Brown Fish Meal Research Articles

The influence of replacing fish meal partially in the diet with soybean meal on growth and body composition of juvenile tin foil barb ( Barbodes altus)

Juvenile Barbodes altus (0.90±0.02 g body weight) were fed 42% crude protein diets in which dietary protein was supplied by brown fish meal (FM) (60% crude protein) or an isonitrogenous mixture of soybean (defatted, with hulls, 44% crude protein) and FM. Diet 1 was a control diet containing 73% FM (100% fish meal protein (FP)) as a protein source and without any soybean meal (SP). Diets 2–4 contained 27%, 37%, and 52% SBM with FM (ratios of FP to soybean meal protein (SBM) were 3:1, 2:1, and 1:1, respectively). Fish fed the diet containing FP/SP ratio of 1:1 had significantly ( P<0.05) lower weight gain and feed efficiency than fish fed with the other diets. There was no significant difference in body weights of fish fed with the other three diets. When compared to the control (Diet 1), fish fed with the other three diets did not show any significant difference in body protein content. However, body fat content was significantly higher in fish fed with the control diet than the fish fed with diets containing FP/SP ratios of 2:1 and 1:1. Whole-body ash content was significantly lower in fish fed with a diet containing fish-protein/soy-protein ratio of 1:1 than in those fed the other diets. The results of the present study indicate that SBM may be included in the diet up to 37% as a substitute for FM, replacing about 33% of FP.

Quantitative lysine requirement of yellowtail ( Seriola quinqueradiata)

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the quantitative lysine requirement of juvenile yellowtail by feeding diets containing six levels of l-lysine ranging from 1.05 to 3.05% of dry diet in 0.40% increments. The diets contained 43.1% crude protein in which 32.6% crude protein came from brown fish meal, corn gluten meal and wheat gluten and 10.5% from crystalline amino acids. Weight gain, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and nitrogen retention increased with increasing levels of dietary lysine up to 1.85% and remained nearly the same thereafter. Body protein tended to increase as dietary lysine increased up to fish fed 1.85% lysine level, while body fat showed an opposite trend. No morphological deficiency signs were observed in fish fed the lowest lysine level diet. Hematological characteristics, except for hematocrit, and serum components were not significantly different among treatments. Meanwhile, serum free lysine level remained low until the dietary lysine was increased to the level that supported the maximum weight gain. Broken line analysis of weight gain and feed efficiency data indicated the dietary lysine requirement of juvenile yellowtail to be 1.78% of the dry diet or 4.13% of the dietary protein. If lysine availability of protein sources used are considered, the requirement was calculated to be 1.66% of the dry diet or 3.85% of the dietary protein.

Interactions of dietary levels of protein and energy on fingerling snakehead, Channa striata

A 4 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted to determine the optimum protein to energy ( P E ) ratio for fingerling snakehead. Four crude protein levels and three energy levels at each protein level were utilized. Laboratory-made brown fish meal was used as the major source of protein in all the test diets. Each of the experimental diets was fed to triplicate groups of 15 fingerlings with an average individual weight of 12 g in 110-1 flow-through fibre blast tanks at 28 ± 2 °C, with 5.9 to 7.2 mg dissolved oxygen 1 −1. The diets were fed at a rate equalling 3 wet body wt% day −1 in two equal rations and adjusted weekly for 8-weeks. The highest growth was attained by fingerlings fed a 40% protein diet with a P E ratio of 90.9 mg protein kcal −1 digestible energy. A lower but not significantly different ( P > 0.05) growth response was attained by fingerling fed a 45% diet with a P E ratio of 93.8 mg kcal −1. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) was affected by the increase in energy level from 400 to 480 kcal 100 g −1 at all protein levels except 40% where a diet with energy 440 kcal 100 g −1 showed maximum PER value. The lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was obtained at an P E ratio of 90.9 mg protein kcal −1. Carcass moisture content was not affected by dietary P E ratio. Other changes in carcass composition due to the change in dietary P E ratio were not consistent. This study also indicated that a lipid level of 13% can be effectively utilized by snakehead fingerlings without any adverse effects.

Amino acid availability values for several protein sources for yellowtail ( Seriola quinqueradiata)

Amino acid availability and protein digestibility values for brown fish meal, casein, meat meal, soy protein concentrate, corn gluten meal and full-fat soybean meal were determined in yellowtail. These proteins were incorporated at 40–72% of the diet as the only source of protein to yield 30–36% crude protein diets. The apparent average amino acid availability and apparent protein digestibility values were similar: 89.3 and 88.7%, 96.7 and 95.4%, 78.4 and 80.3%, 87.5 and 87.3%, 46.8 and 49.7%, 78.1 and 83.2% for brown fish meal, casein, meat meal, soy protein concentrate, corn gluten meal and full-fat soybean meal, respectively. True average amino acid availability and true protein digestibility values were also similar: 92.7 and 94.2%, 100.0 and 99.0%, 82.0 and 85.7%, 90.8 and 92.9%, 50.9 and 55.1%, 82.4 and 90.2%. All essential amino acid availability values were not significantly different from comparable values based on protein digestibility data ( P < 0.05) except for histidine in full-fat soybean meal. Protein digestibility values can be used to approximate available amino acid values in diets. However, precaution should be taken because some amino acids may have lower availability than predicted based on protein digestibility values, such as histidine in full-fat soybean meal found in the present study.

The optimum dietary protein level for the Mexican cichlidCichlasoma urophthalmus(Günther): a comparison of estimates derived from experiments using fixed-rate feeding and satiation feeding

Optimum dietary protein levels of young Cichlasoma urophthalmus (Gunther) of 0.3 g mean weight were determined at 28°C using two methods, a fixed feeding rate of 6% body weight per day and satiation feeding. In the fixed rate trials nine isoenergetic diets were formulated with protein levels ranging from 347 to 561 g kg−1 using brown fish meal (anchovy) as the only protein source. In the satiation feeding trials, ten diets were formulated based on brown fish meal (mackerel) ranging from 0 to 450g kg−1 protein. When fish were fed a fixed rate diet, the best absolute growth was obtained with diets between 435 and 560 g kg−1 protein. Broken-line analysis showed that, in terms of weight gain (%), the optimum protein level was about 453 g kg−1. When fish were fed to satiation, the best absolute growth was obtained with the 383 g kg−1 protein diet, and broken-line analysis suggested an optimum of about 325 g kg−1. The difference between the two results, using the two techniques, is very marked. The probable mechanism underlying these data is discussed.

The dietary protein requirements of Cichlasoma synspilum Hubbs, 1935 (Pisces: Cichlidae) fry

A 12 week feeding trial was conducted in a closed recirculating system with Cichlasoma synspilum (Hubbs) fry (280 mg) in order to determine their protein requirements. Six diets containing increasing protein levels (30, 35, 40, 45, 50 and 55%) were formulated using brown fish meal as the protein source. The fish were fed by hand daily at a rate of 6% body weight: at 2-week intervals, the fish were bulkweighed and the feeding rate was adjusted accordingly After 90 days, a direct relationship was observed between dietary protein content and fmal body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate (P < 0,05), with the best results for diets containing 50,45,40 and 55% of protein: feed intake, food conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, carcass nitrogen deposition and apparent N utilization were also statistically higher (P < 0,05) for fish fed diets with 50, 45, 40 and 55% of protein content. The lower performance was obtained in those fish fed diets with 30 and 35% protein content. Applying the broken-line response method with SGR data, the protein requirement of C. sytispilum fry was established as 40.81%.

Nutritional evaluation of gizzard erosion positive brown fish meal in starter diets for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

Toxic brown fish meal that caused severe gizzard erosion in broiler chicks was used as the sole protein source in starter diets for Nile tilapia. Brown fish meal was assayed using 4-day-old broiler chicks to test its toxicity. Growth performance was compared among fish fed diets containing three levels of toxic brown fish meal and a control diet which contained non-toxic fish meal. Fish fed the diets containing the toxic fish meal exhibited reduced growth and protein utilization. Fish fed the nontoxic fish meal diet had significantly better weight gain (WG), 98.88 mg/day, specific growth rate (SGR), 5.30%/day, protein efficiency ratio (PER), 2.60, and apparent net nitrogen utilization (ANNU), 43.33%, than those fed the diets containing the toxic fish meal, named 1, 2 and 3, respectively, which showed WG 66.75, 57.94, and 62.04 mg/day, SGR 4.75, 4.53, and 4.65%/day, PER 2.06, 2.20, and 2,27, and ANNU 33.89, 37.17 and 37.34. There were no significant differences among dietary treatments in survival and Nile tilapia fry fed diets containing toxic brown fish meal did not have any detectable signs of macroscopic or microscopic pathology.

Replacement of fish meal by plant proteins in diets for rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss): effect of the quality of the fishmeal based control diets on digestibility and nutrient balances

A great deal of attention has been paid to the replacement of the high levels of fishmeal present in commercial diets by alternative animal and vegetable protein sources. There are some contradictory data on the effects of partial or total replacement of dietary fishmeal especially regarding vegetable protein sources. The effect of technological treatments applied to the vegetable materials and the quality of the control diets are the reasons for these contradictory results. A ten week growth trial was conducted to study the effect of partial or total replacement of fishmeal by plant proteins in diets for rainbow trout. For this purpose, four practical diets were formulated: a fishmeal-based control diet, which included a brown fishmeal as the only protein source (diet C1); another diet where 5% of the brown fishmeal protein was replaced by a fishmeal protein concentrate (CPSP; diet C2); and two other diets where 50% (diet C50) and 100% (diet C100) of the fish meal protein was replaced by plant protein sources (soybean meal, fullfat soybean and corn gluten meal). The results of the growth trial showed that 50% of the fishmeal protein can be replaced by vegetable protein sources with no adverse effects on growth and feed utilization when diet C1 was used as control. However, using diet C2 as control, weight gains of trout fed the other diets were all significantly lower. Nitrogen and phosphorus balances were also estimated and results are discussed regarding the effect of diet quality on environmental impact.

The Effcet of Combined Use of Several Alternnative Protein Sources in Fingerling Rainbow Trout Diets

A feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of combined use of several alternative protein sources for fish meal in diets for fingerling rainbow trout Oncorhynchusmykiss. In the control diet, brown fish meal (BFM) was used as the sole protein source to provide 40% crude protein. In the test diets, 60 or 80% of the BFM protein in the control diet was isonitrogenously replaced by several combinations of soybean meal (SBM), meat meal (MM), malt protein flour (MPF), corn gluten meal (CGM), and dried brewer's yeast (DBY). These diets were fed to the fish with an initial mean weight of 9.4g for 6 weeks at 16°C. Combinations of SBM and MPF, SBM and CGM, and MM and MPF at the 60% replacement level improved the weight gain, feed efficiency, and protein retention of the fish relative to the replacement of BFM by SBM or MM alone, and there were no significant differences in these values between the combination group and the control group. Combined use of SBM, MM and MPF at the 60% replacement level showed similar growth and feed performances to the above mentioned SBM and MPF, or MM and MPF diets, however, the performances at the 80% replacement level were inferior.Addition of DBY to the 80% replacement level diet improved the weight gain to the same level attained by the control group. These results suggest that the combined use of two alternative sources such as SBM and MPF, SBM and CGM, and MM and MPF improve rearing performance of fingerling rainbow trout as cornpared with the use of SBM or MM alone, and that the combined use of SBM, MM, MPF, and DBY at a proper ratio can substitute the 80% of BFM protein.

Replacement of fish meal by plant proteins in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Effect of the quality of the fishmeal based control diets on digestibility and nutrient balances

A great deal of attention has been paid to the replacement of the high levels of fishmeal present in commercial diets by alternative animal and vegetable protein sources. There are some contradictory data on the effects of partial or total replacement of dietary fishmeal especially regarding vegetable protein sources. The effect of technological treatments applied to the vegetable materials and the quality of the control diets are the reasons for these contradictory results. A ten week growth trial was conducted to study the effect of partial or total replacement of fishmeal by plant proteins in diets for rainbow trout. For this purpose, four practical diets were formulated: a fishmeal-based control diet, which included a brown fishmeal as the only protein source (diet C1); another diet where 5% of the brown fishmeal protein was replaced by a fishmeal protein concentrate (CPS P; diet C2); and two other diets where 50% (diet C50) and 100% (diet C100) of the fish meal protein was replaced by plant protein sources (soybean meal, fullfat soybean and corn gluten meal). The results of the growth trial showed that 50% of the fishmeal protein can be replaced by vegetable protein sources with no adverse effects on growth and feed utilization when diet C1 was used as control. However, using diet C2 as control, weight gains of trout fed the other diets were all significantly lower. Nitrogen and phosphorus balances were also estimated and results are discussed regarding the effect of diet quality on environmental impact.

Suitable Lipid Level in Brown Fish Meal Diet for Tiger Puffer

Suitable Lipid Level in Brown Fish Meal Diet for Tiger Puffer

The effect of different processing treatments on soybean meal utilization by rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

A 12-week feeding trial was conducted with 38 g rainbow trout to evaluate the effect of 20% dietary protein replacement of brown fish meal in a control diet (diet C) by commercially full-fat soybean meal (diet S1), full-fat extruded soybean meal (diet S2), solvent-extracted soybean meal (diet S3), and solvent-extracted soybean meal, treated by infrared radiation (diet S4). In a separate trial the apparent digestibility of the diets was measured in triplicate groups of rainbow trout, using an automatic faeces collector. Growth rate, feed conversion ratio and nitrogen retention (%NI) of fish fed diets S1, S3 and S4 were better than in fish fed S2 and the diet based on brown fish meal. The poorest results were observed in trout fed the diet S2. Energy retention (%EI) was not significantly different among the dietary treatments. At the end of the trial there were no significant differences in body composition, hepatosomatic and visceral indexes among experimental groups. Apparent protein digestibility coefficients of the experimental diets were significantly ( P < 0.05) higher than that of the control diet. There were no differences among experimental groups in apparent dry matter and energy digestibilities, except in trout fed diet S2 which had an apparent energy digestibility significantly lower than in trout fed the fish meal based diet. It is concluded that at the 20% dietary replacement level of brown fish meal by soybean meal improves the growth performance of rainbow trout. However, the commercially extruded full-fat soybean meal did not seem to improve the nutritional value of this plant protein source for rainbow trout.

Three extraction methods for determination of lipids in fish meal: Evaluation of a hexane/isopropanol method as an alternative to chloroform‐based methods

AbstractThree different extraction methods were compared for the determination of lipids in both oxidised and antioxidant‐stabilised brown fish meal. The three methods under investigation were those of Smith‐Ambrose‐Knobl using chloroform/methanol/water, Bligh and Dyer also using chloroform/methanol/water but monophasic, and Hara and Radin using hexane/isopropanol. The fat content, determined gravimetrically, was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.05) when hexane/isopropanol was used for lipid extraction from both oxidised and antioxidant‐stabilised fish meal, than when either of the chloroform systems was used. Determination of lipid classes in the lipid extracts using silica gel thin‐layer chromatography on Chromarods‐SIII, with flame ionisation detection by latroscan, suggested that the lower lipid recovery by the hexane/isopropanol method may be due to a less effective extraction of the more polar lipid classes. including oxidation products, present in brown fish meal.

養魚飼料のタンパク質源‐Ｖ ブリ飼料における魚粉の代替タンパク質源

Meat meal, meat-and-bone meal, corn gluten meal, and rapeseed meal were evaluated individually as partial replacement for fish meal in single moist pellet diets for young yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata. Brown fish meal in the diet was replaced isonitrogenously and isocaloricaly with 10, 20, and 30% of each source. Better growth and feed efficiency were found in fish fed on diets with replacement of 10% of all the protein sources used, and the performance further increased as the replacement with meat meal was increased up to 30%. On the other hand, the performance tended to decrease as the replacement of other sources were increased to levels of more than 10%, and the worst performance together with diminished blood and serum characteristics were found in fish fed on the diet with 30% rapeseed meal. These results show that fish meal can be replaced with several cheaper proteins such as meat meal and corn gluten meal within limited amounts, and that the adequate addition of these protein sources to fish meal-based diets improves not only the dietary cost but also their performance.

In-vitro digestibility simulating the proteolysis of feed protein in the midgut gland of grass shrimp ( Penaeus monodon)

Due to feed ingestion, maximal organ weight was reached in 1 h after feeding for the foregut, and 5 h after feeding for the midgut where the highest protease activity was observed in the whole digestivetract of shrimp. The proteases in the midgut gland showed two pH optima at 7.5 and 4.0, that at pH 7.5 being higher. Feed proteins were digested in-vitro with crude enzyme extract from the midgut gland of grass shrimp at 30°C, pH 7.5 for up to 4 h and in two steps at pH 7.5 for 2 h followed by 2 h at pH 4.0. The latter increased feed protein hydrolysis to 1.12–1.56 times that at pH 7.5 for 4 h. The two-step hydrolysis by the shrimp midgut gland extract can serve as an in-vitro method to approximate feed protein digestibility. The tests showed the following order of digestibility: Artemia>predissolved casein>gluten, pelletized shrimp feed>unpelletized shrimp feed>brown fish meal>white fish meal>soybean meal>yeast, undissolved casein. They were significantly different ( P<0.05). The protein digestibility correlated with the amount of lysine and arginine in the total amino acid composition of the protein sources ( r=0.99) indicating that trypsin plays an important role in digestion in shrimp. Aromatic amino acid content had a positive correlation with the digestibility of water-soluble or native protein sources, but a negative correlation with that of the heat-denatured protein sources, indicating that hydrophobic interaction in heat-processed proteins decreased their digestibility.

Application of NMR to evaluate the oxidative deterioration of brown fish meal

AbstractPeroxide value (PV) and acid value (AV) are generally used as indices of deterioration in edible oil. However, they are not always useful for evaluation of oil deterioration in fish meal because the PV rises at the initial stage of oxidative deterioration, reaches a peak and then declines during long term storage of the meal; the AV hardly changes during long term storage.The use of NMR to evaluate oxidative deterioration of the oil in brown fish meal was examined. The ratio of olefinic protons to aliphatic protons (Ro) in brown fish meal oil determined by NMR decreased steadily with increasing storage time. By comparison with data from measurements of PV and AV, the Ro was considered to be useful as an index of oxidative deterioration in the oil in brown meal, especially in oil where the PV is peaking.

ニジマス用沿岸魚粉飼料の栄養価に及ぼすエクストルーダー処理の影響

This experiment was conducted in order to examine the effect of extrusion processing on the nutritional value of brown fish meal diets for rainbow trout. The experimental diet con-taining ordinary brown fish meal (BFM-A) or low temperature-enzyme treated brown fish meal (BFM-B) was extruded (Ex) and steam pelleted (Pm), respectively. They were fed to rainbow trout (2.8g on average) for 12 weeks. There were no marked differences in the growth rate of fish and apparent digestibility of protein and lipid between the Ex and Pm diets containing BFM-A. However, the Ex BFM-A diet was superior in feed efficiency, PER, and apparent digestibility of starch and energy. In the case of BFM-B, the growth rate, feed efficiency and PER were lower in fish fed on the Pm diet; nevertheless the Ex diet produced results comparable to the BFM-A diets. The apparent digestibility of starch in the BFM-B diets was also markedly improved by extrusion as observed with the BFM-A diets. Thus, extrusion processing was found to improve the nutritional value of brown fish meal, especially the low temperature-enzyme treated form in terms of feed efficiency and PER.

Search for Effective Protein Combination with Crab Protein for the Larval Kuruma Prawn Penaeus japonicus.

In a series of studies to search for an optimal protein source for larval Penaeus japonicus feeding trials were conducted to determine the optimal combination of several protein sources with crab protein concentrate (CPC) on the larval development, growth, and survival of P. japonicus when fed on microbound diets. Although the addition of squid meal, brown fish meal, white fish meal, and krill meal to CPC improved larval performance compared to the single use of CPC, the magnitude of improvement by them was not as great as that by casein and soybean protein (SBP). In the diet containing both CPC and squid meal as the protein source, more CPC in the diet produced a poorer performance of larvae particularly at low levels of protein. Besides casein the best com-bination for larval development was CPC and SBP. The development, growth, and survival of larvae did not deteriorate when fed on CPC-SBP diets containing less than 30% of SBP. This study demonstrates that plant protein like SBP rather than squid meal as an additional source to CPC is available for good development, growth, and survival of larval prawn.

Quality evaluation of some animal protein sources for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.

The quality of four kinds of animal protein source (white fish meal, brown fish meal, meat meal, and meat & bone meal) was evaluated on the basis of weight gain, protein digestibility, PER, NPU, and BV in rainbow trout. Four feeding experiments were con-ducted for 20days with diets containing one of these ingredients as the sole protein source at different protein levels in addition to a non-protein diet. Relatively, high values of protein digestibility of white fish meal (92%), brown fish meal (90%), and meat meal (91%) were obtained; meat & bone meal (78%) alone being slightly low. The nutritional quality of brown fish meal is almost comparable to that of white fish meat. The values for PER, NPU, and BV of these fish meats were found to be higher than meat meal and meat & bone meal; increasing with decreasing dietary protein levels in contrast to meat meal and meat & bone meal. These results have demonstrated that brown fish meal is as good as white fish meal in its nutritional value but meat meal and meat & bone meal performs lower probably due to their poor amino acid profile.

Mineral nutrition in fish. XXIII. Availability to carp of manganese contained in various types of fish meals.

A feeding experiment was conducted to examine availability of manganese (Mn) contained in various types of fish meals (white fish meal, brown fish meal, and sardine meal with or without soluble). Fingerling carp weighing 4.3g in average were fed diets containing one of four kinds of fish meals as a sole protein source with different levels of supplementary Mn for 11 or 24 weeks at water temperature of 15-25°C. Growth and feed efficiency were poor in fish receiving the diet without supplementation of Mn in every kind of fish meal diet groups, and were effectively imporved by addition of Mn and reached a plateau when supplementation of Mn together with Mn in each fish meal at a level met the Mn requirement of carp.Thus the content of Mn in the diets derived from various types of fish meals is not sufficient without supplementary Mn for normal growth of carp, judging from the fact that feeding diets containing various fish meals as protein source without supplementary Mn induced poor growth, short body dwarfism and reduced Mn levels in vertebrae. The results have also shown that bioavailability to carp of Mn contained in different kinds of fish meals is very high, and is not affected by the content of tricalcium phosphate in diet.