Brown Coal Deposits Research Articles

Rare elements and non-ferrous metals in the paleogene brown-coal deposits of the Zeya-Bureya sedimentary basin (Amur Region, Far East): accumulation models, enrichment conditions and criteria for assessment of resource potential (a review)

A model has been developed for deposition of rare earth elements with yttrium, trace elements, and non-ferrous metals in platform and activated structures of the Upper Amur region. Genetic types of lanthanide enrichment are considered; lanthanides are shown to concentrate non-uniformly in coal seams and in coal combustion products. Light rare earth elements predominate in coals. The capacity of peat and coal for metal extraction from aqueous solutions was proven. Criteria for a preliminary assessment of coal as a raw material for lanthanides were considered and prospects for their identification were analyzed.

Features of Distribution of Rare-Earth Elements in Coals of the Far East

For the first time, the distribution of rare earth elements (REE) has been studied in detail for a number of coal facilities (30 deposits, 650 samples of coal and 210 samples of carbonaceous rocks). The ubiquitous presence of elevated concentrations of REE in coals has been noted. The REE mineral cluster in coals includes the association: ash content of coals – SiO2 – K2O – Al2o3 – TiO2 – Sc – Y – Dy – Ho – Er – Tm – Yb – Lu, and the association La – Ce – Pr – Nd – Sm – Eu – Gd – Tb. The presence of these elements of the mineral part of the coals is preferably in the composition of phosphate minerals – monazite and apatite (according to electron microscopy with microanalysis, the correlation of REE with P2o5). The content of individual REE in humic acids isolated from coals and fractions of coals of different densities has been studied. The specific role of organic matter(s) in the concentration of REE, their presence in the humus component of S and in low-ash coals is shown. Selective accumulation (fractionation) of heavy REE by organic matter has been experimentally established for the first time. Two genetic types of REE mineralization have been identified in coals: mainly terrigenous (hydrogenic) and tufogenic. The increased concentrations of REE in coals are due to the influence of the petrofund. The deposits were ranked according to the degree of prospects for REE based on an assessment of the resource potential of associated REE in the coals of the studied brown coal deposits. REE raw materials (lanthanides in coal ash) differ significantly from traditional types of rare earths ores by an incomparably large relative amount of heavy REE (on average 3–4 times), sometimes reaching 46% of the total REE content. Thus, coal ash is a unique non–traditional source of heavy lanthanides – more rare, valuable and expensive. The coals of the studied deposits should be considered as associated raw materials for rare earths.

Перспективы переработки угля с низкой степенью метаморфизма

Introduction. The relevance and significance of this work is due to the fact that the soils of Kazakhstan are about 48% salt marshes. The reasons for their occurrence are different: harsh climatic conditions, the drying Aral Sea, the Baikonur cosmodrome, numerous test sites, etc. With an increased content of water-soluble salts in the root layer of soils, most cultivated plants develop poorly and yield a reduced yield. To solve the above problem, the technology of processing brown coal from the Kiyakty deposit and its substandard part for the production of drugs-growth stimulants for agricultural plants, high-calorie fuel briquettes and coal-alkali reagents is proposed. Materials and methods. Development of technology for the production of a humic preparation from brown coal deposits in Kazakhstan. It is known that these coals are amorphous polymers containing bitumen, humic acids, residual organic substances and moisture. Laboratory experiments were carried out by the method of biotesting according to B.P. Strogonov in glasses with a capacity of 0.5 liters in accordance with the requirements of GOST (GOST 10250–80, GOST 12038–84). The methodology for conducting research on the manufacture of briquettes, carbon-alkali reagents based on the humic acid hypothesis and various local binding materials with the involvement of certified CeLSIM laboratories is substantiated. The most optimal binder is a liquid bardic concentrate. Results. As a result of the application of new methods of pre-sowing treatment of rice seeds with a 2.5 % aqueous solution of the preparation from coal, its yield increased by 9.5–12.1 quintals per 1 ha, or by 33.8–41 % compared with the control. Discussion. The works of a number of foreign and domestic researchers on this topic have proved the possibility of using humic substances from brown coals to obtain organo-mineral fertilizers, and a comparative study of the chemical composition has been conducted. However, according to our technology, it is clear that we do not get fertilizer, but plant growth stimulants. It should be noted that the technology developed by the authors makes it possible to obtain a humic preparation, the use of which on low-yielding soils of Kazakhstan ensures a stable increase in the yield of cereals and legumes. Conclusion. The developed technology for the production of humic preparations for various purposes can be used to increase crop yields on degraded soils, for the bio recultivation of man-made formations, the manufacture of a substrate for greenhouse farms, the production of fuel briquettes and coal-alkali reagents, as well as during the operation of other brown coal deposits of the Republic of Kazakhstan with a high content of humic acids in their composition. Suggestions for practical applications and directions for future research. The territory of Kazakhstan is considered to be arid zones of dry steppe soils without rains. In these conditions, agricultural technicians resort to plants of halophyte varieties, therefore, the prospects for using this technology are very large, for example, to suppress dust formation on the surface of tailings ponds with the cultivation of green mass of wild plant varieties. Preparations from brown coals can be used to purify water and wines, leach precious metals, etc.

Resolving emission factors and formation pathways of organic gaseous compounds from residential combustion of European brown coal

Residential combustion of brown coal can be an important source of ambient air pollution in areas with abundant brown coal deposits, such as Eastern Europe or China. The exhaust emission contents may vary regionally depending on the fuel composition, calling for detailed characterization of emissions from different coal types. In this work, the organic gaseous emissions of European brown coal combusted in a modern chimney stove -type residential appliance were measured by a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Of three consecutive batches of brown coal briquettes, the first batch produced two-fold emission (144 ± 52 mg/MJ) of organic gaseous compounds (OGCs) compared to the later batches (71 ± 35 mg/MJ). The compositions between the batches were, however, relatively similar. Carbonyls accounted for 36 ± 3.0% of the identified emission factors, while aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygenated aromatic compounds contributed 19 ± 3.4% and 16 ± 1.8%, respectively. The complex and overlapping chemical processes within batch combustion were exposed by non-negative matrix factorization, giving insight into the temporal variation in the formation pathways of the OGCs. The OGCs were separated into five factors revealing the chemical fingerprints of the main processes leading to formation of, for example, substituted or single-ring aromatic hydrocarbons. Oxygenated aromatic compounds were related to a distinct factor, which was proposed to form specifically from decomposition of the lignin residues of the brown coal. OGCs from brown coal combustion were estimated to have notable secondary particle formation potential: in photochemical conditions, they may double the organic particulate emission, while reactions in dark conditions may lead to excessive nitrophenol formation.

Technology for Producing Heat From Composite Coal Fuels in Advanced Oven for Municipal and Household Use

The problem of rational use of coal remains relevant; currently, various technologies have been developed for producing composite solid fuels, briquettes with various binding materials from brown coal deposits in Kyrgyzstan. The widespread use of composite solid fuels (CSF) and coal briquettes in industry, everyday life and public utilities, in our opinion, is limited by two reasons: excessively inflated requirements of existing standards for the physical and mechanical characteristics of briquettes as a product; poor knowledge of optimal conditions for burning briquettes. Our research shows that compressive strength in the range of 15-20 kgf/cm2 provides the necessary strength for the degree of abrasion during transportation and storage of large-sized rectangular CSFs. Reducing the strength requirement to the value indicated above makes it possible to form briquettes from unsorted culm. Among the numerous known binders for briquetting, inorganic types of clays and loams, which are ubiquitous, deserve special attention. It has been established that clays and loams provide the strength of the CSF over 20 kgf/cm2. For the purpose of beneficial use of low-grade fine coal, we carried out briquetting and combustion testing of the resulting briquettes. It has been established that when briquetting coals from the Zhatan and Kumbel deposits with a clay binder, with an increase in the content of fine coals in the composition, the burning time of the briquette increases, as well as the combustion of the combustible mass increases, and the temperature in the combustion space increases. It has been shown that with the help of appropriate minor modifications of standard household stoves it is possible to significantly increase the combustion efficiency of all types of low-grade fuel, including lignite high-ash CSF.

Rare Elements and Nonferrous Metals in Paleogene Brown Coal Deposits of the Zeya–Bureya Sedimentary Basin (Amur Region, Far East): Accumulation Models, Enrichment Conditions, and Criteria for Assessment of Resource Potential (A Review)

Rare Elements and Nonferrous Metals in Paleogene Brown Coal Deposits of the Zeya–Bureya Sedimentary Basin (Amur Region, Far East): Accumulation Models, Enrichment Conditions, and Criteria for Assessment of Resource Potential (A Review)

Composition and Properties of Coal from the Raichikhinskoe Brown Coal Deposit (Amur Oblast, Far East)

Composition and Properties of Coal from the Raichikhinskoe Brown Coal Deposit (Amur Oblast, Far East)

SORPTION OF RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS BY ORGANIC MATTER FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS ACCORDING TO EXPERIMENTAL DATA

Laboratory model experiments have shown that peat, brown coal and its constituent organomineral components, as well as microscopic fungi isolated from brown coal, are characterized by a high potential for the extraction of all lanthanides from aqueous solutions. The processes of sorption of rare-earth elements by the components of organic matter proceed through the mechanisms of physical sorption, ion-exchange reactions involving carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, and complex formation involving –OH, –CO, and –COOH groups. SEM-EDS analysis revealed REE-containing mineral phases on fungal biomass, which are formed due to interaction with phosphorus- and nitrogen-containing functional groups of cell wall proteins. This indicates the participation of the biotic component in the formation of rare earth mineralization in brown coal deposits.

Choosing the location of the opening cut to expose brown coal deposits – problem solving and decision making with the use of multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA)

Choosing the location of the opening cut to expose brown coal deposits – problem solving and decision making with the use of multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA)

Mobility of the Major and Trace Elements in the Coal Mining Wastes

Domestic and foreign static tests are considered to assess the impact of mineral waste from coal mining and processing on water objects when waste is placed in dumps or used for reclamation purposes. The results of static tests according to GOST R 58914–2020 for three samples of mineral waste taken from hard and brown coal deposits are presented. The wastes differ significantly in mineral and chemical composition, including sulfur content. It is shown that the high content of sulfur in the waste, including it in a water-soluble form, determines the low pH value of the aqueous extract. This, in turn, leads to an increase in the yield of water-soluble substances and to an increase in the mobility of major and trace elements.

Оценка радиационно-экологической безопасности ископаемых углей Забайкалья

The article presents an overview of the results of earlier and currently ongoing studies on the actual problem of the fuel and energy complex – radiation and environmental safety of coal and its combustion products. The object of the research is the radiation-ecological quality of brown coals of Transbaikalia. The subject of the research is the brown coal deposits of Transbaikalia. The purpose of the work is to assess the radiation-ecological state of brown coal deposits in Transbaikalia. The objective of the research is to obtain reliable information about the content and distribution of H in coals and their combustion products. Research methods are the following: field-gamma-testing with the use of modern radiometric devices DKS-96; processing of laboratory samples using the gamma spectrometer “Progress”; desk work. Data on the concentrations of radionuclides in coals and their combustion products (ash and slag) of coal basins in the USA and Russia are presented. Data on the content of uranium and thorium in coals and ashes of coal from coal basins in Russia are presented. As a result of the conducted research, the radiation characteristics of brown coals of the Urtuy, Kharanor, Tataurovsky and Okino-Klyuchesky deposits are analyzed. A preliminary assessment of the environmental safety of the deposits of the Yuzhno-Argun brown coal basin is given. The scheme of gamma-testing at the site of the coal seam outlet for sediment at the Kutinsky deposit is presented. A schematic plan of a Boundary lignite deposit with a gamma-sampling network on a scale of 1:100,000 is shown. It has been found that the content of radionuclides (U-238, Ra-226, Th-232, K-40) in the coals of Transbaikalia and their combustion products is in wide ranges, which indicates a high level of radiation hazard. The planned work in the future is to build a map of the quality of deposits according to radiation and hygienic indicators, which can be used in making technological decisions for mining coal seams.

Управление качеством углей по критерию их опасности с использованием цифровых моделей полезного ископаемого на Кутинском буроугольном месторождении

The purpose of the research is to substantiate the need for preliminary planning with the use of block models in the extraction of TPI as an important element of designing an economically and environmentally efficient enterprise for the development of a deposit of solid minerals. The object of the study is the Kuta brown coal deposit, which has areas of coal with increased concentrations of natural radionuclides. The method of planning the quality of coals, taking into account the hazard criterion and products of their processing with the use of Micromine Alastri software (software) is considered. The objectives of the study are to test the author’s hypothesis regarding the use of BM in the process of predicting the quality of the extracted PI according to the obtained characteristics. Expected results of the scientific study: it is expected that the specific activity in the samples of dust and slag will be recorded several times; when conducting field studies on the content of carbon in coal seams and coal dust with the inclusion of rock, it is necessary to establish the regularity of increasing the value of Aeff in coal dust with the inclusion of rock particles relative to coal samples. The results of the interpolation of the contents of the ORE into the blocks of the digital block model of the coal seam I of the Kuta brown coal deposit are presented. In conclusion, the author highlights the methodology for determining the parameters of mined coal and coal products, taking into account the hazard criterion, which has the following logic: burning of an experimental batch of coal; analysis of the correlation regularity between the average content of OER in coal by block and the average content of OER in coal combustion products, determination of the dependence of the oxygen content in coals and combustion products; assignment by reverse interpolation of the obtained forecast values to each three-dimensional block of the block model included in the mining blocks for each horizon and their transfer to the maps of horizon-by-horizon mining planning. Thus, obtaining a safety map of the extracted PI with the predicted values of the content of N in the combustion products.

Lithogenic Potential of Soils Formation in Technogenic Landscapes of Siberia

The results of long term research on the influence of rocks stored in dumps during coal mining on the rate of soil processes during the regeneration of technogenic landscapes are presented. An approach to assess the lithogenic potential of soil formation as an integral indicator of the ability of technogenic substrates to ensure the formation of a climate-appropriate soil profile was developed and applied. It is shown that the main properties forming the potential are the density, rockiness and texture of rocks. The rockiness decreases in the upper part of the profile and the manifestation of signs of an eluvial process and the formation of a finely dispersed fraction during biochemical weathering was noted. The dependence of the processes of profile differentiation on the properties of the substrate and on hydrothermal conditions has been revealed. It is shown that the optimal conditions for the developing of the substrate by soil processes are formed on the dumps of coal and brown coal deposits in a humid climate. Further development of soil-forming processes limits by the increase in climate aridity and the degree of rock metamorphism.

Deposits and quality indicators of brown coal in Ukraine

Purpose. To carry out marking of existing deposits of brown coal in accordance with domestic and international classifications. To give a comparative assessment of the distribution of balance reserves of brown coal in accordance with different classification systems. Methodology. Reserves and quality indicators data for brown coal in Ukraine were taken from the site of the State Research and Production Enterprise State Information Geological Fund of Ukraine and on the basis of our own research. Some quality indicators were calculated according to the formulas given in the periodical scientific literature. Ukraines brown coal reserves were estimated using Ukrainian and international brown coal classifications. Findings. It is confirmed that the balance reserves of brown coal in Ukraine are located in Dnipropetrovsk, Zhytomyr, Zakarpattia, Kirovohrad, Kharkiv and Cherkasy regions and are (thousand tons): categories A + B + C1 2,593,359; category C2 299,181. Among the existing classifications, the most suitable for the brown coal distribution in Ukraine is the International Code System of Brown Coal, which is regulated in ISO 2950:1974 Brown coal and lignites Classification by types on the basis of total moisture content and tar yield. Originality. For the first time, a range of changes in brown coal quality indicators in Ukraine has been established, and its reserves have been marked using Ukrainian (DSTU 3472:2015) and international (ISO 2950:1974; International Classification of Coal in Reservoirs; ISO 11760:2005; ASTM D38812) classifications. Comparative assessment of coal reserves will allow choosing the optimal ways of their processing, depending on the predicted properties of raw materials. Practical value. The reserves of brown coal deposits by regions and the degree of industrial development up to 01.01.2021 have been described, and the production of brown coal from 2011 to 2020 has been shown. Determining the quality of brown coal deposits in Ukraine allows us to develop the most effective methods for using the coal.

SEISMIC MONITORING OF THE COAL MINING AREA ON SAKHALIN ISLAND USING TEMPORARY NETWORKS OF THE FRS GS RAS

In April – May 2021, in the Khabarovsk Territory and Sakhalin Region in the Far East Federal District of the Russian Federation, the Federal Research Center "Geophysical Survey RAS" deployed temporary networks as a part of Large-Scale Research Facilities – continuous seismic monitoring of the Russian Federation, adjacent areas and the world. The deployment of new stations provided a reliable integration of real-time seismic data into a centralized monitoring system for the Sakhalin Region. The seismic study has been performed in the Uglegorsk District, Sakhalin Region, where the Solntsevsky brown coal deposit – the most potential on the island – is located. There were presented the data on seismic events of different origin recorded since the stations had been brought into service. Emphasis has been placed on considerable improvements in epicenter location accuracy and enhancing possibilities of determining earthquakes and industrial explosions. There are shown the results of monitoring for earthquake mechanism studies. The monitoring system that is currently available allows recording the representative earthquake events with ML≥0.5 in the immediate vicinity of coal mines, thus providing the possibility of improving control of blasting work and of weak and potential induced seismicity caused by multiple anthropogenic impacts on subsoil.

Structural and geochemical features of coal-bearing sediments and sources of rare element impurities in coals of the Rakovka depression, Primorsky Krai, Russia

There are known brown coal deposits in Primorsky Krai (Russian Federation), where coals contain rare elements (Ge, U, REE, etc.) up to industrial concentrations. One of the known metalliferous coals is the Rakovka coal-bearing depression, located on the southern edge of the Khanka (Prikhankaiskaya) Lowland, with an area of about 70 km2. Rare-metal granites with a developed weathering crust are spread in its basement and flanks. The structural conditions forming the depression were studied using measurements of orientations of structural elements (layering, contacts, veins, and dikes) with regard to kinematic conditions of faulting. The coal and host rocks were sampled in sections in the cross strike of the coal seam. Granites and dikes cutting them were sampled by separate rock chip samples. The chemical composition and element content were determined for all samples. It was found that the adjacent rocks played a major role in the formation of the Rakovka rare-metal-coal deposit. The rare-elements enrichment is not associated with active tectonics, faults, and hydrothermal sources, as was previously assumed. Rather, it was caused by the hydrogenic and clastogenic removal of these metals from the weathering crust of granites of the depression's flanks and argillated basite dikes cutting the granites. The hydrogenic nature of the anomalous accumulation of U in sorbed form on organic matter of coals is confirmed by the predominant enrichment of low-ash beds. Rare earth elements entered coal seams both in mineral and dissolved forms. A model of REE and uranium input into the coal-bearing sediments of the Rakovka depression was proposed.

Gold in pyrites and sulfides by scintillation analysis

The method of scintillation atomic emission spectrometry (SAES) allows determination of the form of the element present in the sample and the size of inclusions in addition to the total content of the element in the direct analysis of powder samples. The aim of the work is to verify the expedience of using the direct method of analysis of individual gold particles in studying the possible forms of gold appearance in pyrites and sulfides, including the so-called «invisible» finely divided gold. The measurements were carried out both on individual pyrite single crystals, and on the samples of sulfide gold and brown coal deposits of Kazakhstan. The studies were carried out on a Grand-Potok complex (VMK Optoelektronika, Ltd.) equipped with a laser ablation system and a system for injection of aqueous solutions and aerosols samples. The samples of pyrite crystals of various sizes were analyzed to determine the content and speciation of gold in the samples. No dependence of the gold content on the crystal size was noted for all the studied pyrites. It is shown that gold and other precious metals are concentrated in the surface layers of pyrite crystals and in crystal lattice defects in the bulk of the crystal (according to SAES data during laser ablation of the sample in an arc discharge). The total content of gold in the bulk of pyrite crystals is about 2 g/ton, platinum and silver is less than 0.02 g/ton, while the content of Au, Ag, Pt on the surface ranges from 2 to 5 g/ton. The detection limit of gold determination by the SAES method is 0.01 g/ton. The SAES method can be used for determination of the gold speciation in pyrites and sulfides (finely dispersed, individual particles up to 1 μm or even less).

FORMATION CONDITIONS OF THE PALEOGENE COALS IN THE SULA-UDAISKE DEPOSIT OF THE DNIEPER-DONETS COAL-BEARING AREA

We studied brown coals in the Sula-Udaiske deposit, located within the Dnieper-Donets coal-bearing area, in the vast Sukhonosivsko-Romodanivsky compensation trough, which was formed as a result of the growth of the Logovikivska, Poznyakivska, Vysachkivska, Romodanivska, Hasenkivska salt-dome structures. The trough is filled with Paleogene- Neogene and Quaternary sediments. The Beretska formation of Paleogene is coal-bearing. It contains five coal seams, of which the most regular seams of working height are the Lower, which lies at the base of the coal-bearing strata, and the Upper, which completes the section. The brown coal deposit is confined to the deepest part of the trough and wedges out to its periphery. It is shown that the Paleogene brown coal formation is a multifacial structure that constitutes a cycle of sedimentation, one of the facies of which is coal. The composition of the sedimentation cycle was determined by the geotectonic regime, which defined the paleogeographic conditions, the rate of subsidence of the wetland, the degree of watering and flow of peatlands, and the scale of microbial activity. According to the groups of microcomponents quantitative ratio, brown coal is divided into petrographic types alternating in the section of the seam due to the cyclical change in the conditions of peat accumulation. Peat cyclicity is determined by different ratios in separate interlayers of different types of peat-forming plants, by heterogeneity of their remains and unequal degree of preservation of plant material. The predominant types of coal are gelites, lipoid-gelites and lipoid-gelitites, which make up 85% of the coal mine. In terms of quality indicators, the studied coals correspond to brown coals of a low coalification degree. It was found that the peat accumulation during the formation of working height layers occurred in the coastal sea lowland conditions, as well as in the conditions of overgrown lakes and flooded forest swamp.

DRILLING OF COMPLEXES WITH HYDRAULIC TRANSPORT OF A CORE FOR INCREASE OF EFFICIENCY OF GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION WORKS

On the basis of an in-depth analysis of domestic achievements and the results of experimental and methodological works and practice the expediency of widespread use of improved technical means and technologies for drilling geological exploration wells with complexes counterflush coring (CCD) till the depth of 300 m upon sedimentary strata is substantiated. During the exploration of brown coal deposits and titanium placers, which convincingly confirm the high efficiency of CCD with appropriate modifi cations of equipment, technology and testing methods for specific productive horizons and host rocks. The best results of industrial application of CCD were obtained during the exploration of the Paromivske ilmenite placer deposit (2016). High technical and economic indicators of completion of work in difficult socio-economic and geological and technical conditions were achieved thanks to CCD application. The main argument in favor of CCD is undoubtedly proven by ultra-high productivity with a significant reduction in cost and improved quality of the work. The operational geological informational content of the method allows timely adjustments and responsibly choose the most optimal flexible schemes and methods of geological research. Due to the significantly reduced timing of drilling operations, field research can be carried out shorter at the most favorable climatic conditions and seasons of agricultural activity. The mobile circulation system excludes the construction of earthen sedimentation tanks, which signifi cantly reduces the size of disturbed soils, their contamination and prevents the loss of flushing fluid. The peculiarities of the technology and organization of work promote close cooperation, mutual control and understanding of technical, geological, geophysical and other personnel serving and actively mobilize for high-quality and highly efficient performance of geological tasks. A reduction of heavy operations in the technological process significantly improves the working conditions for the service personnel, increases the production culture, and contributes to the attractiveness of the drilling profession. Ukraine has sufficient production facilities (at Kiev Drilling Equipment Plant, Dnepropetrovsk Drilling Equipment Plant, Discovery - Drilling Equipment. Ukraine LLC, etc.), which are capable of providing geological exploration companies with modern CCD. The main reasons that hinder the development of modern highly efficient geological exploration technologies are recognized and the optimal ways to solve the problem of widespread introduction of CCD are featured.

Gold-Bearing Brown Coal Deposits of the Zeya–Bureya Sedimentary Basin (East Russia): Fundamental Model of Formation

The primary sources and the conditions for the formation of the Paleogene–Neogene coal-bearing deposits in the Zeya–Bureya sedimentary basin were identified and studied with the help of paleogeographic reconstructions and geochemical analyses. Based on the results obtained, we suggest a new basic model of element transfer into the coal, involving two mutually complementary processes to account for the introduction and concentration of gold and other trace elements in the sequences investigated. The first process reflects the system in which peatlands were concentrated along the basin’s junction zone and the passive internal residual mountain ranges. The second reflects the junction’s contrast-type (sharp-type) forms conditions along the external mobile mountain-fold frame. The eroded gold particles were transported over 10–20 km as complex compounds, colloids, dispersed particles, and nanoparticles, and remobilized into clastogenic and dissolved forms along the first few kilometers. The release of gold in the primary sources occurred due to weathering of gold-bearing ore zones, followed by transportation of gold by minor rivers to the areas of peat accumulation. This study considered the probability of the accumulation of high concentrations of gold and rare earth elements (REE) in coal due to the introduction of organic and inorganic materials during floods, with episodes of catastrophic events, and volcano–hydrothermal activities.