Pinto Bean Research Articles

Variation in the rate and extent of starch digestion is not determined by the starch structural features of cooked whole pulses

Cooked whole pulses are widely accepted as a low glycemic food with potential health benefits of reducing the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, the structural basis for the variation in digestion rate and extent of different pulses is still unclear. In this study, intact cotyledon cells of four commercial pulses (i.e., pinto bean, garbanzo bean, green-split pea, and black-eyed pea) were isolated under controlled cooking and isolation conditions, as a model for whole foods. We investigated the macrostructure of intact cells and structural features of entrapped starch granules, such as crystallinity and thermal parameters, and diffusion of an amylase-sized FITC dextran probe into intact cells. In vitro digestion kinetic profiles of pulse cells were monitored by a reducing sugar assay with a fixed α-amylase activity, and were fitted into a first order model to obtain the apparent rate coefficient and digestion extent at 180 min. Pearson's correlation analysis suggested that there is no significant correlation between the kinetic parameters and structural features of entrapped starch granules nor the size of the cell particles. It is concluded that the starch digestibility of isolated pulses is controlled by the accessibility of digestive enzymes, which is limited by the rigid cell wall and/or pulse protein matrix, rather than starch structure.

Slow darkening of pinto bean seed coat is associated with significant metabolite and transcript differences related to proanthocyanidin biosynthesis

BackgroundPostharvest seed coat darkening in pinto bean is an undesirable trait resulting in a loss in the economic value of the crop. The extent of darkening varies between the bean cultivars and their storage conditions.ResultsMetabolite analysis revealed that the majority of flavonoids including proanthocyanidin monomer catechin accumulated at higher level in a regular darkening (RD) pinto line CDC Pintium than in a slow darkening (SD) line 1533–15. A transcriptome analysis was conducted to compare gene expression between CDC Pintium and 1533–15 and identify the gene (s) that may play a role in slow darkening processes in 1533–15 pinto.RNAseq against total RNA from RD and SD cultivars found several phenylpropanoid genes, metabolite transporter genes and genes involved in gene regulation or modification to be differentially expressed between CDC Pintium and 1533–15.ConclusionRNAseq analysis and metabolite data of seed coat tissue from CDC Pintium and 1533–15 revealed that the whole proanthocyanidin biosynthetic pathway was downregulated in 1533–15. Additionally, genes that encode for putative transporter proteins were also downregulated in 1533–15 suggesting both synthesis and accumulation of proanthocyanidin is reduced in SD pintos.

The impact of tillage on pinto bean cultivar response to drought induced by deficit irrigation

Drought stress is a major factor limiting yield of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and drought tolerant cultivars are being developed. Reducing tillage in row crops has advantages of conserving moisture and increasing water infiltration, and may alter the response of dry bean cultivars to drought stress. The goal of this study was to evaluate the response of eight pinto bean cultivars to deficit irrigation when grown under conventional (CT) vs strip tillage (ST). Drought was imposed to one half of the plots approximately 30 days after emergence by reducing irrigation by 48% [deficit irrigation (DI)] compared to full replacement of estimated evapotranspiration (FI = full irrigation). DI reduced bean seed yields 48 and 46% in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Dry bean cultivars varied in their response to drought stress by year. ST improved bean stands both years and moderated the decline in soil water, particularly in the upper 0–15 cm of the soil profile under DI when compared to CT. Mid-season shoot length, top biomass, leaf area index, and canopy cover were generally greater, and light transmittance through the plant canopy lower in ST compared to CT. ST increased bean seed yield 9% in one of two years over CT. ST improvements in crop stand, shoot and canopy development, and seed yield were consistent across irrigation levels and cultivars. Pinto bean growth and yield responses to ST were generally either favorable or neutral when compared to CT suggesting that implementing ST could benefit dry bean performance under both favorable and limited water conditions.

Mapping the non-darkening trait from 'Wit-rood boontje' in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).

A QTL for non-darkening seed coat from 'Wit-rood boontje' was mapped in pinto bean population on chromosome Pv10, comprising 40 candidate genes. The seed coat colour darkens with age in some market classes of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), including pinto bean. Beans with darkened seed coats are discounted in the market place, since they are believed to be associated with lower nutritional quality, increased cooking time, and decreased palatability. The objective of this research was to map a non-darkening gene from a cranberry-like bean 'Wit-rood boontje' using a recombinant inbred line population, derived from a cross between 'Wit-rood boontje' and a slow-darkening pinto bean (1533-15). The population was characterized for seed phenotype and genotyped with an Illumina BeadChip. A genetic linkage map was constructed with 1327 informative SNP markers plus an STS marker (OL4S500) and an SSR marker (Pvsd-0028), previously associated with the J gene and Sd gene, respectively, as well as non-darkening and slow-darkening phenotypes. The linkage map spanned 1253.2cM over 11 chromosomes. A major QTL for the non-darkening trait was flanked by SNP 715646341 and SNP 715646348 on chromosome Pv10. The region, which spanned 13.2cM, explained 48% of the phenotypic variation for seed coat darkening. Forty candidate genes were identified in the QTL interval. This information can be used to develop a gene-based marker to facilitate breeding non-darkening pinto beans and may lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism for the postharvest darkening phenomenon in pinto bean.

Proteomic analysis of labial saliva of the generalist cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) and its role in interactions with host plants

Insect saliva is one of the first secretions to come in contact with plants during feeding. The composition and role of caterpillar saliva has not been as thoroughly studied as that of sucking insects. This study focuses on characterizing the proteome of the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) saliva using iTRAQ labeling and LC-MS/MS. We also measured how the saliva proteome changed when larvae were reared on different diets – cabbage, tomato, and an artificial pinto bean diet. We identified 254 proteins in the saliva out of which 63 were differentially expressed. A large percentage (56%) of the proteins identified function in protein metabolism, followed by proteins involved in vesicle transport (6%) and oxidoreductase activity (5%), among other categories. Several proteins identified are antioxidants or reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers. Among these ROS scavengers, we identified a catalase and further analyzed its gene expression and enzymatic activity. We also applied commercial, purified catalase on tomato and measured the activity of defensive proteins – trypsin proteinase inhibitor, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase. Catalase gene expression was significantly higher in the salivary glands of larvae fed on tomato. Also, catalase suppressed the induction of tomato trypsin proteinase inhibitor levels, but not the induction of polyphenol oxidase or peroxidase. These results add to our understanding of proteomic plasticity in saliva and its role in herbivore offense against plant defenses.

Effect of hydropriming and seed aging on seed germination and biochemical characteristics of pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seed under salt stress

Effect of hydropriming and seed aging on seed germination and biochemical characteristics of pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seed under salt stress

English

The study investigated the potentials of alkaloidal fraction of leaf and stem of Crotalaria retusa with a view to understanding its mechanism of allelopathy in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings. The study involved collection of C. retusa (leaves and stems), identification, dried, pulverized and extracted with methanol to yield methanolic extract (MECR). Crude alkaloid fraction was prepared from MECR by a procedure that consisted of acidification, basification and extraction with chloroform. Brown beans were grown in varying concentrations (0, 50 and 100 µg/ml) of crude alkaloid fraction with strychnine (10 µg/ml) as reference alkaloid. Leaves and stems of the seedlings were collected for biochemical analyses which included determination of percentage germination and evaluation of biochemical parameters. The results showed that percentage germination of bean seeds reduced with increasing concentrations of alkaloid fraction. The activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) increased with alkaloid concentration in the leaves and stems of bean seedlings. The levels of metabolites (proline, reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid) increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in the stems and leaves of treated bean seedlings. However, there was reduction in the total protein and sugar contents of the leaves and stems of bean seedlings which implied stress. Alkaloidal fractions of C. retusa elicit significant allelopathic effects on germination of bean seedlings by reducing its germination rate. The alkaloid also affected some metabolites in bean seedlings which are markers of environmental stress. The study revealed that the mechanisms of action of the alkaloid fraction of C. retusa involved the induction of oxidative stress that resulted in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that caused metabolic derangement in the bean seedlings. Key words: Alkaloidal fraction, allelopathy, strychnine, basification, extract, antioxidant enzymes.

Active optical sensor assessment of spider mite damage on greenhouse beans and cotton.

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is an important pest of cotton in mid-southern USA and causes yield reduction and deprivation in fiber fitness. Cotton and pinto beans grown in the greenhouse were infested with spider mites at the three-leaf and trifoliate stages, respectively. Spider mite damage on cotton and bean canopies expressed as normalized difference vegetation index indicative of changes in plant health was measured for 27 consecutive days. Plant health decreased incrementally for cotton until day 21 when complete destruction occurred. Thereafter, regrowth reversed decline in plant health. On spider mite treated beans, plant vigor plateaued until day 11 when plant health declined incrementally. Results indicate that pinto beans were better suited as a host plant than cotton for rearing T. urticae in the laboratory.

Trait-based responses of seven annual crops to elevated CO2and water limitation

AbstractBy potentially disrupting crop production, climate change has been implicated as a threat to global food security. We focus on two elements of climate change: elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, or e[CO2], and reduced water availability, as caused by drought. Both variables have been shown to have effects on crop physiology, although there is considerable evidence of interactions and moderation by species-specific differences. Measuring traits helps scale environmental effects up to functional responses, and we focused on traits connected to photosynthesis, which has a close association with crop yield. We measured the response of four physiological traits—quantum photosynthetic yield, chlorophyll content, root:shoot ratio and leaf area—across a diverse set of seven annual crop species grown under three levels of e[CO2] (450, 575 and 700 ppm) and two levels of water availability (minimum ~45 and ~15% VWC) in a growth chamber. Species included barley, durum wheat, maize, oats, sorghum, pinto bean and sunflower. Our regression analysis focused on testing for interactions between e[CO2] and water limitation and determining relative effect sizes of climate change impacts across species, data that can be used for species-specific modeling or determining appropriate levels of environmental variables in free-air CO2enrichment studies designed to extend small-scale experimental results to the field. Across all species and all traits, the strongest effect of e[CO2] occurred from 450 to 575 ppm, with only marginal differences from 575 to 700 ppm. We found substantial declines in leaf area across all species as a result of e[CO2] and wide variability in leaf area responses to water limitation. Other traits showed weak and variable responses to both e[CO2] and water limitation. While our data confirm that elements of global change, especially increased atmospheric CO2concentration, do affect traits related to photosynthesis, we found no discernible pattern to suggest which crops might be more resistant to e[CO2].

Production of resistant starch (RS3) from edible bean starches

No pulse-based resistant starch (RS) is available commercially although their high amylose content makes them a potentially suitable starch source for making RS. Therefore, to investigate their suitability for the production of RS, starch was isolated from pinto, black, great northern, and lima beans, and characterized to determine proximate composition and pasting properties. Amylose content of bean starches ranged from 30.37 to 33.25% and corn starch 24.20%. Pasting properties of bean starches were generally higher than corn starch. However, corn starch displayed a higher stability. Corn starch also produced a high setback and final viscosity was relative to its amylose content. Bean and corn starches were used to produce retrograded RS (RS3). Resistant starch 3 preparation included a heat–cold method, α-amylase method, and pullulanase method. Resistant starch 3 produced ranged from 14.86 to 29.67%. Heat–cold method produced a significantly lower percentage RS3 compared to the other two methods. There were no significant differences between the α-amylase and pullulanase methods. Practical applications The α-amylase method, a rarely used method for making resistant starch (RS), can produce the same yields of RS3 as the more commonly used pullulanase method. Therefore, food ingredient manufacturers are provided with an alternative effective process to produce RS3 from bean starches in cases where pullulanase is unavailable or otherwise inaccessible.

Highly Biocompatible, Underwater Superhydrophilic and Multifunctional Biopolymer Membrane for Efficient Oil–Water Separation and Aqueous Pollutant Removal

Conventional wastewater treatment systems generally require multiple steps and complex procedures to remove aqueous pollutants and oil contaminants from polluted water. Herein, we fabricate an underwater superoleophobic membrane by cross-linking konjac glucomannan on pristine fabrics, demonstrating that the concept of oil–water separation and the principle of aqueous pollutant removal can be integrated. Such biopolymer-modified fabric not only separates oil–water mixtures with high efficiency (up to 99.9%), but also exhibits the intriguing characteristic of removing water-soluble pollutants (including polyaromatic dyes and heavy metal ions). As a proof of concept, the synthetic wastewater purified with biopolymer membranes was used to cultivate and irrigate pinto beans, causing no observable deleterious effect on seed germination and growth. These results further confirm the biocompatibility and effectiveness of biopolymer membranes, offering an encouraging solution to challenges including wastewater trea...

FT-IR SPECTROSCOPY CHARACTERIZATION AND CHEMOMETRIC EVALUATION OF LEGUMES EXTRACTED WITH DIFFERENT SOLVENTS

In this study, FT-IR spectroscopy was applied for rapid characterization and discrimination of commonly consumed legumes extracted by different solvents in combination with principal component analysis (PCA) for the first time. Dried soy bean, white bean, chickpea, red lentil, and pinto bean were extracted by water (W), ethanol (E), acetone/water (AW) and acetone/water/acetic acid (AA). The effect of each solvent on different legume extracts was demonstrated by identifying the functional groups using FT-IR spectroscopy at mid-infrared (mid-IR) range (4000-650 cm -1 ) and associated with the amount of total phenolics and other oxidation substrates in the extracts determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. PCA models with 2 principal components were constructed to discriminate the different legume extracts based on FT-IR spectra and total phenolic content (TPC). FT-IR spectra of each legume were quite different for different solvents but almost the same for the same solvent. Each legume extracts had significantly different TPC from each other extracted with the same or different solvents. The highest TPC was obtained by soybeans and pinto beans extracted with W or E and AW or AA, respectively. PCA analysis of FT-IR spectra and TPC provided clear discrimination between the legume samples extracted with different solvents.

Effect of Virulence of Root Rot Pathogens and Cultivar Resistance on Disease Occurrence in Dry Beans

Dry bean samples with root rot symptoms were collected in a Z pattern from field locations representing the 11 production counties in west and central Nebraska from 2015 to 2017. Recovered isolates were identified using primers for the β-tubulin gene and internal transcribed spacer region. Among the 132 isolates obtained including, Fusarium (44%), Rhizoctonia (30.3%), and other fungal genera (25.7%), the top 17 pathogenic strains were selected through rolled towel assay and used in a greenhouse study to challenge seven dry bean cultivars in six market classes commonly produced in Nebraska, namely, great northern, pinto, navy, kidney, small red, and black bean. Destructive sampling and disease rating of dry bean plants was conducted to evaluate cultivar resistance, compare virulence among strains, and assess the effect on disease severity. Strains of R. solani AG-5, R. solani AG-2-2 IIIB, R. solani AG-4, F. cuneirostrum, and F. sporotrichioides were the most virulent. None of the tested dry bean cultivars had durable resistance; however, there were significant differences in cultivar susceptibility. The Medalist dry bean cultivar was the least susceptible, and Merlot was the most susceptible. The virulence of the pathogens was more important than the cultivar resistance and should be considered in dry bean production decisions.

Development of Reduced Glycemic Load/High Fiber Ravioli Using Bean Flour

ABSTRACTBeans, an excellent source of dietary fiber and protein, have potential for lowering glycemic load. Prepared meals with high dietary fiber and low glycemic load were rare in a market survey in Baton Rouge, LA. The purpose of this research was to increase fiber and decrease glycemic load in ravioli through substitution with bean flour from pinto, navy, or black beans mixed with wheat flour. Navy bean flour mixed with wheat flour resulted in similar texture to wheat flour at up to 50% substitution level. Calculated proximate analysis of raviolis with 50% and 75% navy bean flour predicted a 14% to 21% DV increase in dietary fiber and a 7- to 10-gram decrease in glycemic load. Sensory evaluation found that the color, texture, aroma, appearance, and liking preferences were not significantly changed by 50% substitution of navy bean flour. An acceptable higher fiber, lower glycemic index ravioli was produced.

Consumer acceptability of gluten-free cookies containing raw cooked and germinated pinto bean flours.

Beany and grassy flavors in raw edible bean flours reduce consumer acceptability of bean‐based baked products. In order to improve consumer acceptability, beans may be further processed by cooking and germination. However, these operations drive up the cost of end‐products. Therefore, it is necessary to develop formulations, using raw edible bean flours that have acceptable sensory attributes. In this study, cooked, germinated, and germinated/steam‐blanched (GSB) pinto bean flours were used to make gluten‐free cookies, and their sensory characteristics evaluated to determine how their consumer acceptability scores compared. Taste panelists (31) graded cookies made from raw pinto beans with an overall value of 6 on a 9‐point hedonic scale (p < .05). This rating was not significantly different from cookies formulated with germinated and GSB flours. Therefore, gluten‐free cookies can be made using raw pinto bean flours at a 40% inclusion level, with similar sensory characteristics as those prepared with flours treated by cooking and germination. Instrumental measurement of cookie hardness and color showed no significant difference in hardness, but significant differences in color. The germinated bean flour produced cookies with a significantly lower L* value and significantly higher a*, b*, Chroma and hue values compared to the other treatments. There was no significant difference in the cookie spread ratio. Proximate composition, water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI) and gelatinization properties of the flour treatments were characterized.

Respuesta de Phaseolus vulgaris a la salinidad generada por NaCl, Na2SO4 y NaHCO3

Se evaluó en la etapa de germinación y plántula la respuesta a la salinidad inducida con NaCl, Na2SO4 y NaHCO3 de tres variedades de frijol que son las de mayor producción en Nayarit, México. En invernadero, se estableció un diseño experimental A×B×C completamente al azar con 63 tratamientos y cinco repeticiones. El factor A tuvo siete niveles de concentración de sal (de 0.000 a 5.760 g L-1), el B tres variedades de frijol (Negro, Pinto, Azufrado) y el C tres tipos de sal (NaCl, Na2SO4, NaHCO3). Se midió la germinación, longitud, biomasa fresca y seca del vástago y raíz. Para todas las concentraciones y tipos de sal, con respecto al umbral, la germinación disminuyó significativamente en promedio 31% a 4.032 g L-1 y 49% a 5.760 g L-1, donde el frijol Azufrado fue el más resistente y la sal NaHCO3 la que más disminuyó el porcentaje de germinación. La longitud de vástago disminuyó significativamente en promedio 3.942 cm a 5.760 g L-1, el frijol Pinto obtuvo mayor biomasa fresca y seca del vástago, y a una concentración de 2.304 g L-1 de NaHCO3 ninguna variedad sobrevivió; la longitud de raíz disminuyó significativamente 10.532 cm a 5.760 g L-1, el frijol Pinto produjo mayor biomasa fresca y seca de raíz y el NaHCO3 fue la sal que más afectó (Tukey, p≤ 0.05). Conforme se incrementó la concentración de sales el porcentaje de germinación, longitud, biomasa fresca y seca del vástago y la raíz disminuyeron; el daño de las sales fue NaHCO3&gt;NaCl&gt;Na2SO4.

A New Slow‐Darkening Pinto Bean with Improved Agronomic Performance: Registration of ‘ND‐Palomino’

‘ND‐Palomino’ (PVP no. 201700085, Reg. No. CV‐319, PI 680582) is a new slow‐darkening pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar jointly developed by the USDA‐ARS and North Dakota State University and released by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. Pinto beans are prone to seed darkening caused by delayed harvest and/or poor storage conditions. Growers are penalized by receiving a discounted price while creating marketing issues for processors and packers. In addition to the slow‐darkening trait, ND‐Palomino has shown competitive agronomic performance comparable with other pinto cultivars commonly grown in the region. Averaged across 31 common environments, seed yield of ND‐Palomino (2965 kg ha−1) was statistically similar to that of ‘Stampede’ (2877 kg ha−1), and across 33 common environments, seed yield of ND‐Palomino (2755 kg ha−1) was statistically similar to that of ‘Lariat’ (2796 kg ha−1). However, across 34 common environments, seed yield of ‘Windbreaker’ (3038 kg ha−1) and ‘La Paz’ (3042 kg ha−1) was ∼200 kg ha−1 higher than that of ND‐Palomino (2819 kg ha−1). Still, any small difference would be compensated for or even exceeded by not having discounted prices due to poor seed quality. Moreover, seed yield of ND‐Palomino is significantly higher than the original sources of the sd gene, which shows genetic progress for improving seed yield within this market class. Other traits of agronomic or economic importance are within acceptable commercial ranges for pinto beans.

Low altitude remote sensing technologies for crop stress monitoring: a case study on spatial and temporal monitoring of irrigated pinto bean

Site-specific crop management is a promising approach to maximize crop yield with optimal use of rapidly depleting natural resources. Availability of high resolution crop data at critical growth stages is a key for real-time data-driven decisions during the production season. The goal of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using small unmanned aerial system (UAS)-based remote sensing technologies to monitor the crop stress of irrigated pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with varied irrigation and tillage treatments. A small UAS with onboard multispectral and infrared thermal imaging sensors was used to collect data from bean field plots on three growth stages in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Indicators including green normalized vegetation index (GNDVI), canopy cover (CC, ratio of ground covered by crop canopy to the total plot area) and canopy temperature (CT, °C) of crops were extracted from imaging data and correlated with ground-reference crop yield and leaf area index (LAI) estimated with a handheld ceptometer. Results show that GNDVI, CC and CT were able to differentiate crops with full and deficit irrigation treatments at each of the three growth stages in both years. Developed indicators were strongly correlated with to the crop yield with Pearson correlation coefficients (r) of approximate 0.71 and 0.72 for GNDVI and CC, respectively, in the early growth stage (54 days after planting) in both years. Canopy temperature showed even stronger correlation (r > 0.8) with yield at early growth stage. Performance of small UAS-based imagery-based indicators in crop stress monitoring and crop yield estimation was better than or comparable to that of the ground-based LAI estimates, indicating the potential of such remote sensing tool in rapid crop stress monitoring and management.

Isolation and characterization of basil mosaic virus in Egypt

Different viral infection symptoms were observed on leaves of basil plants (Ocimum basilicum L.), growing at El-Monofia Governorate, Egypt, during 2015–2016. The majority of these symptoms were mosaic and leaf malformation. The pathogenic agent of this disease is known as basil mosaic virus (BsMV). The sensitive hosts to BsMV are Chenopodium amaranticolor and Phaseolus vulgaris cv. (brown beans). The biological properties of BsMV were found to be 10−4, 6 days and 66 °C for dilution end point, longevity in vitro and thermal inactivation point, respectively. The electron micrograph of the isolated virus indicated this virus was found to be isometric particles of approximately, 50 nm in diameter and could be classified as tentative member of the Fabavirus. Real-time PCR detection by the Fab primer pairs was confirmed at Ct value = 25.44 for the total cDNA isolated from infected Basil plants and 27.94 for the cDNA of purified virus particles, while CMV primer pairs showed no amplification for both samples. According to the available reports this seems to be the first record for basil mosaic virus in Egypt.

The investigation of α-amylase inhibitory activity of selected Pinto bean peptides via preclinical study using AR42J cell

The current work investigated the α-amylase inhibitory activity of five selected Pinto bean peptides (PBPs) using AR42J cell. The objectives were: (a) to prove the potential of PBPs as α-amylase inhibitor in living cells, and (b) to investigate the inhibition mode of PBPs. Results showed that PBP9 obtained the lowest IC50 value of 0.31mM followed by PBP7 (5.92mM), PBP1 (6.08mM), PBP6 (6.14mM) and PBP3 (6.64mM). In the MTT assay, all PBP showed a dose-dependent trend, whereby lower concentration of PBP demonstrated a higher cell viability. By using PBP concentrations of 0.33–8.3mM, Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters and Lineweaver-Burk plots revealed that Km and Vmax values were ranged from 38.52–794.38mM and 0.72–1.15mM/min, respectively, resulting in uncompetitive (PBP3, PBP6 and PBP7) and unusual (PBP1 and PBP9) α-amylase inhibition modes. It was suggested that PBP could be considered as new agents for the diabetes treatment.