtained using traditional methods for the determination of primary oxidation products. However, the simultaneous measurement of key off‐flavor volatiles is recommended for samples with unknown history.

Evaluations of Biochemical, Hematological and Histopathological Parameters of Subchronic Administration of Ethanol Extract of Albizia Gummifera Seed in Albino Wistar Rat

Albizia gummifera are plants found in Ethiopia that have different medicinal values.The objective of the present study was to evaluate the toxicological effects of sub-chronic administered hydro-ethanolic (70%) seeds extract of Albizia gummiferain albino Wistar rats. The seeds of these plants were collected from different areas of Ethiopia. They were dried and crushed to powder and macerated with hydro-alcohol and placed in orbital shaker. The extract was then filtered through Whatman filter paper No.1 and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness by Rota vapor and further concentrated by water bath at 40oC. The extract was packed in air tight brown glass bottles and kept in a refrigerator at 4oC. The extract was then administered to rats at different doses to determine the LD 50 of the extract and at doses of 125 mg/kg/day and 250 mg/kg/day for the sub-chronic toxicity study. The LD 50 of Albizzia gummifera were found as 4000 mg/kg and 3500 mg/kg, respectively. Statistically significant difference in body weight was observed in female rats in the 10th week at 250 mg/kg body weight of seeds extract of Albizia gummifera administered group and in the male rats at lowest dose during the 9th and 10th weeks of administration period for seeds extract of Millettia ferruginea.The seeds extract of Albizia gummifera statistically decreased (p ≤ 0.05) MCHin the male rats at both doses; MCHC at both 125 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg in the female rats; and MCH in the female rats at higher dose and increased RDW-CV in the male rats at both doses. It increased NEUT at the highest dose in both females and males. The seeds extract of Millettia ferruginea decreased (p ≤ 0.05) in the MCHC and MONO of female rats at the highest doses. ALP, ALT and urea were found significant in the female rats administered with 250 mg/kg of seeds extract. While, seeds extract of Albizia gummifera increased only urea in male rats at 250 mg/kg. Some histopathological changes in liver and kidney were also observed for both plants extracts. There were inflammations, congestions and focal hepatocellular necrosis of the liver tissue. The extracts also produced atrophyof the glomeruli of the kidney. The observed changes in both of the plant seeds extract might have resulted because of the presence of some bioactive ingredients in the extract. Therefore, the active ingredients which might be responsible for toxic insult should be researched with their mechanisms of actions.

Mempelajari Ekstraksi Dan Stabilitas Total Karotenoid, Α dan Β Cryptoxanthin dalam Ekstrak Buah Merah (Pandanus Conoideus, Lamk

This aim of research was to find the optimum conditions for the extraction process of “buah merah” oil that produce optimum β-cryptoxanthin content. The treatments of extraction process are steaming at 80 0 C, autoclave at 121 0 C for 30 and 60 minutes respectely, and storing in refrigerator at -5 0 C for one night, then pressed and centrifugated. “Buah merah” oil produced from those treatments was tested for β-cryptoxanthin content. The “buah merah” oil with highest content of β-cryptoxanthin is conducted characteristics test based on water content, FFA, foreign matterial, PAHs and test for stability of total carotenoids, α and β cryptoxhantin of “buah merah” oil that stored in various conditions of temperature (4 0 C, 25 0 C, 35 0 C ), storage (dark and light using light flouresense lamp 10 W, type of packaging (brown glass bottle, soft capsules in PVC bottle), and extraction methods (traditional and modern). Observations was conducted every week.for 8 weeks The results showed that extraction process of “buah meraht”oil that produce of β-cryptoxanthin content with highest yield is extraction process using autoclave heating at 121° C for 1 hour that result 35% yield and 20.78% β-cryptoxanthin content. The type of packaging that resulted the best stability of consentration of total carotenoid α and β-cryptoxanthin in in the “buah merah” oil is packaging that use double package of capsule (primary packaging) and PVC bottle (secondary packaging) and store in dark condition with temperature of 4 ° C.

The Impact of Experiencing Adverse Drug Reactions on the Patient’s Quality of Life: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study in the Netherlands

IntroductionThere is little information as to what extent adverse drug reactions (ADRs) influence patients’ health-related quality of life (HR-QOL). From a pharmacovigilance perspective, capturing and making the best use of this information remains a challenge. The Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb received about 1800 reports after the packaging of the drug Thyrax® (levothyroxine; Aspen Pharma Trading Limited, Dublin, Ireland) changed from a brown glass bottle to a blister package in the Netherlands.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to explore the impact of ADRs on HR-QOL in patients who reported a possible ADR to Lareb in relation to the change in the packaging of the drug Thyrax®. A secondary objective was to explore factors correlated with change in HR-QOL.MethodsPatients who reported an ADR in relation to the Thyrax® packaging change were included in this study. A web-based adapted version of the COOP/WONCA questionnaire was sent to explore the HR-QOL before versus during the ADR, expressed on a 5-point scale from no impact (1) to high impact (5). Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to identify factors correlated with change in HR-QOL.ResultsOverall, 1167 patients returned the questionnaire (71.2 % response rate). The difference in HR-QOL was −0.8 for physical, −1.2 for mental, −1.4 for daily activities, −1.3 for social, and −1.3 for overall health status (p < 0.001 for each domain). Age, sex, educational level of the patient, and absence from work due to an ADR were correlated with at least one domain, while severity of the ADR was found to be correlated with all domains of HR-QOL.ConclusionPatients who reported possible ADRs after the Thyrax® packaging change experienced a significant decrease in HR-QOL. This impact was highest for the domains ‘daily activities’, ‘overall health status’, and ‘mental health’ and lowest for ‘physical fitness’.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40264-016-0422-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Nutrient removal and electricity production from wastewater using microbial fuel cell technique

The performances of a single-chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) system and a two-chamber MFC system on synthetic wastewater treatment and electricity production were investigated. In the single-chamber MFC system, phosphorus and nitrogen were effectively removed in the anode chamber for struvite crystallization on the surface of the cathode. However, phosphorus in the two-chamber MFC system was effectively removed in the cathode chamber. Most of ammonium in the two-chamber MFC system ultimately was transformed to nitrites, but the removal rate of total nitrogen was low. Chemical precipitates formed in two brown glass bottles were both the mixture of phosphate, carbonate and hydroxyl compound. The difference of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal between two systems was not significant, and the vast majority of COD was consumed by microbes in anode chambers. The performances of the two-chamber MFC and the single-chamber MFC on electricity generation vary greatly for configuration difference. The maximum voltages, coulombic efficiencies, and maximum power densities of the single-chamber MFC and the two-chamber MFC were 443 and 524mV, 35% and 51%, and 560 and 528mW/m2, respectively. MFC is a possible approach for simultaneous nutrient removal and electricity production from wastewater.

Cyanidin-3-glucoside의 안정성을 향상시킨 오디즙 가공방법

오디의 기능성이 언론에 홍보됨에 따라 오디 소비 촉진 및 가공제품에 관한 관심이 증대되고 있으나 오디즙 가공시 기능성 물질인 C3G 색소의 안정성에 관한 기초자료가 없는 실정이다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하고 오디의 이용확대를 위해 항산화색소 C3G의 안정성을 향상시킨 오디즙 가공방법을 개발하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 오디와 서당의 비율을 1 : 1로 하여 용기에 담고 식품첨가제인 구연산을 0.3% 첨가하는 것이 C3G 함량과 항산화능을 향상시키는 가장 좋은 방법이다. 올리고당의 경우 구연산을 첨가하는 것이 오히려 항산화능을 떨어뜨리므로 사용하지 않는 것이 좋다. 자일리톨의 경우 가공방법 중 가장 낮은 C3G 함량을 나타냈으나 구연산을 첨가하면 색소함량과 항산화능을 향상시키므로 반드시 구연산을 첨가한다. 2. 보관용기(투명유리병, 갈색유리병, 알루미늄 호일, 녹색유리병, 반투명유리병)보다 구연산의 첨가가 항산화색소 C3G의 안정성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다. 3. 오디즙 가공시 전자렌지를 이용하여 3분간 blanching 하여 색소의 안정성에 관여하는 효소를 불활성화 시키는 방법은 항산화색소 C3G 함량을 다소 떨어뜨리므로 냉동오디를 그대로 사용하는 것이 바람직하나 항산화능에 있어서는 보존기간동안 타 처리구에 비해 안정화시키는 효과를 나타냈다. As mulberry fruit's functionalities are known to the media, the interest in promoting of consumption and processed products is increasing. But there is no C3G(Cyanidin-3-glucoside) data based on the stability of the pigment during processing. To solve this problems, and to expand the use of mulberry fruit, processing methods was developed for mulberry fruit juice improved cyanidin-3-glucoside(C3G) stability. The results obtained are summarized as follows. The food additive citric acid with 0.3 % improved C3G content and antioxidant ability in the treatment of mulberry fruit and sucrose the ratio of 50 % : 50 %(w/w). In the case of the addition of oligosaccharides, citric acid decreased antioxidant ability. Xylitol treatment showed up the lowest of C3 content, but by the addition of citric acid improved the pigment content and antioxidant activity of the mulberry fruit juice. Addition of citric acid was more affected C3G stability than containers (clear glass bottles, brown glass bottles, aluminum foil, green glass bottle, translucent glass bottles). In the processing of mulberry juice, 3 minutes blanching treatment using microwave dropped C3G content somewhat. Therefore, using this method is not recommended. However in the antioxidant ability, microwave blanching showed a stabilizing effect compared to the other treatments.

구연산 및 효소 불활성화 처리가 오디술의 C3G 안정성과 항산화능에 미치는 영향

To promote the consumption of mulberry fruit, we manufactured mulberry fruit wine with `simheung` by different processing methods and analyzed cyanidin-3-glucoside(C3G) stability and antioxidant capacity. In the processing of mulberry fruit alcoholic drink, 3 minutes blanching using microwave inhibited the C3G destruction by maintaining the antioxidant capacity and inactivation of enzymes related to pigment`s stability. And freeze-dried mulberry fruit was the highest C3G pigment content and antioxidant capacity. Nevertheless, this is not recommended because the economic burden of the cost of freeze-drying. In conclusion, when processing mulberry fruit wine, the addition of citric acid and the enzyme`s inactivation treatment were considered more effective than storage containers (transparent glass, brown glass bottles, aluminum foil, green glass, translucent glass bottles).

Development of apple certified reference material for quantification of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides

An apple certified reference material for the analysis of pesticide residues was issued by the National Metrology Institute of Japan. Organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides were sprayed on apples, and these were used as raw materials of certified reference material. The harvested apples were cut into small pieces, freeze-dried, pulverized, sieved, placed into 200 brown glass bottles (3g each), and sterilized by γ-irradiation. Stability and homogeneity assessment was performed, and the relative uncertainties due to instability (for an expiry date of 32months) and inhomogeneity were 10.3–25.0% and 4.0–6.8%, respectively. The characterization was carried out using multiple analytical methods to ensure the reliability of analytical results; the values of target pesticides were obtained by isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Certified values were 2.28±0.82mg/kg for diazinon, 3.14±0.79mg/kg for fenitrothion, 1.55±0.81mg/kg for cypermethrin, and 2.81±0.70mg/kg for permethrin.

Extraction, Stabilistiaon and Utilisation of Natural Food Colours from Grape Fruit Rind

Investigation was carried out to develop natural food colour powder from grape fruit rind (waste) by spray drying. The colour was extracted with water and solvents viz., acetone, ethanol and citric acid. The experimental results showed that the 3 % citric acid extraction was best and the filtrate was spray dried at different drying air temperature (180, 200 and 220ºC) and flow rate (25 and 30 ml / min) using 10, 15 and 20 % of maltodextrin (MD). The yield recovery was maximum at 200ºC with a flow rate of 25 ml / min at 20 % maltodextrin. The stability of the colour was analysed by exposing the colour powder in various concentrations of pH, preservative and temperatures followed by packed in aluminium pouch (P 1 ), brown pet bottle (P 2 ) and brown glass bottle (P 3 ). The packed samples were stored in room (R 1 ) and refrigeration (R2 ) temperatures for 3 months and analyzed their colour intensity (L* a* b*) and moisture content. The results revealed that the addition of preservative, increasing temperature, pH and storage periods had affected the stability of colour and moisture content. The samples packed in P 3 had better colour retention than P2 and P 1 during storage . Colour intensity of developed lollipop and icing with grape skin colour powder had best colour strength and sensory attributes than synthetic food colour (carmoesin).

Halfway House

Halfway House